Jellyfish Blooms: New Problems and Solutions Developments in Hydrobiology 212 Series editor K. Martens For other titles published in this series, go to www.springer.com/series/5842 Jellyfish Blooms: New Problems and Solutions Editors Jennifer E. Purcell1,2 & Dror L. Angel3 1Western Washington University, Shannon Point Marine Center, 1900 Shannon Point Rd, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA 2University College Cork, Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, Naval Base, Haulbowline Island, Cobh, Co. Cork, Ireland 3Department of Maritime Civilizations, Leon Recanati Institute of Maritime Studies, Haifa University, Mt Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel Previously published in Hydrobiologia, Volume 645, 2010 123 Editors Jennifer E. Purcell Dror L. Angel Western Washington University, Department of Maritime Civilizations, Shannon Point Marine Center, Leon Recanati Institute of Maritime 1900 Shannon Point Rd, Studies, Haifa University, Anacortes, WA 98221, Mt Carmel, Haifa 31905, USA; Israel University College Cork, Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, Naval Base, Haulbowline Island, Cobh, Co. Cork, Ireland ISBN 978-90-481-9540-4 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2010928696 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Cover illustration: A bloom of Pelagia noctiluca jellyfish off the coast of Galicia, Spain. Photo: Alejandro Olariaga. Printed on acid-free paper. Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents Preface J.E. Purcell · D. Angel 1 JELLYFISH BLOOMS Identification key for young ephyrae: a first step for early detection of jellyfish blooms I. Straehler-Pohl · G. Jarms 3 Blooms of the invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, span the Mediterranean Sea in 2009 V.L. Fuentes · D.L. Angel · K.M. Bayha · D. Atienza · D. Edelist · C. Bordehore · J.-M. Gili · J.E. Purcell 23 INTERACTIONS OF JELLYFISH WITH THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Effects of pH on asexual reproduction and statolith formation of the scyphozoan, Aurelia labiata A.K. Winans · J.E. Purcell 39 Effects of low salinity on settlement and strobilation of Scyphozoa (Cnidaria): Is the lion’s mane Cyanea capillata (L.) able to reproduce in the brackish Baltic Sea? S. Holst · G. Jarms 53 Effects of El Niño-driven environmental variability on black turtle migration to Peruvian foraging grounds J. Quiñones · V. González Carman · J. Zeballos · S. Purca · H. Mianzan 69 Recurrence of bloom-forming scyphomedusae: wavelet analysis of a 200-year time series T. Kogovšek · B. Bogunovic´ · A. Malej 81 Behavior of Nemopsis bachei L. Agassiz, 1849 medusae in the presence of physical gradients and biological thin layers J.R. Frost · C.A. Jacoby · M.J. Youngbluth 97 Avoidance of hydrodynamically mixed environments by Mnemiopsis leidyi (Ctenophora: Lobata) in open-sea populations from Patagonia, Argentina H.W. Mianzan · P. Martos · J.H. Costello · R.A. Guerrero 113 Response of Chrysaora quinquecirrha medusae to low temperature M.A. Sexton · R.R. Hood · J. Sarkodee-adoo · A.M. Liss 125 JELLYFISH AND THE FOOD WEB Use of respiration rates of scyphozoan jellyfish to estimate their effects on the food web J.E. Purcell · V. Fuentes · D. Atienza · U. Tilves · D. Astorga · M. Kawahara · G.C. Hays 135 Planktonic cnidarian distribution and feeding of Pelagia noctiluca in the NW Mediterranean Sea A. Sabatés · F. Pagès · D. Atienza · V. Fuentes · J.E. Purcell · J.-M. Gili 153 Bioenergetics and growth in the ctenophore Pleurobrachia pileus L.F. Møller · J.M. Canon · P. Tiselius 167 Degradation of the Adriatic medusa Aurelia sp. by ambient bacteria T. Tinta · A. Malej · M. Kos · V. Turk 179 NEMATOCYSTS AND TOXICITY OF JELLYFISH Identification of jellyfish from Continuous Plankton Recorder samples E.J. Baxter · A.W. Walne · J.E. Purcell · R. McAllen · T.K. Doyle 193 Separation and analysis of different types of nematocysts from Cyanea capillata (L.) medusae A. Wiebring · H. Helmholz · S. Lassen · A. Prange · G. Jarms 203 Characterisation of neurotoxic polypeptides from Cyanea capillata medusae (Scyphozoa) S. Lassen · H. Helmholz · C. Ruhnau · A. Prange 213 Gill cell toxicity of northern boreal scyphomedusae Cyanea capillata and Aurelia aurita measured by an in vitro cell assay H. Helmholz · B.D. Johnston · C. Ruhnau · A. Prange 223 Hydrobiologia (2010) 645:1–2 DOI 10.1007/s10750-010-0220-0 JELLYFISH BLOOMS Preface Jennifer E. Purcell • Dror Angel Published online: 17 March 2010 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 This third volume in the Jellyfish Blooms series was Food-web Dynamics and Nutrient Cycling, organized inspired by the