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Efrecord Word Template Developments in working life in Europe: EurWORK annual review 2015 Developments in working life in Europe: EurWORK annual review 2015 When citing this report, please use the following wording: Eurofound (2016), Developments in working life in Europe 2015: EurWORK annual review, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. Authors: Christine Aumayr-Pintar (Research coordinator and main author). Co-authors: Kristi Anniste, Inga Blaziene, Catherine Cerf, Antonio Corral, Jan Czarzasty, Raluca Dimitriu, Jessica Duran, Karel Fric, Iñigo Isusi, Märt Masso and Yolanda Torres-Revenga. Eurofound project: Monitoring working life: European Observatory of Working Life Acknowledgements: Special thanks go to people who have peer-reviewed various chapters and thereby contributed to improving the report: Barbara Bechter and Bernd Brandl (University of Durham), Roland Erne (University College Dublin), Märt Masso (Praxis), Isabella Biletta, Jorge Cabrita, Stavroula Demetriades, David Foden, Sylvie Jacquet, Oscar Vargas and Christian Welz (Eurofound). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 doi: 10.2806/958139 ISBN: 978-92-897-1543-0 ISSN: 2467-0065 TJ-AP-16-001-EN-N The European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (Eurofound) is a tripartite European Union Agency, whose role is to provide knowledge in the area of social and work-related policies. Eurofound was established in 1975 by Council Regulation (EEC) No. 1365/75 to contribute to the planning and design of better living and working conditions in Europe. © European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2016 For rights of translation or reproduction, applications should be made to the Director, European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Wyattville Road, Loughlinstown, D18 KP65, Ireland. European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Telephone (+353 1) 204 31 00 Email: [email protected] Web: www.eurofound.europa.eu Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union. Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00 800 numbers or these calls may be billed. Cover image: Shutterstock Contents Introduction 1 1. Economic and labour market context 3 2. EU developments around working life 7 3. Actors and institutions 15 4. Collective employment relations 25 5. Pay 39 6. Working time 49 7. Individual employment relations 56 8. Health and well-being at work 64 9. Equality and equal opportunities 78 10. Work organisation and workplace innovation 84 11. Summary and conclusions 90 Bibliography 95 Annex 1: Additional data 100 Country codes 28 EU Member States AT Austria IE Ireland BE Belgium IT Italy BG Bulgaria LT Lithuania CY Cyprus LU Luxembourg CZ Czech Republic LV Latvia DE Germany MT Malta DK Denmark NL Netherlands EE Estonia PL Poland EL Greece PT Portugal ES Spain RO Romania FI Finland SE Sweden FR France SI Slovenia HR Croatia SK Slovakia HU Hungary UK United Kingdom Other NO Norway Introduction This report – as part of a long-standing series of annual reviews – describes major developments in working life during 2015 (and early 2016, if important developments happened during the process of drafting). It collates information based on reports from Eurofound’s network of European correspondents. Over the course of 2015, more than 80 national experts in the fields of industrial relations and working conditions across all EU Member States and Norway reported on a quarterly basis to EurWORK, the European Observatory of Working Life. These reports focused on major developments regarding the regulation of the employment relationship across several key themes. They looked at the actors involved, processes and outcomes. In addition, correspondents also provided more in-depth national level articles to EurWORK, which aimed to facilitate a deeper understanding of national developments for a European audience. During this period, some of the material was analysed and presented in different ways: EurWORK topical updates focus on specific topics and summarise common developments that are relevant for a number of countries at the same time; Findings from major national working life surveys have been summarised and provide an interesting complement to the results of Eurofound’s own European Working Conditions Survey and company surveys; Short EurWORK country updates are available – a summary of the quarterly reports – highlighting the ‘most important’ national level developments around working life. All of these articles are available at the EurWORK webpage: http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/observatories/eurwork/ This EurWORK Annual Review intends to ‘guide’ the reader through all the relevant