THE MEDAL PUBLICATIONS of the SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL MUSEUM of MILITARY HISTORY Dr S

Home , Air Efficiency Award, Cross for Bravery, Honoris Crux (1952), Korea Medal, Order of Good Hope, Pro Merito Medal (1975)

PROFILE OF A RESEARCH PROJECT: THE MEDAL PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MILITARY HISTORY Dr S. Monick*

INTRODUCTION commemorate special events of South African interest. Thus, the book South African Military The following particle embodies an analysis of Awards 1912-1987 coincided with the mount- the following four publications, relating to the ing of an exhibition devoted to this theme, in South African award structure: 1988, to mark the 75th anniversary of the Citizen (i) Fforde, J.P.!. & Monick, S. A guide to South Force. The publication, Awards of the South Afri- African orders, decorations and medals and can Uniformed Public Services 1922-1987 ap- their ribbons 1896-1985. Johannesburg: peared in the same year, and commemorated South African National Museum of Military the 75th anniversary of the South African Police; History, 1986. coinciding with a display of awards detailed in (ii) Monick, S. South African military awards the book. In 1990 the display of South African 1912-1987. Johannesburg: South African civil awards, spanning the period 1910-1990, National Museum of Military History, 1988. commemorated South African Museum day. The (iii) Monick, S. Awards of the South African uni- three publications written by Dr S Monick (cura- formed public services 1922-1981. Johan- tor of Medals and Numismatics at the SA Na- nesburg: South African National Museum of tional Museum of Military History) thus serve as Military History, 1988. external frames of reference for these exhibit- (iv) Monick, S. South African civil awards ions. It is universally acknowledged that a cen- 1910-1990. Pending publication by the tral function of a Museum is the accurate docu- South African National Museum of Military mentation of its exhibits. History in January 1991. Second, the project exemplifies the Museum's The term "analysis", as opposed to "review", educative function. National awards are a highly merits considerable emphasis. For it is, of significant and graphic index of the nation's cul- course, impossible for an author to furnish an tural-political-social development. This facet is objective appraisal of his/her own works. Rather, especially germane to the South African experi- the central motive underlying this article is to ence. With regard to the political aspect, for provide the reader with a profile of a research example, a landmark in South Africa's develop- project undertaken by the South African National ment was the institution of the Republic in 1961. Museum of Military History. The publications This cessation of its membership of the British cited above absorb and disseminate the pro- Commonwealth exercised profound repercus- ducts of that research, which may be defined as sions upon the national award structure. The a structured presentation of the evolution and process is especially evident in the awards of development of the South African award struc- the South African Police, which, in 1963, insti- ture; including an in-depth analysis of the central tuted a totally new series of awards (the Cross themes or characteristics of this pantheon.' for Bravery, Star for Merit and Star for Distin- guished Service) clearly motivated by the sever- ance with the British traditions appertaining to the imperial award structure. Within the strictly MOTIVATION military context, however, the impact of major The Museum had several principal objectives in political developments upon the award structure undertaking this project, and disseminating its had dramatically expressed itself a decade ear- results in published form. First, the books func- lier. In 1952 there appeared, for the first time, a tioned as catalogues to the displayed awards. series of 10 distinctly South African awards, ger- The orders, decorations and medals included mane to the armed forces; ie Van Riebeeck Dec- within the above quoted works have all been dis- oration, Van Riebeeck Medal, Star of South played, in a successive series of exhibitions to Africa, Honoris Crux, John Chard Medal, John

21 Chard Decoration, Castle of Good Hope Decor- South African National Museum of Military His- ation, Louw Wepener Decoration, Union Medal tory. The educative function of museums is uni- and Southern Cross Medal. These decorations versally acknowledged as being one of central and medals clearly embodied a heavily national importance within the community which it ser- orientation of the medals pantheon. The impact ves. It was deemed to be especially apposite of this national dimension is exemplified in the that the South African National Museum of Mili- nomenclature of several of these awards; viz the tary History pursued this field of research, for Van Riebeeck Decoration, Van Riebeeck Medal, two principal reasons. Castle of Good Hope Decoration, Louw We- pener Decoration. Similarly, the Honoris Crux First, it is the only national military history mu- Decoration represents the reincarnation of an envisaged order, the Order of the Golden Eagle, seum within South Africa, and thus bears a special responsibility in this specific educational mooted by the South African Republic (the project, bearing upon the cultural dimension of Transvaal) in 1894. [Information relating to this the nation's military history. Second, the mu- curious aspect of the Honoris Crux (1952) is seum possesses the largest holding of South contained in the following source: Radburn, A. African awards in Africa (and, indeed, probably From Golden Eagle to Cross of Honour. Journal in the world). The acquisition of every specimen of the Military Medal Society of South Africa, No. of South African awards has, indeed, formed a 29, August 1987, pp. 21-24.] The institution of systematic programme of the Museum during the Union Medal embodies the disassociation the past decade. [The Museum's enormous with the pattern of British long service and good medal collection includes the most comprehen- conduct/meritorious service awards, which had sive range of British awards associated with emi- been extended to South Africa (ie the Efficiency Decoration (ED), Efficiency Medal, and Medal nent South Africans - mainly contained within groups - and the extensive character of such a for Long Service and Good Conduct (Military), collection has prompted the Museum to render it all three of which had been instituted in 1939. [Within this context, it is of interest to note that more accessible to researchers and other inter- ested parties by computerising the records of the long service and good conduct/meritorious these holdings.] service awards of the Citizen Force, instituted in 1952, commemorate the gallantry of a British officer, John Rouse Merriott Chard, who was The third central motivating factor in this re- awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) at Rorke's Drift search project relates to the interaction between (22/23 January 1879), in the course of the Zulu the SA National Museum of Military History and War. The association of the Citizen Force long the South African Defence Force. The Museum service and good conduct medals with the Brit- is ultimately controlled by the Department of ish military tradition is an acknowledgement of National Education. (Hence the importance that Force's heritage being rooted in the Victo- placed upon its educational functions, referred rian military tradition.] to above.) Nevertheless, its role as the national military museum ensures a special sensitivity to The post-republic period was characterised by the historical aspects of the nation's armed the invigoration and development of the South forces, of which the medal pantheons of the African military tradition; viz the Commando or- Union Defence Forces and South African De- ganisation. This re-assertion of the non-British fence Force form an important part. dimension of South African military history at- tained expression in a series of long service and An important point should, perhaps, be regis- good conduct/meritorious service awards appli- tered at the outset. It may justifiably be argued cable to the Commandos' viz the De Wet Decor- that only one phase of the project is strictly re- ation (1965), Danie Theron Medal (1970) and lated to the Union Defence Forces/South African Jack Hindon Medal (1970) (the designations of Defence Force; viz that relating to military these three awards commemorating the memory awards. Such an approach would contend that of distinguished individuals who served the Re- research into the awards of the South African publican forces during the Anglo-Boer War of uniformed public services and civil awards are 1899-1902). not germane to the armed forces. However, this argument ignores the essential universality and It is strongly felt that this political-cultural dimen- indivisibility of the South African award structure. sion of the nation's award structure strongly mer- A very obvious case in point is the Order of the ited exploration and detailed research by the Star of South Africa (both in its previous form

