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Ultrasound for Characterizing Colloids Particle Sizing, Zeta Potential, Rheology D Ultrasound for Characterizing Colloids Particle Sizing, Zeta Potential, Rheology D. Mfbius and R. Miller Voi. 1 Dynamics of Adsorption at Liquid Interfaces. Theory, Experiment, Application. By S.S. Dukhin, G. Kretzschmar and R. Miller Vol. 2 An Introduction to Dynamics of Colloids. By J.K.G. Dhont Vol. 3 Interfacial Tensiometry. By A.I. Rusanov and v..~ Prokhorov Vol. 4 New Developments in Construction and Functions of Organic Thin Films. Edited by T. Kajiyama and M. Aizawa Vol. 5 Foam and Foam Films. By D. Exerowa and P.M. Kruglyakov Vol. 6 Drops and Bubbles in Interfacial Research. Edited by D. M6bius and R. Miller Vol. 7 Proteins at Liquid Interfaces. Edited by D. M6bius and R. Miller Vol. 8 Dynamic Surface Tensiometry in Medicine. By V.M. Kazakov, O.V. Sinyachenko, V.B. Fainerman, U. Pison and R. Miller Vol. 9 Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance of Surfactants and Solid Particles. Physicochernical Aspects and Applications. By P.M. Kruglyakov Vol. 10 Particles at Fluid Interfaces and Membranes. Attachment of Colloid Particles and Proteins to Interfaces and Formation of Two-Dimensional Arrays. By P.A. Kralchevsky and K. Nagayama Vol. tt Novel Methods to Study Interfacial Layers. By D. M6bius and R. Miller Vol. 12 Colloid and Surface Chemistry. By E.D. Shchukin, A.V. Pertsov, E.A. Amelina and A.S. Zelenev Vol. 13 Surfactants: Chemistry, Interfacial Properties, Applications. Edited by V.B. Fainerman, D. M6bius and R. Miller Vol. 14 Complex Wave Dynamics on Thin Films. By H.-C. Chang and E.A. Demekhin Vol. 15 Ultrasound for Characterizing Colloids. Particle Sizing, Zeta Potential, Rheology By A.S. Dukhin and P.J. Goetz Ultrasound for Characterizing Colloids Particle Sizing, Zeta Potential, Rheology Andrei S. Dukhin and Philip J. Goetz Dispersion Technology Inc., NY, USA 2002 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - London - New York- Oxford- Paris - San Diego San Francisco - Singapore - Sydney- Tokyo ELSEVIER SCIENCE B.V. Sara Burgerhartstraat 25 P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands 9 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. This work is protected under copyright by Elsevier Science, and the following terms and conditions apply to its use: Photocopying Single photocopies of single chapters may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Permission of the Publisher and payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising or promotional purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. Special rates are available for educational institutions that wish to make photocopies for non-profit educational classroom use. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, PO Box 800, Oxford OX5 1DX, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also contact Global Rights directly through Elsevier's home page (http://www.elsevier.nl), by selecting 'Obtaining Permissions'. In the USA, users may clear permissions and make payments through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; phone: (+1) (978) 7508400, fax: (+1) (978) 7504744, and in the UK through the Copyright Licensing Agency Rapid Clearance Service (CLARCS), 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP, UK; phone: (+44) 207 631 5555; fax: (+44) 207 631 5500. Other countries may have a local reprographic rights agency for payments. Derivative Works Tables of contents may be reproduced for internal circulation, but permission of Elsevier Science is required for external resale or distribution of such material. Permission of the Publisher is required for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations. Electronic Storage or Usage Permission of the Publisher is required to store or use electronically any material contained in this work, including any chapter or part of a chapter. Except as outlined above, no part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the Publisher. Address permissions requests to: Elsevier Science Global Rights Department, at the mail, fax and e-mail addresses noted above. Notice No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made. First edition 2002 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record from the Library of Congress has been applied for. ISBN: 0444511644 ISSN: 1383 7303 Th e paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. PREFACE The roots of this book go back twenty years. In the early 1980's Philip Goetz, then President of Pen Kem, Inc., was looking for new ways to characterize ~-potential, especially in concentrated suspensions. His scientific consultants, Bruce Marlow, Hemant Pendse and David