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Work in the Non- Profit Sector: Forms, Patterns and Methodologies

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Work in the Non- Profit Sector: Forms, Patterns and Methodologies WORK IN THE NON- PROFIT SECTOR: FORMS, PATTERNS AND METHODOLOGIES Helmut K. Anheier Eva Hollerweger Christoph Badelt Jeremy Kendall INTERNATIONAL LABOUR OFFICE • GENEVA Copyright © International Labour Organization 2003 First published 2003 The material in this publication may be reproduced without permission but the source should be indicated. Cataloguing-in-publication data is available on request from INFORM, International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, email [email protected] Anheier, H.K, Hollerwerger, E., Badelt, C. and Kendall, J. Work in the non-profit sector: Forms, patterns and methodologies Geneva, International Labour Office, 2003 Employment, unpaid work, voluntary service, non- profit organization, voluntary organization, developed country, developing country. 13.01.3 ISBN: 92–2–114272–8 ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data The designations employed in this publication, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the ILO of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the ILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. ILO publications can be obtained through major booksellers or ILO local offices in many countries, or direct from ILO Publications, International Labour Office, CH–1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. Catalogues or lists of new publications are available free of charge from the above address. Further information is available on the ILO website: www.ilo.org/INFORM Printed by the International Labour Office, Geneva, Switzerland TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...................................................................................................................... v Background.............................................................................................................. 1 Forms of work in the non-profit sector................................................................. 5 Paid work.......................................................................................................... 8 Typical forms .......................................................................................... 8 Atypical forms......................................................................................... 8 Part-time work......................................................................................... 10 Temporary work...................................................................................... 11 Self-employment..................................................................................... 12 “Sheltered employment” ......................................................................... 13 “Second and multiple jobs”..................................................................... 13 Unpaid work and volunteering......................................................................... 14 Typical forms of volunteering................................................................. 18 Patters....................................................................................................................... 21 Profile ............................................................................................................ 21 Socio-economic profile of paid employment.......................................... 21 Demographic and socio-economic profile of unpaid employment......... 21 Trends ............................................................................................................ 27 Paid employment..................................................................................... 27 Volunteering............................................................................................ 29 Issues ............................................................................................................ 29 Methodology............................................................................................................. 33 Measuring paid and unpaid work in the non-profit sector ............................... 33 Tools for collecting information on volunteering ............................................ 33 Evaluating unpaid work.................................................................................... 45 Output-based valuations.......................................................................... 45 Input-based valuations ............................................................................ 46 Valuation of volunteer time at replacement cost..................................... 46 Valuation of volunteer time at opportunity cost ..................................... 47 Wage concepts ........................................................................................ 48 iii Recommendations ................................................................................................... 51 References ................................................................................................................ 55 Appendices ............................................................................................................... 61 1. Volunteering, by field of activity (Europe only, 2000) , in percentages .... 61 2. Volunteering , by field of activity (worldwide, 1995–97), in percentages. 63 3. Volunteering in one or more fields of work; percentages of total population, male and female populations, age groups and religious/non- religious populations (1995–97 and 2000) ................................................. 64 4. Volunteering in one or more fields of work, by socio-economic status (Europe only, 2000), in percentages........................................................... 67 5. Volunteering in one or more fields of work, by social class (worldwide, 1995–97), in percentages............................................................................ 68 Index ........................................................................................................................ 69 Tables 1. Aspects of volunteering.............................................................................. 20 2. Volunteers as percentage of adult population in Europe, by sex, 1995...... 23 3. Relative size of non-profit sector; with and without volunteering, by country, 1995–97 ................................................................................... 25 4. Volunteering, social class and educational background in Europe, 1990(a)........................................................................................................ 26 5. Survey definitions of voluntary activity ..................................................... 39 6. Number of people who volunteer (millions) .............................................. 40 7. The National Statistics Omnibus Survey (Module 275 — Volunteering).. 40 Boxes 1. Volunteering question in French population survey................................... 34 2. The European Value Survey uses the following questions ........................ 35 3. Volunteering questioning the World Values Survey.................................. 35 4. Volunteering questions in Johns Hopkins Comparative Non-profit Sector Project (JHCNSP)............................................................................ 36 5. JHCNSP list B types of organizations........................................................ 37 iv PREFACE Not all work deserves to be called “labour”, and much of the best forms of work go unrecorded and unrewarded in terms of the income that would be attached to them if they were “labour”. It was a peculiar aspect of the 20th century that much of the most useful work done by millions of people all over the world were systematically and deliberately ignored in official social statistics and in social protection and regulation policy. This must not continue in the 21st century. Work such as that involved in the many forms of caring for others, be they family members or neighbours or others, should be properly recognized and protected. Within the ILO’s Socio-Economic Security Programme, care work is being assessed in these terms (see, for instance Daly, 2002). Those providing care, those receiving care and the intermediaries all deserve basic security in their work and social relationships. The same should be the case for all those who do voluntary work, whether individually or in some not-for-profit venture. Much of this work is part of the glue of society, essential, very useful, part “gift” to communities or to wider social interests. Yet it is mostly invisible in official statistics and in social and economic policy. The ILO emerged into the 21st century committed to the promotion of decent work, and in the main there is no more decent work than that which is provided voluntarily or for non-commercial reasons. Those who do it deserve to be protected against all the insecurities that beset other forms of work and labour, and in particular they should be enabled to have collective and individual Voice to protect and enhance their rights. Yet paradoxically those who do voluntary work of various
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