22 which possessed divisions into Military and Non- had been published relating to isolated, special- Military Divisions (1977/1978) and in its present ised facets of South African awards [cf biblio- structure, which consists of two distinct orders graphy appended to this article.] However, there (Order of the Star of South Africa (Military) and was no structured guide to the overall develop- Order of the Star of South Africa (Non-Military) ment of the South African medal pantheon. The (both instituted in 1988). Awards within the for- archival resources of the SA National Museum of mer Non-Military Division and present Non-Mili- Military History - with specific reference to South tary order frequently feature senior .officers African awards - was a dramatic illustration of within the Citizen Force and Commandos (ie this state of affairs. The Museum's archives un- non-Permanent Force personnel). [This aspect doubtedly contains a most comprehensive will be expanded upon below.] A further import- source of primary material (principally in the ant aspect of the essential indivisibility of South form of Government Gazettes) relating to South African awards is the provision for certain South African awards; and is probably unrivalled in the African Police awards to be made to military entire archival resources of the country. Virtually personnel. A case in point is the South African every award instituted since 1910 is encapsu- Police Star for Outstanding Service. (The Mu- lated within its specific file (to which reference is seum has been most privileged to receive the facilitated via the subject catalogue). To take but medal group of the former Surgeon General, Lt two examples, the documentation relating to the Gen N.J. Niewoudt, during the end of 1990. His Castle of Good Hope Decoration and Louw We- most impressive group includes the South Afri- pener Decoration are contained within files clas- can Police Star for Outstanding Service.) More- sified as 355.134 (68)/Castle of Good Hope Dec- over, the problems, inconsistencies and lack of oration and 335.134 (68)/Louw Wepener Decor- clear documentation which have characterised ation respectively. The Dewey Classification non-military awards to such a great extent (es- Scheme is adopted in the ordering and number- pecially the uniformed public services) [ef ing of these files. All incoming data (in the form below] may serve as an important guide with of Government Gazettes, periodical articles, cor- regard to the future structuring of South African respondence, etc) are added to the respective military awards. files. However, to fully utilise this documentation (ie to order this material within a chronologically structured plan), a sequential series of awards, in date order, would first have to be devised. The BACKGROUND TO PROJECT: THE research originally undertaken by Col Fforde, in CREATION OF A STRUCTURED obtaining the precise gazetted descriptions of APPROACH the ribbons that he was listing and documenting The forthcoming publication, South African Civil provided this essential basis. Awards 1910-1990 completes the series of publications devoted to South African awards which commenced in 1986, a point to which the EXTRINSIC AND INTRINSIC FACETS Director of the SA National Museum of Military The profile of a research project which is dis- History, Maj Gen P. Pretorius, SO, SM, refers in cussed in this article may be said to assume his illuminating foreword to the work. In 1986, the both extrinsic and intrinsic forms. The extrinsic work by J.P.!. Fforde and S. Monick, entitled form consists of what may be defined as the South African orders, decorations and medals external structuring of the project; viz the man- and their ribbons 1896-1985 was published. ner in which the publication programme is or- The book was unique in so far as it was prepon- dered. The intrinsic facet relates to the material derantly orientated towards ribbons; and, in- itself, and may be sub-divided into two central deed, included the very first coloured ribbon aspects: chart ever produced in South Africa, reproduc- ing every ribbon of South African awards insti- (i) The methodology employed; viz the peculiar tuted during the period 1896-1985 (ie up to the problems which have emerged from the ac- date of publication). (The work also included the tual processes of research. The methodo- ribbons and details of awards of the South West logy adopted has generated certain pecu- African Police.) The book formed a milestone in liar problems associated with medal re- another, extremely important respect. Prior to search, which will be explored in detail the research being undertaken, there had been below. no historical frame of reference, so to speak, for (ii) The intrinsic character of the material re- South African awards. Certainly, several papers searched; viz the central salient themes

23 Awards of the SADF 1912-1961 displayed at the SA National Museum of Military history.

Display of SADF awards 1961-1987 at SA National Museum of Military history. (Photo's: Eric McPherson) 24 which have been extracted, in order to pat- instituting Government Notice (AG GNs tern the data into a cohensive and logical 44-46, published in the South West Africa form. Official Gazette, No 5181, dated 15 March 1986), stipulates that the ribbon be 32 mm in The following article is patterned according to width, divided into panels of red (15 mm), these extrinsic and intrinsic aspects. silver (2 mm), and red (15 mm). However, the final sealed pattern deviated from this description, and consists of a ribbon 32 mm The intrinsic aspect in width, dove grey with a 2 mm red centre stripe. Note: The following acronyms are adopted in (b) Design: The gazetted regulations of the this article, relating to the publications referred South West African Police Star for Outstand- to above: ing Service (1981)(ASAUPS, No 15, P 48) SAMA South African Military Awards make it clear that the award is to be a neck 1912-1981. decoration. Yet the design of the award is ASAUPS Awards of the South African Uni- orientated towards a breast decoration. formed Public Services 1922-1981. (c) Wording/inscription: There are three notable SACA South African Civil Awards illustrations of the deviation from gazetted 1910-1990. regulations in terms of wording/inscription. - The obverse description of the Railways and Harbours Police Long Service and Good Conduct Medal (1934), was PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN MEDAL changed from "S.A.R. & H. POLICE - RESEARCH: CONFLICT BETWEEN THE S.A.S. EN HAWEPOLlSIE" (sic) to "S.A.S. LEGALISTIC AND HISTORICAL FACETS POLISIE, S.A.R. POLICE." Yet this import- In the course of producing the three works, ant transition remains ungazetted. SAMA, SACA and ASAUPS, the writer has en- - With regard to the Prisons Good Service countered several central problems in underta- Medal (1922), the South African National king medal research, and it is considered that Museum of Military History possesses a these will prove to be of interest to other resear- specimen of this award inscribed on the chers in this field. Throughout the three publica- obverse with the words "GEVANGENIS tions a strictly legalistic approach has been ad- DIENS - PRISONS SERVICE". Yet this hered to; i.e. the regulations contained within the does not conform to any gazetted regu- relevant Government Gazette have been rigidly lation. (cf ASAUPS, No 34, P 70.) adhered to; e.g. to the extent that the definition - One notes a marked discrepancy in the of the South African Railways Police Cross for case of the Police Good Service Medal Valour (1966) has been precluded from the de- (1922). As discussed in ASAUPS (No 2, P scription (ASAUPS, No 22, P 57), as the Ga- 35), the wording prescribed in the institut- zettes do not refer to its being suspended from a ing Government Gazette Notice is "FOR neck ribbon. However, the application of such FAITHFUL SERVICE - VIR TROUE an approach, whilst indispensable in order to DIENS". Yet the medal, when struck, bore facilitate a firm and consistent frame of refer- the wording "FOR FAITHFUL SERVICE - ence, does conflict, to a certain degree, with the VIR GETROUE DIENS". Such a situation historical evolution of certain South African presented serious problems to the writer awards. The conflict emanates from the follow- in compiling the description of the award. ing factors: In the original gazetted regulations of 1932, the obverse bears the words, "PO- LESIEDIENS" (sic) and the reverse "FOR Deviation from gazetted regulations FAITHFUL SERVICE - VIR TROUE DIENS". However, in actual fact, such a The situation has been frequently encountered medal never existed. Only the obverse whereby the development of a particular award bears an identical description to the deviates very considerably from the original ga- medal as eventually struck. For this zetted regulation, in terms of: reason, it was decided to provide a de- (a) Ribbon: An outstanding case in point is the scription of the award which is embodied South West African Police Star for Merit in its physical description as contained in (1986) (ASAUPS, No 54, P 86). The original the re-published regulations of 1951, in-