Fairhurst, pointed towards utilizing electroacoustic phenomena. Several years of effort resulted in the first commercial electroacoustic instrument for colloids, the PenKem-7000. In the course of their work they learned much about the potential value of ultrasound and collected a large number of papers published over the last two centuries on the use of ultrasound as a technique to characterize a diverse variety of colloids. From this it became clear that electroacoustics was only a small part of an enormous new field. Unfortunately, by that time Pen Kem's scientific group broke apart; Bruce Marlow died, David Fairhurst turned back to design his own electrophoretic instruments, and Hemant Pendse concentrated his efforts on the industrial on-line application of ultrasound. In order to fill the vacuum of scientific support, Philip Goetz invited me to the US motivated by my experience and links to the well established group of my father, Prof. Stanislav Dukhin, then the Head of the Theoretical Department in the Institute of Colloid Science of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Whatever the reasons, I was fortunate to become involved in this exciting project of developing new techniques based on ultrasound. I was even more lucky to inherit the vast experience and scientific base created by my predecessors at Pen Kem. Their hidden contribution to this book is very substantial, and I want to express here my gratitude to them for their pioneering efforts. It took ten yearsfor Phil and I to reach the point when, overwhelmed with the enormous volume of collected results, we concluded the best way to summarize them for potential users was in the form of a book. There were many people who helped us during these years of development and later in writing this book. I would like to mention here several of them personally. First of all, Vladimir Shilov helped us tremendously with the electroacoustic theory. I believe that he is the strongest theoretician alive in the field of electrokinetics and related colloidal phenomena. Although he is very well known in Europe, he is less recognized in the United States. More recently, David Fairhurst joined us again. He brought his extensive expertise in the field of particulates, various colloids related applications and techniques; his comments were very valuable. In our company, Dispersion Technology Inc., Ross Parrish, Manufacttwing and Service Manager, and Betty Rausa, Office Manager, extended their responsibilities last year thus allowing Phil and I time to write this book. We are very grateful for their patience, reliability and understanding. We trust that publishing this book will truly mark the end of ultrasound's "childhood" in the field of colloids; it is no longer a "new" technique for colloids. Currently, there are more than 100 groups in the US, Germany, Japan, Taiwan, China, UK, Belgimrg Finland, Singapore, South Korea, Mexico, and Canada using Dispersion Technology ultrasound based insmmaents. We do not know the total numbers of competitive instruments from Malvem, Matec, Colloidal Dynamics and Sympatec that are also being used in the field, but we estimate that there are over 200 groups world-wide. We strongly believe that this is only the beginning. Ultrasonics has "come of age" and we hope that you will also share this view after reading this book and learning of the many advantages ultrasound can bring to the characterization of colloid systems. Andrei Dukhin President of Dispersion Technology Inc. vii Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Historical overview. 5 1.2 Advantages of ultrasound over traditional characterization techniques. 9 References 13 Chapter 2. FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERFACE AND COLLOID SCIENCE 17 2.1 Real and model dispersions. 18 2.2 Parameters of the model dispersion medium. 20 2.2.1 Gravimetric parameters. 21 2.2.2 Rheological parameters. 21 2.2.3 Acoustic parameters. 22 2.2.4 Thermodynamic parameters. 22 2.2.5 Electrodynamic parameters. 24 2.2.6 Electroacoustic parameters. 24 2.2.7 Chemical composition. 25 2.3 Parameters of the model dispersed phase. 26 2.3.1 Rigid vs. soft particles. 27 2.3.2 Particle size distribution. 28 2.4. Parameters of the model interfacial layer. 33 2.4.1. Flat surfaces. 35 2.4.2 Spherical DL, isolated and overlapped. 36 2.4.3 Electric Double Layer at high ionic strength. 38 2.4.4 Polarized state of the Electric Double Layer 39 2.5. Interactions in Colloid and Interface science 42 2.5.1. Interactions of colloid particles in equilibrium. Colloid stability 43 2.5.2 Interaction in a hydrodynamic field. Cell and core-sheU models. Rheology. 46 2.5.3 Linear interaction in an electric field.
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