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Природа №2 2018 22 1188 Issn 0032874X Индекс 70707 ISSN 0032874X ПРИРОДА №2 2018 22 1188 ISSN 0032874X. ПРИРОДА. 2018. №2. 1–96 ISSN 0032874X. ПРИРОДА. 2018. №2. ЕЖЕМЕСЯЧНЫЙ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОНАУЧНЫЙ ЖУРНАЛ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ НАУК Издается с января 1912 года 18 Главный редактор в следующем номере 33 академик, доктор физико6математических наук А.Ф.Андpеев Заместитель главного редактора доктор физико6математических наук А.В.Бялко доктор биологических наук А.С.Апт, доктор геолого6минералогических наук А.А.Арис кин, член6корреспондент, доктор физико6математических наук П.И.Арсеев, О.О.Аcта xова, доктор биологических наук Ф.И.Атауллаханов, член6корреспондент, доктор юридических наук Ю.М.Батурин, доктор биологических наук Д.И.Берман, доктор био6 логических наук П.М.Бородин, М.Б.Бурзин, доктор физико6математических наук А.Н.Васильев, член6корреспондент, доктор филологических наук В.И.Васильев, канди6 дат биологических наук М.Н.Воронцова, доктор физико6математических наук Д.З.Ви бе, кандидат физико6математических наук, доктор биологических наук М.С.Гельфанд, академик, доктор физико6математических наук С.С.Геpштейн, профессор А.Глухов (A.Glukhov, США), академик, доктор физико6математических наук Г.С.Голицын, доктор химических наук И.С.Дмитриев, кандидат биологических наук С.В.Дробышевский, академик, доктор физико6математических наук Л.М.Зеленый, академик, доктор биоло6 гических наук Н.А.Зиновьева, академик, доктор биологических наук А.Л.Иванов, про6 фессор Т.Йованович (T.Jovanovic3, Сербия), доктор биологических наук С.Л.Киселев, кандидат географических наук Т.С.Клювиткина, член6коppеcпондент, доктор физико6 математических наук М.В.Ковальчук, доктор биологических наук С.С.Колесников, Е.А.Кудряшова, профессор Е.Кунин (E.Koonin, США), доктор геолого6минералогиче6 ских наук А.Ю.Леин, член6корреспондент, доктор биологических наук В.В.Малахов, профессор Ш.Миталипов (Sh.Mitalipov, США), доктор геолого6минералогических на6 Люди пытались разгадать природу змеиных ядов с древних времен, однако совре6 ук Т.К.Пинегина, доктор сельскохозяйственных наук Ю.В.Плугатарь, доктор физико6 менные исследования начались только в середине прошлого века. История изуче6 математических наук М.В.Родкин, академик, доктор биологических наук Л.В.Розен ния ядов прослеживается от древнейших цивилизаций Египта, Индии и Греции до штраух, кандидат географических наук Ф.А.Романенко, академик, доктор физико6 наших дней. В настоящее время основные компоненты ядов хорошо изучены математических наук А.Ю.Румянцев, член6коppеcпондент, доктор биологических наук и классифицированы в несколько структурных семейств. Установлено, что яды Н.И.Санжарова, доктор физико6математических наук Д.Д.Соколов, кандидат физико6 змей представляют собой сложные пептидно6белковые смеси, содержащие более математических наук К.Л.Сорокина, кандидат исторических наук М.Ю.Сорокина, 100 отдельных компонентов. Змеиные токсины обладают разнообразными вида6 Н.В.Ульянова, академик, доктор биологических наук М.А.Федонкин, академик, доктор ми биологической активности, нарушающими жизненно важные процессы в ор6 физико6математических наук А.Р.Хохлов, академик, доктор физико6математических наук ганизмах. Большинство токсинов воздействуют на биологическую мишень с вы6 А.М.Чеpепащук, академик, доктор физико6математических наук Ф.Л.Черноусько, член6 сокой эффективностью и селективностью, что делает их очень хорошими моле6 корреспондент, доктор химических наук В.П.Шибаев, О.И.Шутова, кандидат биоло6 кулярными инструментами для фундаментальных исследований, а также идеаль6 гических наук А.О.Якименко ной основой для разработки лекарств. На основе змеиных токсинов было разра6 ботано несколько лекарств (самое известное — антигипертензивный препарат каптоприл), и еще целый ряд разрабатывается. Таким образом, исследование ядов превращает их из смертоносного оружия в препараты, спасающие жизни. НА ПЕРВОЙ СТРАНИЦЕ ОБЛОЖКИ. Прекрасно сохранившиеся ископаемые остатки рыбы в жилой камере аммонита . Dapedium pholidotum Lytoceras ceratophagum Копылова Н.В., Уткин Ю.Н. Экспонат Музея первобытного мира имени Б.Гауффа (Хольцмаден, Германия). ЗМЕИНЫЕ ЯДЫ — ОТ ДРЕВНОСТИ ДО НАШИХ ДНЕЙ См. в номере: Мироненко А.А. Раковины аммоноидей в мезозойских экосистемах. Фото автора НА ЧЕТВЕРТОЙ СТРАНИЦЕ ОБЛОЖКИ. Пляж на оз.Парисенто (Ямало6Ненецкий автономный округ). См. в номере: Андреева И.В. Пляжи Западной Сибири. Фото А.Н.Романова © Российская академия наук, журнал «Природа», 2018 © ФГУП «Издательство «Наука», 2018 «Наука» © Составление. Редколлегия журнала «Природа», 2018 №2 • (1230) • ФЕВРАЛЬ • 2018 В НОМЕРЕ: 37 К.Г.Михайлов Революционеры в систематике пауков: В.А.Вагнер и П.Т.Лехтинен Использование особенностей строения копулятив ных органов пауков для диагностики родов и се А.М.