25 cluding the revised word on the obverse, tion of a decoration's wide divergence "POLISIEDIENS"; whilst pointing to the in- from the conditions of eligibility, as orig- consistency between the actual wording inally gazetted. In its original concep- inscribed on the reverse of the 1932 issue tion, the award was confined to deeds and the gazetted regulation. for which other purely military honours were not normally awarded (cf SAMA, In strictly legalistic terms, therefore, the Railways No 15, P 26). It roughly approximated to and Harbours Police Long Service and Good the George Cross (GC) in this regard. Conduct Medal (post 1953), Police Good Serv- However, Lt Frederick Zeelie received ice Medal (1932 -1951) and variations of the the award posthumously for sacrificing Prisons Good Service Medal (1922) represent his life in a completely military operation unauthorised strikings. It is feasible that the (SAMA, No 15, p 27). One is justified in source of such deviations or discrepancies re- regarding the Castle of Good Hope sides in force regulations not being embodied in Decoration (CGH) as a more appropri- Government Gazettes. Thus, it is, perhaps, ate form of recognition (although the symptomatic of the parochial development of regulation requiring the presence of a the South African award structure. senior officer as a witness may well (d) Bar: As stated in ASAUPS, No 20 (p 55), have precluded the award of this decor- there is very strong evidence to suggest that ation). Similarly, the Honoris Crux (1952) the wording embossed on the bar of the would have been a more suitable Railways and Harbours Police Long Service award, but for the regulation which and Good Conduct Medal (1934) underwent specifically precludes the posthumous a transformation during its 26 year history. award of this decoration. Yet no such alteration has been gazetted. The same considerations applies to the Pris- PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE ons Good Service Medal (1922). There is SOUTH AFRICAN MEDAL PANTHEON good reason to believe that the bar underwent a transition in the course of this award's (i) Lack of clear demarcation between history, and later strikings of the 1922 ver- categories of award sion may well possess this altered bar. The following considerations lend credence to If one examines the South African medal pan- this assumption: theon in depth a curious feature emerges; viz that some awards which are designated as dec- (i) To reiterate, the bar of the Railways and orations share vital common characteristics with Harbours Police Long Service and those of orders, and vice versa, in terms of both Good Conduct Medal underwent a organisation and insignia. As a case in point one change which is not reflected in any may examine the "Honoris Crux Decoration". gazette. It is probable that such a pre- Instituted in 1975, this decoration is graded in cedent strongly influenced the Prisons the following manner (in ascending order of Service. seniority): (ii) The Prisons Good Service Medal remained extant for 37 years. It is ex- - Honoris Crux tremely improbable that, in view of the - Honoris Crux Silver presence of non-gazetted strikings (cf - Honoris Crux Gold above), the bar remained unaltered dur- - Honoris Crux Diamond ing its entire history. (iii) The presence of unauthorised strikings However, what one has in these delineations is of the Prisons Good Service Medal the graded ranks that one associates with an (which probably appeared during the order. The introduction of grades of membership 1950s, prior to the gazetting of the becomes a noted characteristic of the emer- Faithful Service Medal in the Prisons gence of orders of merit, symptomatic of the Department) considerably reinforces increasing democratisation of orders. The the supposition of the production of dif- "South African Prisons Service Cross for Valour" ferent bars subsequent to that originally is structured in a similar manner to that of the produced for the first striking in 1922. Honoris Crux Decoration (1975): (iv) Eligibility: The Louw Wepener Decor- - South African Prisons Service Cross for Valour ation represents an interesting illustra- (Diamond)

26 - South African Prisons Service Cross for Valour egories of award, it is of interest to note that the (Ruby) (now obsolete) South African Police Star for Dis- tinguished Service is officially categorised as a A further curious feature of this facet relates to decoration in the instituting Government Gazette insignia. Those of British orders are, invariably, (No 6451, dated 18 May 1979). However, it is suspended from the neck (the Distinguished difficult to formulate a distinction between this Service Order is a notable exception) whilst dec- award and the South African Police Star for Dis- orations are, without exception, suspended from tinguished Leadership (now obsolete), which is breast ribbons. However, within the South Afri- classified as an order (although the insignia of can context the following awards, officially cat- the latter does include a breast star). Moreover, egorised as decorations, are, in actual fact, sus- Clause 4 of the instituting Government Gazette pended from neck ribbons/chains (ie the prac- of the South African Police Star for Distinguished tice with regard to British orders): Service reserves the decoration for officers of the general staff in the South African Police. This - Castle of Good Hope Decoration condition clearly separates the award from the - South African Police Cross for Bravery (1963 British tradition, in so far as it has become a firm issue) tradition within the British award structure that - Decoration for Meritorious Service decorations be awarded irrespective of rank (al- - National Intelligence Service Decoration for ways bearing in mind the allocation of distinct Distinguished Leadership awards for commissioned and non-commis- - South African Railways Police Cross for Valour sioned ranks). However, it is a convention that (1966 issue) the senior ranks of orders tend to be reserved for those holding senior positions in civil and military In terms of qualifications for eligibility, the cat- life. Hence, the problem of the distinction be- egories of orders and decorations are some- tween order and decoration, in this specific in- times reversed. A case in point is the (now obso- stance, is compounded. lete) Decoration for Meritorious Service. The instituting Government Gazette (No 2836, dated A similar difficulty is to be observed in the re- 25 September 1970) definitely categorises the lationship between the South African Railways award as a decoration. However, the Gazette Star for Distinguished Leadership and Star for specifies the following eligibility for the award: Distinguished Service. The former is officially "Whereas it is desirable to take into consider- designated as an order (Government Gazette ation and to recognise exceptionally distin- No 7002, dated 16 May 1980) and the latter is guished services to the Republic of South categorised as a decoration in the same ga- Africa." zette. One observes the same problem as in the South African Police awards of the same nomen- Such terms of qualification clearly point to the clature. The South African Railways Police Star award's association with an order (e.g. the Most for Distinguished Service is characterised by Excellent Order of the British Empire. (It is a insignia commonly associated with an order fundamentally false argument to aver that the (neck chain and neck ribbon). Moreover, Clause Decoration for Meritorious Service is precluded 5 of the instituting Gazette states: from the category of orders as it has only one class. Several extant British orders share this "The decoration may be awarded only to a characteristic; i.e. the Order of the Garter, the [sic] officer of the general staff in the South Distinguished Service Order, the Order of Merit, African Railways Police Force who has distin- the Order of the Companions of Honour, as, guished himself through meritorious service in indeed, does the South African Police Star for promoting the efficiency of the South African Distinguished Leadership and South African Railways Police Force or who has contributed Railways Police Star for Distinguished Lead- actively to the security of the Republic of ership. The Decoration for Meritorious Service's South Africa." association with an order is further reinforced by its neck ribbon. It is feasible that the award's As in the case of the South African Police award supercession, in 1986, by the Order of Merito- of the same designation, the restriction of the rious Service embodies a recognition of these decoration to the officers of the general staff anomalies. reinforces the association with an order. The South African Railways Police Star for Distin- Within this context of distinction between cat- guished Leadership is similarly reserved for