large aggregation of jellyfish scientists and chaired by Drs. Robert H. Condon, Gaby Gorsky, that presented papers at the Aquatic Sciences Meet- and William M. Graham. ing: A Cruise through Nice Waters, sponsored by The character of each Jellyfish Blooms volume has ASLO (Advancing the Science of Limnology and reflected the location of the meeting. Jellyfish Oceanography) in Nice, France, in January, 2009. Blooms: Ecological and Societal Importance, from More than 60 presentations were given in three the First International Conference on Jellyfish sessions: New Approaches to the Study of Gelatinous Blooms in Gulf Shores, Alabama, USA, had pre- Zooplankton, organized and chaired by Drs. Christo- dominantly North American contributions. Similarly, fer Troedsson and Jose´ Luis Acun˜a; Harmful Jelly Jellyfish Blooms: Causes, Consequences, and Recent Blooms (HJBs)—What are we doing to understand Advances, from the Second International Conference and mitigate these?, organized and chaired by Drs. on Jellyfish Blooms, in Gold Coast, Australia, had Dror Angel, Alenka Malej, and Ahmet Kideys, and many Australian and Asian contributions. Many Implications of Gelatinous Zooplankton Blooms on scientists at the ASLO sessions in Nice presented the latest European research on gelatinous species. The current volume contains a subset of those presentations, but retains the European character. Guest editors: J. E. Purcell & Dror Angel / Jellyfish Blooms: New Problems and Solutions New blooms of gelatinous predators (including scyphomedusae, hydromedusae, siphonophores, and J. E. Purcell (&) ctenophores), and human problems related to these, Shannon Point Marine Center, Western Washington have increased in recent years. Two papers in this University, 1900 Shannon Point Rd, Anacortes, WA 98221, USA volume directly address this topic. A key for the e-mail: [email protected] ephyrae of 18 species will permit early detection of scyphomedusan blooms (Straeler-Pohl & Jarms). The J. E. Purcell invasive ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, bloomed Coastal and Marine Resources Centre, University College Cork, Naval Base, Haulbowline Island, Cobh, Co., Cork, across the Mediterranean Sea for the first time in Ireland 2009 (Fuentes et al.). Several of the contributions herein reflect concerns D. Angel about how climate change will affect jellyfish blooms. Department of Maritime Civilizations, Leon Recanati Institute of Maritime Studies, Haifa University, Acidification of the oceans could affect statolith Mt Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel formation in medusae (Winans & Purcell); lowered Reprinted from the journal 1 123 Hydrobiologia (2010) 645:1–2 salinities could affect the distributions of many This is an exciting time in jellyfish research. species (Holst & Jarms); environmental variations Awareness of the roles of jellyfish in the health of the cause fluctuations of jellyfish in diverse habitats oceans has increased due to their recent proliferations (Quin˜ones et al., Kogovsˇek et al.). On smaller scales, and interference with human commercial enterprises, water column characteristics, such as thin layers and especially fisheries and tourism. A new project of mixing affect the behaviors and feeding of jellyfish high importance to the scientific community began in and ctenophores (Frost et al., Mianzan et al.). February 2010. This project, Global Expansion of Jellyfish and ctenophores are voracious predators Jellyfish Blooms: Magnitude, Causes and Conse- of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton. They potentially quences, is led by Drs. Robert Condon, Monty affect fisheries by competition with and predation on Graham, and Carlos Duarte and funded by the fish, as addressed for the widespread jellyfish, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthe- Pelagia noctiluca, in Sabate´s et al. A single regres- sis (NCEAS). The objectives of the project are sion can be used to estimate respiration rates and development of a global jellyfish database and thereby minimum ingestion rates of scyphozoan analysis of the global long-term patterns of jellyfish medusae (Purcell et al.). Møller et al. illustrates the occurrence. The Third International Jellyfish Blooms importance of growth in bioenergetic estimates in the Symposium will be held on 13–16 July 2010 in Mar ctenophore, Pleurobrachia pileus. The amount of del Plata, Argentina, hosted by the Argentinean carbon contributed by jellyfish carcasses, and the Association of Marine Sciences and the National effects on the microbial web of decomposing scyp- Institute for Fishery Research and Development, homedusae, are presented by Sexton