material. It synthesises, reviews and compares developments, highlighting similarities and differences among and across countries. It also seeks to report on debates related to working life, at EU and national levels. There is not always a direct link between the two levels, but some spill-overs – both top-down and bottom-up – do occur. The synthesis has been a joint exercise: Correspondents from Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Spain have co-authored some of the chapters, while Eurofound staff have compiled others. The authors are also thankful to more than 80 contributors, as well as other peer reviewers, who reviewed, validated and enhanced the report. Authors of individual chapters Economic and labour market context: Karel Fric EU-level developments around working life: Christine Aumayr-Pintar and Yolanda Torres-Revenga Actors and institutions: Catherine Cerf and Christine Aumayr-Pintar Collective employment relations: Christine Aumayr-Pintar Pay: Karel Fric Working time: Christine Aumayr-Pintar Individual employment relations: Inga Blaziene, Jan Czarzasty, Raluca Dimitriu Health and well-being at work: Märt Masso and Christine Aumayr-Pintar Equality and equal opportunities: Kristi Anniste and Christine Aumayr-Pintar Work organisation and workplace innovation: Jessica Duran, Iñigo Isusi and Antonio Corral © European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2016 1 Developments in working life in Europe: EurWORK annual review 2015 Contributors from Eurofound’s network of European correspondents Austria Bernadette Allinger, Manfred Krenn, Christoph Hermann Belgium Michel Ajzen, Kamila Moulaï, Caroline Vermandere Bulgaria Ekaterina Markova, Gabriela Yordanova Cyprus Eva Soumeli Czech Aleš Kroupa, Renáta Kyzlinková, Štěpánka Lehmann, Petr Pojer, Soňa Republic Veverková Estonia Ingel Kadarik, Märt Masso, Kirsti Nurmela, Liina Osila Finland Lisa Lönnroos, Anna Savolainen France Sebastian Schulze-Marmeling, Hélène Tissandier, Frédéric Turlan Germany Birgit Kraemer, Sandra Vogel Demark Tobias Buehring, Carsten Jørgensen Greece Penny Georgiadou, Elena Kousta, Sofia Lampousaki, Stathis Tikos Spain Antonio Corral, Jessica Durán Lopez, Iñigo Isusi, Pablo Sanz Croatia Predrag Bejaković, Irena Klemenčić Hungary Pál Belyó Ireland Roisin Farrelly, Andy Prendergast Italy Anna Arca Sedda, Giacomo Damioli, Michele Faioli, Francesca Fontanarosa, Feliciano Iudicone, Amerigo Lombardi, Manuelita Mancini, Silvia Sansonetti Lithuania Inga Blaziene Luxembourg Fanny Etienne-Robert, Nicole Kerschen, Vassil Kirov, Patrick Thill, Adrien Thomas, Frédéric Turlan Latvia Raita Karnite, Kriss Karnitis Malta Luke Fiorini, Saviour Rizzo Netherlands Robbert van het Kaar, Irene van Houten, Noelle Payton Norway Kristin Alsos, Kristine Nergaard, Johan Roed Steen Poland Jan Czarzasty, Adam Mrozowicki, Dominik Owczarek Portugal Paula Carrilho, Maria da Paz Campos Lima, Heloísa Perista Romania Victoria Stoiciu, Raluca Dimitriu, Simona Ghita and Cristina Boboc Sweden Mats Kullander, Emilia Johannson, Anna-Karin Gustafsson Slovenia Tanja Čelebič, Helena Kovačič, Barbara Lužar, Štefan Skledar, Ana Selan Tršelič Slovakia Rastislav Bednárik, Ludovit Cziria, Lenka Grandtnerová, Miroslava Kordošová UK Duncan Adam 2 © European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2016 1. Economic and labour market context In 2015, the modest economic recovery observed in the EU in 2014 continued. The real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita grew on average 1.7% for the EU28 as a whole (see Figure 1). For the first time, the average GDP per capita of the EU exceeded its pre-crisis value (€26,300 in 2015 versus €26,200 in 2007 and 2008). The fastest growing countries were Ireland (7.2%) and Malta (5.4%). On the other side of the spectrum were Austria (0%), Greece (0.1%) and Finland (0.2%). Figure 1: Real GDP per capita growth rate in 2015 (% change on previous year) Source: Eurostat, variable tsdec100, map created by Eurostat website on 23 August 2016 and modified. © European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, 2016 3 Developments in working life in Europe: EurWORK annual review 2015 From the medium-term perspective, the majority (21) of EU countries saw at least some growth of real GDP per capita between 2010 and 2015. During this period, the economies of Lithuania (28%), Latvia (27%) and Estonia (22%) grew the most. However, seven EU countries had a lower real GDP in 2015 than in 2010. The biggest drops were observed in Greece (16%) and in Cyprus (10%). During 2010–2015, most of the new Member States experienced a higher economic growth than the old Member States. This indicates that the process of convergence for new Member States
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