27 castle of Good Hope Decoration (CGH).

Honoris Crux Decoration (1975) Top left: Honoris Crux Diamond (HCD) Top right: Honoris Crux Gold (HCG) Bottom left: Honoris Crux Sliver (HCS) Bottom right: Honoris Crux (HC).

(Photo's: Eric McPherson)

Pro Patrla Medal Left: With mention In despatches emblem centre: With mention In despatches emblem/Cunene clasp Star of South Africa (SSA) Right: With Cunene clasp. The predecessor of the order of the star of South Africa.

28 senior ranks. The fact that the problems implicit B. South African Police Awards in the relationship between the two South African Police awards are duplicated with regard to the 1. Police Good Service Medal (1923/1932/ South African Railways Police awards of the 1951 ) same designation, suggests that the latter Superseded by South African Police Medal adopted precedents utilised by the former. for Faithful Service (1963) 2. King's Police Medal (1937) - For Gallantry - For Distinguished Service (ii) Lack of stability 3. Queen's Police Medal (1952) - For Gallantry It is undeniable that the South African medal - For Distinguished Service pantheon reveals a high degree of instability, Note: Items 2-3 above superseded de embodied in the consistent abolition of awards. facto by: If one adopts the year 1952 as the starting point, - South African Police Cross for Bravery the following orders, decorations and medals (1963) have been subject to this process: - South African Police Star for Distin- guished Service (1963) A. Military awards 4. South African Police Cross for Bravery 1. Louw Wepener Decoration (1952) (1963) Superseded by Honoris Crux Decoration Superseded by award of the same name, (1975) divided into three grades, instituted in 1989. 2. Star of South Africa (1952) 5. South African Police Star for Distinguished Superseded by the Order of the Star of Service (1963) South Africa (1975/1977/1978) Superseded by South African Police Star for 3. Van Riebeeck Decoration (1952) Distinguished Service (1979) 4. Honoris Crux (1952) 6. South African Police Star for Distinguished Superseded by the Honoris Crux Decoration Leadership (1979) (1975) 7. South African Police Star for Distinguished 5. Van Riebeeck Medal (1952) Service (1979) 6. Southern Cross Medal (1952) 8. South African Police Silver Cross for Gallan- Superseded by the Southern Cross Medal try (1985) (1975) Superseded by South African Police Cross 7. Union Medal (1952)/Permanent Force Good for Bravery Silver (1989) Service Medal (1961) Superseded by the South African Defence C. South African Railways Police Awards Force Good Service Medal (Gold, Silver, 1. Railways and Harbours Police Long Service Bronze) (1975) and Good Conduct Medal (1934) 8. Commandant General's Medal (1965) Superseded by Railway Police Good Serv- Superseded by the SADF Champion Shot ice Medal (1960) Medal (1975) 2. Railway Police Good Service Medal (1960) 9. Pro Merito Medal (1967) Superseded by Medal for Faithful Service in Superseded by the Pro Merito Medal (1975) the South African Railways Police Force 10. Commandant General of the South African (1966) Defence Force Commendation (1968) 3. Star for Merit in the South African Railways Superseded by the C SADF Commendation Police Force (1966) Medal (1974) Superseded by the Star for Merit in the 11. Jack Hindon Medal (1970) South African Railways Police Force (1980) 12. Order of the Star of South Africa (1975) 4. Medal for Faithful Service in the South Afri- Superseded by the Order as re-constituted can Railways Police Force (1966) in 1978 Superseded by Medal for Faithful Service in 13. Order of the Star of South Africa (1978) the South African Railways Police Force Superseded by (1980) (a) Order of the Star of South Africa (Mili- 5. South African Railways Police Cross for Va- tary) (1988) lour (1966) (b) Order of the Star of South Africa (Non- Superseded by South African Railways Military) (1988) Police Cross for Valour (1980)

29 6. Decoration for Distinguished Service in the Superseded by National Intelligence S.er- South African Railways Police Force (1966) vice Cross for Valour - Gold & Silver (1987) Superseded by 4. National Intelligence Service Medal for Dis- (a) Decoration for Outstanding Service in tinguished Service (1981) the South African Railways Police Force Superseded by National Intelligence Ser- (1980) and vice Medal for Distinguished Service - (b) South African Railways Police Star for Gold, Silver, Bronze (1987) Distinguished Service (1980) 5. Decoration for Meritorious Service (1970) Superseded by Order for Meritorious Ser- D. South African Prisons Service Awards vice (1986)

