Everything you want to know about Coagulation & Flocculation.... Zeta-Meter, Inc. Fourth Edition April 1993 Copyright © Copyright by Zeta-Meter, Inc. 1993, 1991, 1990, 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any language in any form by any means without the written permission of Zeta-Meter, Inc. Your Comments We hope this guide will be helpful. If you have any suggestions on how to make it better, or if you have additional information you think would help other readers, then please drop us a note or give us a call. Future editions will incorporate your comments. Address Zeta-Meter, Inc. 765 Middlebrook Avenue PO Box 3008 Staunton, Virginia 24402 Telephone (540) 886-3503 Toll Free (USA) (800) 333-0229 Fax (540) 886-3728 E-Mail
[email protected] http://www.zeta-meter.com Credits Conceived and written by Louis Ravina Designed and illustrated by Nicholas Moramarco Contents Introduction _____________________ iii Chapter 4 _____________________ 19 A Word About This Guide Using Alum and Ferric Coagulants Time Tested Coagulants Chapter 1 ______________________ 1 Aluminum Sulfate (Alum) pH Effects The Electrokinetic Connection Coagulant Aids Particle Charge Prevents Coagulation Microscopic Electrical Forces Balancing Opposing Forces Chapter 5 _____________________ 25 Lowering the Energy Barrier Tools for Dosage Control Jar Test Chapter 2 ______________________ 9 Zeta Potential Streaming Current Four Ways to Flocculate Turbidity and Particle