Kernel Operating System
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A Microkernel API for Fine-Grained Decomposition
A Microkernel API for Fine-Grained Decomposition Sebastian Reichelt Jan Stoess Frank Bellosa System Architecture Group, University of Karlsruhe, Germany freichelt,stoess,[email protected] ABSTRACT from the microkernel APIs in existence. The need, for in- Microkernel-based operating systems typically require spe- stance, to explicitly pass messages between servers, or the cial attention to issues that otherwise arise only in dis- need to set up threads and address spaces in every server for tributed systems. The resulting extra code degrades per- parallelism or protection require OS developers to adopt the formance and increases development effort, severely limiting mindset of a distributed-system programmer rather than to decomposition granularity. take advantage of their knowledge on traditional OS design. We present a new microkernel design that enables OS devel- Distributed-system paradigms, though well-understood and opers to decompose systems into very fine-grained servers. suited for physically (and, thus, coarsely) partitioned sys- We avoid the typical obstacles by defining servers as light- tems, present obstacles to the fine-grained decomposition weight, passive objects. We replace complex IPC mecha- required to exploit the benefits of microkernels: First, a nisms by a simple function-call approach, and our passive, lot of development effort must be spent into matching the module-like server model obviates the need to create threads OS structure to the architecture of the selected microkernel, in every server. Server code is compiled into small self- which also hinders porting existing code from monolithic sys- contained files, which can be loaded into the same address tems. Second, the more servers exist | a desired property space (for speed) or different address spaces (for safety). -
A Survey on Architectures of Mobile Operating Systems: Challenges and Issues
International Journal of Research Studies in Computer Science and Engineering (IJRSCSE) Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2015, PP 73-76 ISSN 2349-4840 (Print) & ISSN 2349-4859 (Online) www.arcjournals.org A Survey on Architectures of Mobile Operating Systems: Challenges and Issues Prof. Y. K. Sundara Krishna1 HOD, Dept. of Computer Science, Krishna University Mr. G K Mohan Devarakonda2 Research Scholar, Krishna University Abstract: In the early years of mobile evolution, Discontinued Platforms Current mobile devices are enabled only with voice services Platforms that allow the users to communicate with each other. Symbian OS Android But now a days, the mobile technology undergone Palm OS IOS various changes to a great extent so that the devices Maemo OS Windows Phone allows the users not only to communicate but also to Meego OS Firefox OS attain a variety of services such as video calls, faster Black Berry OS browsing services,2d and 3d games, Camera, 2.1 Symbian OS: This Operating system was Banking Services, GPS services, File sharing developed by NOKIA. services, Tracking Services, M-Commerce and so many. The changes in mobile technology may be due Architecture: to Operating System or Hardware or Network or Memory. This paper presents a survey on evolutions SYMBIAN OS GUI Library in mobile developments especially on mobile operating system Architectures, challenges and Issues in various mobile operating Systems. Application Engines JAVA VM 1. INTRODUCTION Servers (Operating System Services) A Mobile operating system is a System Software that is specifically designed to run on handheld devices Symbian OS Base (File Server, Kernel) such as Mobile Phones, PDA’s. -
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide
The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide Peter Jay Salzman Michael Burian Ori Pomerantz Copyright © 2001 Peter Jay Salzman 2007−05−18 ver 2.6.4 The Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide is a free book; you may reproduce and/or modify it under the terms of the Open Software License, version 1.1. You can obtain a copy of this license at http://opensource.org/licenses/osl.php. This book is distributed in the hope it will be useful, but without any warranty, without even the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. The author encourages wide distribution of this book for personal or commercial use, provided the above copyright notice remains intact and the method adheres to the provisions of the Open Software License. In summary, you may copy and distribute this book free of charge or for a profit. No explicit permission is required from the author for reproduction of this book in any medium, physical or electronic. Derivative works and translations of this document must be placed under the Open Software License, and the original copyright notice must remain intact. If you have contributed new material to this book, you must make the material and source code available for your revisions. Please make revisions and updates available directly to the document maintainer, Peter Jay Salzman <[email protected]>. This will allow for the merging of updates and provide consistent revisions to the Linux community. If you publish or distribute this book commercially, donations, royalties, and/or printed copies are greatly appreciated by the author and the Linux Documentation Project (LDP). -
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Allgemeines Abkürzungsverzeichnis L. -
Openvms Record Management Services Reference Manual
OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual Order Number: AA-PV6RD-TK April 2001 This reference manual contains general information intended for use in any OpenVMS programming language, as well as specific information on writing programs that use OpenVMS Record Management Services (OpenVMS RMS). Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the OpenVMS Record Management Services Reference Manual, OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.2 and OpenVMS VAX Version 7.2 Software Version: OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3 OpenVMS VAX Version 7.3 Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas © 2001 Compaq Computer Corporation Compaq, AlphaServer, VAX, VMS, the Compaq logo Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Alpha, PATHWORKS, DECnet, DEC, and OpenVMS are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P. in the United States and other countries. UNIX and X/Open are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. All other product names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective companies. Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license. Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. The information in this document is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind and is subject to change without notice. The warranties for Compaq products are set forth in the express limited warranty statements accompanying such products. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. -
Oracle® Linux 7 Monitoring and Tuning the System
Oracle® Linux 7 Monitoring and Tuning the System F32306-03 October 2020 Oracle Legal Notices Copyright © 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. This software and related documentation are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and disclosure and are protected by intellectual property laws. Except as expressly permitted in your license agreement or allowed by law, you may not use, copy, reproduce, translate, broadcast, modify, license, transmit, distribute, exhibit, perform, publish, or display any part, in any form, or by any means. Reverse engineering, disassembly, or decompilation of this software, unless required by law for interoperability, is prohibited. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice and is not warranted to be error-free. If you find any errors, please report them to us in writing. If this is software or related documentation that is delivered to the U.S. Government or anyone licensing it on behalf of the U.S. Government, then the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT END USERS: Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs) and Oracle computer documentation or other Oracle data delivered to or accessed by U.S. Government end users are "commercial computer software" or "commercial computer software documentation" pursuant to the applicable Federal Acquisition Regulation and agency-specific supplemental regulations. As such, the use, reproduction, duplication, release, display, disclosure, modification, preparation of derivative works, and/or adaptation of i) Oracle programs (including any operating system, integrated software, any programs embedded, installed or activated on delivered hardware, and modifications of such programs), ii) Oracle computer documentation and/or iii) other Oracle data, is subject to the rights and limitations specified in the license contained in the applicable contract. -
Windows NT Architecture Previous Screen Gilbert Held Payoff Windows NT Is a Sophisticated Operating System for Workstations and Network Servers
50-30-19 Windows NT Architecture Previous screen Gilbert Held Payoff Windows NT is a sophisticated operating system for workstations and network servers. This article helps network managers to understand the communications capability of workstations and servers running on Windows NT, and data base administrators to determine the suitability of this platform for a structured query language (SQL) data base server. Introduction Windows NT is a 32-bit, preemptive multitasking operating system that includes comprehensive networking capabilities and several levels of security. Microsoft markets two version of Windows NT: one for workstations—appropriately named Windows NT Workstation—and a second for servers—Windows NT Server. This article, which describes the workings of the NT architecture, collectively references both versions as Windows NT when information is applicable to both versions of the operating system. Similarly, it references a specific version of the operating system when the information presented is specific to either Windows NT Workstation or Windows NT Server. Architecture Windows NT consists of nine basic modules. The relationship of those modules to one another, as well as to the hardware platform on which the operating system runs, is illustrated in Exhibit 1. Windows NT Core Modules Hardware Abstraction Layer The hardware abstraction layer (HAL) is located directly above the hardware on which Windows NT operates. HAL actually represents a software module developed by hardware manufacturers that is bundled into Windows NT to allow it to operate on a specific hardware platform, such as Intel X86, DEC Alpha, or IBM PowerPC. HAL hides the specifics of the hardware platform from the rest of the operating system and represents the lowest level of Windows NT. -
Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems
Chapter 3. Booting Operating Systems Abstract: Chapter 3 provides a complete coverage on operating systems booting. It explains the booting principle and the booting sequence of various kinds of bootable devices. These include booting from floppy disk, hard disk, CDROM and USB drives. Instead of writing a customized booter to boot up only MTX, it shows how to develop booter programs to boot up real operating systems, such as Linux, from a variety of bootable devices. In particular, it shows how to boot up generic Linux bzImage kernels with initial ramdisk support. It is shown that the hard disk and CDROM booters developed in this book are comparable to GRUB and isolinux in performance. In addition, it demonstrates the booter programs by sample systems. 3.1. Booting Booting, which is short for bootstrap, refers to the process of loading an operating system image into computer memory and starting up the operating system. As such, it is the first step to run an operating system. Despite its importance and widespread interests among computer users, the subject of booting is rarely discussed in operating system books. Information on booting are usually scattered and, in most cases, incomplete. A systematic treatment of the booting process has been lacking. The purpose of this chapter is to try to fill this void. In this chapter, we shall discuss the booting principle and show how to write booter programs to boot up real operating systems. As one might expect, the booting process is highly machine dependent. To be more specific, we shall only consider the booting process of Intel x86 based PCs. -