1. Prisons Good Service Medal (1922) It is apparent that the South African Medal pan- Superseded by Faithful Service Medal in the theon displays an indisputable restlessness, a Prisons Department (1959) facet which exhibits the following noteworthy 2. Faithful Service Medal in the Prisons Depart- characteristics: ment (1959) Superseded by Faithful Service Medal, Pris- (i) A number of awards were rendered obso- ons Department (1965) lete within a decade of their institution; i.e. 3. Faithful Service Medal, Prisons Department - Commandant General of the South Afri- (1965) can Defence Force Commendation Superseded by Medal for Faithful Service in - Pro Merito Medal the South African Prisons Department - Jack Hindon Medal (1968) - Order of the Star of South Africa 4. Decoration for Valour in the South African (ii) The situation is confused by the fact that Prisons Service (1968) several awards have been succeeded by 5. Medal for Merit in the South African Prisons those bearing identical designations; i.e. Service (1968) - Southern Cross Medal (1952/1975) 6. Medal for Faithful Service in the South Afri- - Pro Merito Medal (1967/1975) can Prisons Service (1968) - South African Police Cross for Bravery Note: Items 4-6 superseded in entirety by (1963/1989 - 3rd Grade) series of Prisons Service Awards instituted - South African Police Star for Distin- in 1960; especially: guished Service (1963/1979) (i) Decoration for Valour in the South Afri- - South African Railways Police Cross for can Prisons Service superseded by Valour (1966/1980) Cross for Valour (Diamond) (1980)/ - Star for Merit in the South African Rail- Cross for Valour (Ruby) (1980) ways Police Force (1966/1980) (ii) Medal for Merit in the South African - Medal for Faithful Service in the South Prisons Service superseded by Star for African Railways Police Force (1966/ Merit (1980)/Cross for Merit (1980)/ 1980) Medal for Merit - Commissioned Offi- cers (1980)/Medal for Merit - Non-Com- The result of such instability is to generate a missioned Officers (1980) certain degree of uncertainty regarding the pre- (iii) Medal for Faithful Service in the South cise status, or weight of prestige, attached to the African Prisons Service superseded by awards in question. The problem of definition is South African Prisons Service Medal for compounded by inconsistency with regard to Faithful Service (1980) post-nominal letters; an inconsistency which is manifested on three levels. First, in relation to the E. Civil Awards 1910-1988 awards of the South African Police and South 1. King's Medal for Bravery (1939)/Queen's African Railways Police, where an award is suc- Medal for Bravery (1952) ceeded by one bearing the same nomenclature, Superseded by Woltemade Decoration the post-nominal letters attached to the preced- (1970) ing award are utilised for its successor (i.e. 2. Woltemade Decoration (1970) South African Police Star for Distinguished Ser- Superseded by Woltemade Cross for Brav- vice; South African Railways Police Cross for ery (1988) Valour (SOO/IF respectively). However, the 3. National Intelligence Service Cross for Va- SADF has adopted a contrasting policy. Thus, lour (1981) the Southern Cross Medal (1952), which pos-

30 sessed the post-nominal letters "SM", was re- Service Medal (1975) were altered in terms of placed by the award of the same designation in Warrants dated 27 August 1986 (published in 1975, but without post-nominal letters. The same Government Gazette No 10494, dated 24 Au- policy was adopted with reference to the Pro gust 1986). Merito Medal (PMM), instituted in 1967, and its successor. The privilege of appending post- nominal letters necessarily enhances its pres- (iii) The problem of equivalence tige, and the withdrawal of this prerogative It was stated at the commencement of this sec- equally implies a dimunition of the award's tion that the dominant characteristic of traditional status. It is necessary to bear in mind that this medal pantheons is that of hierarchy, which fa- inconsistent policy viz-a-viz post-nominal letters cilitates the clear appreciation of the status of a has been applied to extant awards. Thus, the particular award. However, the essentially paro- privilege of appending post-nominal letters to chial character of the South African award struc- the De Wet Decoration (DWD) and John Chard ture has largely militated against the hierarchical Decoration (JCD) was withdrawn in terms of approach by generating multiple arrays of Amending Warrants dated 22 June 1977 (pub- awards within each category. Thus, the armed lished in Government Gazette No 5651, dated 8 forces, South African Police, South African Pris- July 1977); to be re-introduced in terms of ons Service and former South African Railways Amending Warrants dated 27 August 1986 Police all possess gallantry awards which, ob- (published in Government Gazette No 10494, viously, occupy the senior positions within their dated 24 October 1986). [This temporary with- respective orders of precedence. Their positions drawal of post-nominal letters was perhaps moti- within a national order of precedence (i.e. their vated by the objective of equating the status of relationship to one another) is thus highly prob- these awards with the South African Defence lematical as, within each instituting body, they Force Good Service Medal (Silver) for Citizen enjoy an equivalent status) (cf ASAUPS, pp Force and Commandos. None of the three 26-27). It is, possibly, this aspect of the national grades of this latter award confer the privilege of award structure which has impeded the emer- post-nominal letters.] gence of a revised national order of precedence since 1979. The second level on which this inconsistent policy with regard to post-nominal letters oper- ates relates to the practice whereby the same letters are applied to succeeding awards of dif- THE MANAGEMENT OF A MEDAL ferent nomenclature (i.e. the letters "SMO" ap- PANTHEON plied to both the South African Railways Police These three major problems implicit in the South Decoration of Distinguished Service (1966) and African award structure point to certain central Decoration for Outstanding Service (1980)). determinants which, ideally, should be applied to a medal pantheon: Third, one has the situation where the same post-nominal letters relate to multiple awards, (a) The need for a clearly defined framework of both within the compass of the instituting body subordination. and transcending several branches of service. (b) The requirement of stability, ensuring that An illustration of the former practice is embodied awards, once instituted, remain firmly in the post-nominal letters "CPV", designating anchored in the national structure of hon- both the South African Prisons Service Cross for ours and awards. Valour Diamond and Decoration for Valour. The (c) The initial conception of awards (in terms of latter process is exemplified in the letters "SOE", conditions of eligibility, design, ribbon, etc.) which apply to both the South African and South in such a manner that they are, as far as West African Police Star for Outstanding Service possible, mutually exclusive in terms of cat- and (until 1983) the South African Railways egory (i.e. order, decoration, campaign Police Star for Distinguished Service. medal, etc.). (d) The emphasis upon universality; i.e. that The restless character of the South African awards should, as far as possible, be appli- medal pantheon is further manifested in the cable to individuals irrespective of their as- sphere of ribbons. Thus, the ribbons of the sociation with a specific institution. This Southern Cross Medal (1975), Pro Merito Medal would contribute to the determinant itemised (1975) and South African Defence Force Good under (a) above, in so far as one would

31 avoid multiple arrays of awards of equal Fforde is primarily a ribbon collector (his latest status. publication, co-authored by Mr Alan Rich, is de- (e) The need for flexibility. This consideration voted to the ribbons of Rhodesian awards) and would avoid the common South African the publication of which he was the prime author practice whereby the regulations stipulate was, to reiterate, preponderantly concerned with that the award in question be confined to the this sphere of his interest. Only the briefest infor- most senior ranks of a service (i.e. as in the mation was attached to each description of the case of: the Order of the Star of South Africa individual award cited. However, as the relevant (Military); the South African Police Star for Government Gazettes were cited in this publica- Distinguished Service (1979); the South Afri- tion, the essential documentation, which would can Police Star for Distinguished Lead- form the basis of this further research, was ership; the South African Railways Police readily available. Thus, the quoted Government Star for Distinguished Leadership; South Gazettes would, upon close scrutiny, yield the African Railways Police Star for Distin- relevant details concerning detailed description guished Service; South African Prisons Serv- of each award, conditions of eligibility, relation- ice Star for Excellence; South African Pris- ship to earlier and succeeding awards, amend- ons Service Star for Distinction). ing regulations etc.