Портнов 3 мейств произвело революцию в систематике. На Уникальная рудноизотопная чало в 1880х годах заложили работы В.А.Вагнера, аномалия России но лишь через 80 лет эти идеи, обоснованные ог Рудный Норильский район — аномальный на нашей ромным сравнительным материалом, были вто планете по обилию богатейших медноникелевых рично введены П.Т.Лехтиненом. с платиноидами руд в базальтах, по накоплению тя желого изотопа серы в сульфидах и по денежной сто имости «простого продукта», извлеченного из них. Вести из экспедиций 45 И.А.Немировская Что происходит с Волгой? 10 М.В.Винарский Большое путешествие маленькой улитки Научные сообщения Водная улитка Physella acuta родом из стран Нового 54 И.В.Андреева Света, но в наши дни она распространена на всех Пляжи Западной Сибири (54) континентах. В статье прослеживается расселе ние P.acuta по западу Палеарктики начиная с мо Н.Б.Келлер, Н.С.Оськина, Т.А.Савилова мента ее прибытия в Старый свет, а также рас сматриваются возможные движущие силы расселе Распределение склерактиниевых ния. Проанализированы многочисленные литера кораллов в высоких широтах (64) турные источники, а также музейные коллекции некоторых европейских стран. Заметки и наблюдения 70 В.Н.Комаров, З.М.Ф.Зарубин, 20 А.А.Мироненко Е.Ф.Бабицкий Раковины аммоноидей КачиКальон в мезозойских экосистемах Раковины древних головоногих после смерти самих моллюсков превращались в удобные укрытия и жи лища для различных донных животных, а прикреп 78 Е.Ю.Басаргина, Л.И.Громова ляющиеся организмы использовали их в качестве Необычный диплом И.П.Павлова субстрата. Ракиотшельники начали свой эволю и фотоальбом его четвероногих ционный путь с заселения раковин аммонитов. «друзей» 29 М.В.Родкин 87 Новости науки Самая актуальная Когерентное упругое рассеяние нейтрино обнаружено (87). проблема человечества? Биткойн и климат. А.В.Бялко (88). Рефралон: новые воз Вопрос о множественности технологических циви можности антиаритмического препарата III класса (89). Редкость не всегда приводит к вымиранию (90). Новые дан лизаций во Вселенной непосредственно связан с ные о юрских ихтиозаврах Поволжья. М.С.Архангель прогнозом судьбы высокоразвитой жизни на Земле. ский, Н.Г.Зверьков (91). В космосе признаков существования наших со братьев по разуму пока не обнаруживается. Не оз начает ли это, что цивилизации живут недолго, не Новые книги грозит ли человечеству самоуничтожение? 92 №2 • (1230) • FEBRUARY • 2018 CONTENTS: 37 K.G.Mikhailov Vladimir Vagner and Pekka Lehtinen, Revolutionaries in Spider Taxonomy The use of peculiarities of the structure of copulatory organs of spiders for the diagnosis of genera and fami lies made a revolution in taxonomy. The beginning was laid by the works of V.A.Wagner in the 1880’s. But only 80 years later these ideas, substantiated by a huge com parative material, were reintroduced by P.T.Lehtinen. 3 A.M.Portnov Notes from Expeditions OreIsotopic Anomaly of Russia 45 I.A.Nemirovskaya Norilsk oremining district is anomalous on our planet What is Happening to the Volga by the abundance of rich coppernickel ores with plati River? noids in basalts, by the accumulation of sulfur heavy iso tope in sulphides, and also by the monetary value of the extracted «simple product». Scientific Communications 54 I.V.Andreeva 10 M.V.Vinarski Beaches of Western Siberia (54) The Big Journey of a Tiny Snail N.B.Keller, N.S.Oskina, T.A.Savilova The water snail Physella acuta is from the countries of the New World, but nowadays it is distributed on all the Scleractinian Corals Live in Arctic continents. The article traces the settlement of P.acuta to and in High Latitudes of North the west of Palearctic, beginning from the moment of its Atlantic (64) arrival to the Old World. The possible driving forces of resettlement are also considered. A range of literary sources and museum collections of some European Notes and Observations countries were analyzed. 70 V.N.Komarov, Z.M.F.Zarubin, E.F.Babitsky 20 A.A.Mironenko KachiKalon Ammonoid Shells in Mesozoic Ecosystems The shells of the ancient cephalopods after the death of 78 E.Yu.Basargina, L.I.Gromova the mollusks turned into convenient shelters and dwel Ivan P.Pavlov’ Special Diploma lings for various benthic animals. The attached orga and a Photo Album of His nisms used them as a substrate. Hermit crabs began FourLegged Friends their evolutionary path from the colonization of am monite shells. 87 Science News Coherent elastic neutrinonucleus scattering has been ob 29 M.V.Rodkin served (87). Bitcoin and climate. A.V.Byalko (88). Refralon: The Most Topical Issue of Humanity? new possibilities of the antiarrhythmic drug of III class (89). The problem of multiplicity of technological civiliza Rarity does not always lead to extinction (90). New data on the Jurassic ichthyosaurs of the Volga region. M.S.Arkhan tions in the Universe is directly related to the prediction gelsky,
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