Admittedly, it is a generally recognised feature The original publication structured the awards in of the British award structure that certain hon- a strict chronological order. The decision to ours (e.g. inclusion within the higher grades of present three distinct publications, in the man- orders, conferring knighthood) are confined to ner discussed above, was determined by two the most senior ranks of the armed and civil central characteristics implicit within the intrinsic services. But, it should be emphasised, this character of the South African medal pantheon, facet represents a traditional usage and not a which emerged from the research undertaken. fixed stipulation. A certain degree of latitude is (i) The first was the essentially parochial thus facilitated, permitting recognition, through character of the South African award struc- the award of such honours. to individuals who ture; viz. the institution of awards which are, have rendered exceptional service, and yet do in the main, confined to a special branch of not fall within the ranks of those normally eligible the armed and civil services. for such forms of recognition. Indeed, it may be (ii) The peculiarly restless and unstable charac- feasibly argued that the source of the (justifiably) ter of the nation's award structure; mani- unreal distinction between the Military and Non- fested in the continual supersession of for- Military Divisions/Orders of the Star of South mer awards and corresponding prolifera- Africa is rooted in the restriction of the former to tion of new orders, decorations and med- the most senior officers of the Permanent Force. als.

THE EXTRINSIC FACET This second characteristic determined the staggered publication of the three monographs over The initial work by Col Fforde and Dr Monick a span of years; as opposed to the creation of a thus formed the essential foundation of the SA single work divided into the appropriate sec- National Museum of Military History's exploration tions. Had the latter course been adopted, it was of the South African award structure. feared that a composite book would be rapidly vulnerable to obsolescence, in the light of the Upon the basis of this original research under- instability which characterises the South African taking, the Museum's research project would be award structure, commented upon above. Con- formulated. It was considered that this would versely, additions and amendments to this struc- assume the following form: ture could be absorbed into later publications. (a) Col Fforde's research would be expanded Thus, the envisaged publishing programme into a series of three monographs, each devoted would permit of a far higher degree of flexibility. to a special branch of the South African award structure; viz. the awards of the armed forces, The validity of such an approach would appear those of the uniformed public service (South to be justified by the publication, South African African Police, South West African Police, South orders, decorations and medals, by E.G.M. African Railways Police, South African Prisons Alexander, G.K.B. Barron and A.J. Bateman Service); and South African civil awards. Col (published in 1986). This handsomely produced

32 work is now seriously obsolete; and yet the SADF Good Service Medal (for 40 years serv- necessity for the consistent revision of the pub- ice) lication - in the light of the continual additions to Ad Aspera Medal the South African award structure - is a highly De Wet Medal expensive proposition each time such a project Cadet Corps Shooting Medal is undertaken (which must, of necessity, be on a frequent basis.) 2. Within two years of the appearance of the first work by Col Fforde and Dr Monick, no fewer The actual course of events proved such an than five new orders had been instituted: approach justified, in the following respects: Order of the Southern Cross (1986) Order for Meritorious Service (1988) 1. One year after the publication of ASAUPS a Order of the Star of South Africa (Military) new series of South African Police decor- (1988) ations was instituted; the South African Police Order of the Star of South Africa (Non-Mili- Cross for Bravery Gold, the South African tary) (1986) Police Cross for Bravery Silver and South Order of Good Hope (1988) African Police Cross for Bravery. These awards replaced the former South African 3. By the end of 1988 two new decorations had Police Cross for Bravery (1963) and South been instituted; viz. the Woltemade Cross for African Police Silver Cross for Gallantry Bravery (1988) (superseding the Woltemade (1985). Moreover, the South West African Decoration for Bravery (1970)) and the Presi- Police Star for Merit (although officially insti- dent's Decoration for Distinguished Service tuted in 1986) officially made its appearance (1987). in 1988, some three weeks prior to the publication of ASAUPS and had to be included 4. In 1990 the latest addition to the South Afri- within an appendix to that work. can medal pantheon was instituted; viz. the Further, at the end of 1990, when the publica- National Intelligence Service Civil Medal. tion of SACA was approaching finalisation, documentation was received indicating that The publication of the Museum's research into two new South African Defence Force awards the South African award structure occurred dur- were shortly to be gazetted; viz. the General ing a span of four years. To recapitulate, the two Service Medal and Southern Africa Medal. books published in the same year (SAMA, These awards were subsequently gazetted in ASAUPS) had their dates of publication deter- terms of Warrant of 24 May 1989 (but only mined by the need to commemorate important published in Government Gazette No 12907, landmarks in the historical calendars of both the dated 21 December 1990). These awards Citizen Force and South African Police. How- were gazetted at too late a date to be ab- ever, a lapse of two years occurred before the sorbed within the ribbon guide of SACA, and final book, relating to South African civil awards, must now be included in either a separately was produced. This staggered publishing pro- published appendix to SAMA, or a revised gramme did, however, permit the awards item- edition to the entire work. The institution of ised under 2-4 above to be included. these new medals highlights the problem of endeavouring to encapsulate a constantly The constantly evolving structure of the South evolving and restless award structure in a African medal pantheon also determined the concrete published form. revision of the coloured ribbon guide. To reiterate a point made above, the terms of reference It is also noteworthy that, at the end of 1990, and the scope of A Guide to South African Or- information was received to the effect that a ders, Decorations and Medals and their ribbons further 10 SADF awards were to be instituted ended in 1985 and, accordingly, the coloured in the near future: ribbon guide which it included ended at that Army Cross point. Since that date, the following South Afri- Air Force Cross can awards have been gazetted: Navy Cross (a) Order of the Southern Cross (1986) South African Medical Service Cross Same ribbon for both grades. Pro Virtute Decoration (b) Order for Meritorious SeNice (1986) Pro Virtute Medal Same ribbon for both grades.

33 (c) Order of Good Hope (1988) (n) Southern Cross Medal - Class I: Grand Cross (Gold) New ribbon instituted 1986. - Class II: Grand Officer (Silver) (0) Pro Merito Medal - Class III: Commander New ribbon instituted 1986. - Class IV: Officer - Class V: Member In effect, therefore, a total of 31 new ribbons has (d) Woltemade Cross for Bravery - Gold & Sil- been instituted within the South African medal ver (1988) pantheon since 1986. [To this number one Same ribbon for both grades. should add the ribbon of the National Intelli- (e) President's Decoration for Distinguished gence Service Civil Medal (1990), which was Service (1987). instituted after the main body of this work had been completed; thus making a total of 32.] Of (f) Order of the Star of South Africa (Military) these, three bear colours which are identical to (1988) preceding awards; i.e. items (c) (ribbons of five - Class I: Gold grades); (d), (f) (ribbons of two grades); (g) (rib- - Class II: Silver bons of four grades); (h) (ribbon of first grade) (g) Order of the Star of South Africa (Non-Mili- (gold); (i) (ribbon of second grade (silver)). tary) (1988) - Class I: Grand Cross It should, however, be noted that the widths of - Class II: Grand Officer these ribbons differ from those of their prede- - Class III: Commander cessors. Hence, with regard to the Order of the - Class IV: Officer Star of South Africa (Military) and Order of the - Class V: Member Star of South Africa (Non-Military) both instituted (h) National Intelligence Service Cross for Va- in 1988, the width of the ribbon is standardised lour (1987) at 36 mm (for both neck and breast ribbons) and - Gold at 20 mm for miniature ribbons. This regulation - Silver differs from the widths prescribed for the ribbons (i) National Intelligence Service Medal for Dis- of the order as instituted in 1977/1978 (44 cm for tinguished Service (1987) the breast ribbon and 37 mm for the neck ribbon - Gold within both the Military and Non-Military Divi- - Silver sions; and 18 mm for the miniature ribbon within - Bronze both divisions). Similarly, the re-constituted Order of Good Hope standardises the neck and (j) South African Police Seventy-Fifth Anniver- breast ribbons at a width of 36 mm, in contrast to sary Commemorative Medal (1988) the 1973 version, in which the neck ribbons for (k) South African Police Cross for Bravery the First Class (Grand Cross), Second Class (1989) (Grand Officer), Third Class (Commander) and - South African Police Cross for Bravery Fourth Class (Officer) is stipulated as being 101 (Gold) mm for the First Class and 40 mm for the Se- - South African Police Cross for Bravery cond-Fourth Classes. Only the ribbons of the (Silver) National Intelligence Service Cross for Valour- - South African Police Cross for Bravery Gold and National Intelligence Service Medal for Distinguished Service - Silver remain unaltered. One should also note (I) South West African Police Star for Merit Thus, 30 new ribbons must be added to an up- (1986) dated ribbon guide. The revision of the ribbon guide originally produced in 1986 thus embo- In addition, amending Warrants have instituted dies a threefold amendment: completely new ribbons for the following extant awards: (i) Those instituted for completely new additions to the South African/South West Afri- (m) South African Defence Force Good Service can medal pantheon; i.e. items (a), (b), (h), Medal (i), (j). (k); New ribbons instituted 1986: - Gold Medal (ii) Those instituted for extant awards, bearing a - Silver Medal different design from their predecessors; i.e. - Bronze Medal items (m), (n), (0);

34 (iii) Those bearing the same design as their pre- CONCLUSION decessors, but of different widths; i.e. item (c) (first four grades), (d), (f), (h), cited in A most noteworthy feature of the research pro- terms of new Warrants. ject discussed above is the manner in which the intrinsic and extrinsic facets are closely interwo- ven. In other words, the innate character of the The restless, fluctuating character of the South material researched determined the external African award structure naturally generates pro- processes; e.g. staggered pattern of publica- found inhibitions with regard to detailing any tion, the revision of the ribbon chart and ex- summary or overall analysis of its salient fea- panded summaries contained within the fourth tures. Nevertheless, it was considered that, in and final publication in the series, South African the course of researching and compiling the civil awards 1910-1990. The relationship be- three previous works, certain central character- tween what might be termed the internal and istics had emerged as being implicit in the na- external characteristics of the projects is rooted, tion's medal pantheon. It was thus decided to fundamentally, in the restless and fluctuating incorporate an overall analysis into the final character of the South African medal pantheon, work, which is thus sub-titled, With an overview as has been discussed in detail above. Whilst of the South African award structure. such aspects persist, it would appear to be impossible to encapsulate such an award structure (b) The question of the ribbon chart introduces within a published source, with any degree of the second major divergence from the original finality. The researcher is compelled to pursue work authored by J.P.!. Fforde and S. Monick. the changing features of such a pantheon Col Fforde had conceived of his chart in strictly through the medium of continual revisions, ap- chronological sequence. However, it was felt pendices, etc. in relation to earlier published that the finalised ribbon chart to accompany the works. fourth work in the series (South African civil awards 1910-1990) should follow the pattern of 1 The term "pantheon" has been inspired by the the preceding two publications, which had concept of the pantheon of Gods in Graeco/ polarised, so to speak, the award structure in Roman mythology. The essential underlying terms of instituting bodies (i.e. armed forces, motif of such a framework is the principle of uniformed public services). The chart is thus hierarchy and subordination; a fundamental divided under the headings of Military awards, element in award structures, which are South African/South West African uniformed characterised by an order of precedence, public services and civil awards. It was consid- implicit within which is the subordination of ered that such an approach would follow the certain awards to others, in terms of prestige. development of Col Fforde's researches on the • Dr Stanley Monick is the curator of medals and numismatics of the South part of the Museum. African National Museum of Military History

1 2

35 3 4 5

UNION or somHAfRICA-:' UNIE 'IAN SUtD~r.RIKA.

6 7 8

(~---cn---Q== ~ ) "'.! --. J"t::::=----_." Ii.

9 10 11

36 12 13

16 17

18 19 20

37 21 22 23

24 25 26

27 28

38 30 31

34 35

36 37

39 !------]

38 39 40

41 42

43 44

40 Appendix 32. Danie Theron Medal (1970) 33. Jack Hindon Medal (1970) 34. C SADF Commendation Medal (1974) KEY TO ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOUTH AFRI- 35. Pro Patria Medal (1974/1976) CAN MILITARY AWARDS 36. Order of the Star of South Africa (1975/1977/ 1978)* Military Division: Class 1 (Order of 1. Meritorious Service Medal (1913) the Star of South Africa)/Non-military Divi- 2. Distinguished Conduct Medal (1913) sion: Class 1 (Grand Cross) 3. Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 37. Order of the Star of South Africa (1975/1977/ (Permanent Forces of the Empire Beyond 1978)* Military Division: Class 11 (Order of the Seas Long Service and Good Conduct the Star of South Africa Silver) Medal) (1913) 38. Honoris Crux Decoration (1975) 4. Allied Victory Medal 1914-1918 (SA issue) 39. Southern Cross Decoration (1975) (1919) 40. Pro Merito Decoration (1975) 5. Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst 1899-1902 41. Southern Cross Medal (1975) (1920) 42. Pro Merito Medal (1975) 6. Anglo-Boere Oorlog Medalje 1899-1902 43. South African Defence Force Good Service (1920) Medal (1975) (Gold/Silver/Bronze) 7. Medal for Long Service and Good Conduct 44. SADF Champion Shot Medal (1975) (Military) (1939) 8. Efficiency Decoration (1939) * Note: In these items marked * the year of 9. Efficiency Medal (1939) institution is based on the publication of 10. Africa Service Medal (initially instituted the Royal Warrant in the relevant Gov- 1943) (1945) ernment Gazette, not on the date of the 11. South African Medal for War Services (1945) Royal Warrant. 12. Air Efficiency Award (1950) 13. Castle of Good Hope Decoration (1952) (in- To the above list, the following awards of the stituted 1954) * SADF should be added: 14. Louw Wepener Decoration (1952) (instituted 45. Order of the Star of South Africa (Military) 1954)* (1988) 15. Star of South Africa (1952) (instituted 1954)*. Class I: Gold 6. Van Riebeeck Decoration (1952) (instituted Class II: Silver 1954)* 46. Order of the Star of South Africa (Non-Mili- 7. Honoris Crux (1952) (instituted 1954)* tary) (1988) 8. Van Riebeeck Medal (1952) (instituted Class I: Grand Cross 1954)* Class II: Grand Officer 9. Southern Cross Medal (1952) (instituted Class III: Commander 1954)* Class IV: Officer Union Medal (1952) (instituted 1954)* ~o. Class V: Member '1. John Chard Decoration (1952) (instituted 47. General Service Medal (1990) 1954 )* 48. Southern Africa Medal (1990) ~2. John Chard Medal (1952) instituted 1954)* ~3. Korea Medal (1953) Notes: ~4. Permanent Force Good Service Medal (1961 ) (i) The classes within item No. 36 are: ~5. Commandant General's Medal (1965) Class I: Order of the Star of South Africa ~6. De Wet Decoration (1965) Class II: Order of the Star of South Africa ? Cadet Corps Medal (1966) Silver ~8. Pro Merito Medal (1967) (ii) The classes within item No. 37 are: ~9. Louw Wepener Medal (1967) Class I: Grand Cross :0. Mention in Despatches Emblem (1967) Class II: Grand Officer 1. Commandant General of the South African Class III: Commander Defence Force Commendation Emblem Class IV: Officer (1967) Class V: Knight

41 16. Monick, S. The enigma of medals. Parts 1-4. Armed Forces (SA), BIBLIOGRAPHY April-July, September, 1984. Published works relating to South African awards (ii) Specialised studies MONOGRAPHS 17. Botha, M.A. Tangible testimony. Servamus, April 1989, pp 18-19, (i) General works 26-28. 1. Africana Museum (Johannesburg). Military medals of Soulh African 18. Commandant General's Medal. Commando, XXI, April 1970, p. 79. interest. Johannesburg: Africana Museum, 1957. 19. De Villiers, W. A provisional roll: the Decoration for Meritorious Service. 2. Alexander, E.G.M., Barron, G.K.B. & Bateman,A.J. South African orders, Journal of the Military Medal Society of South Africa No 15, November decorations and medals. Cape Town, Pretoria: Human & Rousseau, 1979, pp 35-37. 20. Duxbury, G.R. Louw Wepener Medal. Military History Journal, Vol 1 No 1986. 3. Fforde, J.P.I. & Monick, S. A Guide to South African orders, decorations 1, December 1967, pp 36-37. . and medals and their ribbons 1896-1985. Johannesburg: South Afri- 21. Fforde, J.P.I. Republic of South Africa: The Commandant General's can National Museum of Military History, 1986. Medal. Journal of the Orders and Medals Research Society, NO.2, X Note: Contains coloured ribbon chart, relating to medals instituted prior (131), July 1971, pp 73-74. 22. Forsyth, D.R. King's Police Medal. Journal of the Military Medal Society to 1986. 4. Monick, S. Awards of the South African uniformed public services, of South Africa, December 1978, pp. 17- 21. 1922-1981. Johannesburg: South African National Museum of Military 23. Jones, W.H. The new Star of South Africa Order. Journal of the Orders History, 1988. and Medals Research Society, XVIII (I), 1979, pp 26-28. 5. Monick, S. South African military awards 1912-1981. Johannesburg: 24. Jones, W.H. South African Police medals 1923-1979. Orders and South African National Museum of Military History, 1988. Medals ResearchSociety Journal, Autumn 1980, pp 168 - 178. 6. Moorcraft, Paul L. Africa's super-power. Johannesburg: Sygma Books, 25. Kelly, H.K. South African decorations and awards. SA Numismatic Collins Vaal, 1981. Journal, No 7, November 1972, pp 277 - 278. Note: Contains double-spread illustrations of SADF awards. Note: Deals with John Chard Decoration. 7. South African National War Museum (Johannesburg). Catalogue.Johan- 26. King, Alfred T. & Breed, J.A. Medals of the South African Railways nesburg: South African National War Museum, 1959. Police Force 1934-1986. Orders and Medals, Vol 27 No 3, pp 8. South African orders, decorations and medals: order of precedence. 156-163. Government Gazette,Vol 22 No 1625 (30 December 1966) and No 1630 27. Langenhoven, P. 'n Medalje vir elkeen. Servamus, February 1988, p. 9. (6 January 1967). Note: Deals with the South African Police Seventy-Fifth Anniversary 9. Union of South Africa, Department of Defence.South African decorations Commemorative Medal. and medals: reprints of Warrants. Pretoria: Department of Defence, 28. Mitchell, F.K. The long service medals of the South African armed 1960. forces. De Nummis (Journal of the Transvaal Numismatic Society), nd, pp 94-119. (Ii) Specialised works 29. Mitchell, F.K. & Tamplin, J.M.A. The Meritorious Service Medal in 10. Forsyth, D.R. Die Medaljerol: Dekoratie voor Trouwe Dienst, Anglo- South Africa 1896-1952. Journal of the Orders and Medals Research 80ere Oorlog: Die Suid Afrikaanse Republiek en Oranje Vrystat Oorlogs- Society, XIV (4),1975, pp 209-219. medalje: Lint voor Verwonding opgedaan gedurende die Angl0-80ere 30. Monick, S. The long service and good conduct medals of the South Oorlog. Johannesburg: the Author, 1976. African uniformed public services. Association of South African Numis- 11. Forsyth, D.R. Efficiency Decoration, Union of South Africa: the roll. matic Societies, Journal No 2,1989, pp 18-50. Johannesburg: the Author, 1987. 31. Pamm, A.N. M.S.M. in South Africa 1896-1952. Journal of the Orders 12. Forsyth, D.R. King's Commendation, Military Recipients, Union Defence and Medals Research Society, XX (3) (1972), Autumn 1981, P 147. Force. Johannesburg: the Author, 1987. 32. Radburn, Arthur. From Golden Eagle to Cross of Honour. Journal of the 13. Owen, Colin R. The South African Korea medal roll. Benoni: Chimperie, Military Medal Society of South Africa, No 29, August 1987, pp 21-24. 1982. 14. Van Wyk, A. Honoris Crux. Ons dapperes: our brave. Cape Town: Note: Deals with Honoris Crux (1952). Saayman& Weber, 1982. 33. Radburn, Arthur. The Order of the Star of South Africa. Journal of the Military Medal Society of South Africa, No. 23, December 1983, pp 23-26. (B) PERIODICAL ARTICLES 34. Radburn, Arthur. Stars for distinguished leadership. Journal of the (i) General Works Military Medal Society of South Africa, No 24, September 1984, pp 27-28. 15. Monick, S. The awards of the South African armed forces: an overview Note: Deals with South African Police/South African Railways Police and analysis. Armed Forces (SA), June-August, 1988. Star for Distinguished Leadership. Part 1: June 1988, pp 29-32. Part 2: July 1988, pp 28-34. 35. Tamplin, J.M.A. The awards of the South African Prison Services. Part 3: August 1988, p 28. Orders and Medals, Vol 22 No 1, Spring 1983, pp 22-25.