Examining the Viability of MINIX 3 As a Consumer Operating
Examining the Viability of MINIX 3 as a Consumer Operating System Joshua C. Loew March 17, 2016 Abstract The developers of the MINIX 3 operating system (OS) believe that a computer should work like a television set. You should be able to purchase one, turn it on, and have it work flawlessly for the next ten years [6]. MINIX 3 is a free and open-source microkernel-based operating system. MINIX 3 is still in development, but it is capable of running on x86 and ARM processor architectures. Such processors can be found in computers such as embedded systems, mobile phones, and laptop computers. As a light and simple operating system, MINIX 3 could take the place of the software that many people use every day. As of now, MINIX 3 is not particularly useful to a non-computer scientist. Most interactions with MINIX 3 are done through a command-line interface or an obsolete window manager. Moreover, its tools require some low-level experience with UNIX-like systems to use. This project will examine the viability of MINIX 3 from a performance standpoint to determine whether or not it is relevant to a non-computer scientist. Furthermore, this project attempts to measure how a microkernel-based operating system performs against a traditional monolithic kernel-based OS. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 5 2 Background and Related Work 6 3 Part I: The Frame Buffer Driver 7 3.1 Outline of Approach . 8 3.2 Hardware and Drivers . 8 3.3 Challenges and Strategy . 9 3.4 Evaluation . 10 4 Progress 10 4.1 Compilation and Installation . -
The Xen Port of Kexec / Kdump a Short Introduction and Status Report
The Xen Port of Kexec / Kdump A short introduction and status report Magnus Damm Simon Horman VA Linux Systems Japan K.K. www.valinux.co.jp/en/ Xen Summit, September 2006 Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 1 / 17 Outline Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? Kexec Examples Kexec Overview Introduction to Kdump What is Kdump? Kdump Kernels The Crash Utility Xen Porting Effort Kexec under Xen Kdump under Xen The Dumpread Tool Partial Dumps Current Status Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 2 / 17 Introduction to Kexec Outline Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? Kexec Examples Kexec Overview Introduction to Kdump What is Kdump? Kdump Kernels The Crash Utility Xen Porting Effort Kexec under Xen Kdump under Xen The Dumpread Tool Partial Dumps Current Status Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 3 / 17 Kexec allows you to reboot from Linux into any kernel. as long as the new kernel doesn’t depend on the BIOS for setup. Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? What is Kexec? “kexec is a system call that implements the ability to shutdown your current kernel, and to start another kernel. It is like a reboot but it is indepedent of the system firmware...” Configuration help text in Linux-2.6.17 Magnus Damm ([email protected]) Kexec / Kdump Xen Summit, September 2006 4 / 17 . as long as the new kernel doesn’t depend on the BIOS for setup. Introduction to Kexec What is Kexec? What is Kexec? “kexec is a system call that implements the ability to shutdown your current kernel, and to start another kernel. -
Microkernels in a Bit More Depth Early Operating Systems Had Very Little Structure a Strictly Layered Approach Was Promoted by Dijkstra
Motivation Microkernels In a Bit More Depth Early operating systems had very little structure A strictly layered approach was promoted by Dijkstra THE Operating System [Dij68] COMP9242 2007/S2 Week 4 Later OS (more or less) followed that approach (e.g., Unix). UNSW Such systems are known as monolithic kernels COMP9242 07S2 W04 1 Microkernels COMP9242 07S2 W04 2 Microkernels Issues of Monolithic Kernels Evolution of the Linux Kernel E Advantages: Kernel has access to everything: all optimisations possible all techniques/mechanisms/concepts implementable Kernel can be extended by adding more code, e.g. for: new services support for new harwdare Problems: Widening range of services and applications OS bigger, more complex, slower, more error prone. Need to support same OS on different hardware. Like to support various OS environments. Distribution impossible to provide all services from same (local) kernel. COMP9242 07S2 W04 3 Microkernels COMP9242 07S2 W04 4 Microkernels Approaches to Tackling Complexity Evolution of the Linux Kernel Part 2 A Classical software-engineering approach: modularity Software-engineering study of Linux kernel [SJW+02]: (relatively) small, mostly self-contained components well-defined interfaces between them Looked at size and interdependencies of kernel "modules" enforcement of interfaces "common coupling": interdependency via global variables containment of faults to few modules Analysed development over time (linearised version number) Doesn't work with monolithic kernels: Result 1: -
Driver Installation Guide
Operating Instructions Driver Installation Guide For safe and correct use, be sure to read the Safety Information in "Read This First" before using the machine. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction Start Installer........................................................................................................................................................3 Software and Utilities Included on the CD-ROM.............................................................................................5 Printer Drivers..................................................................................................................................................5 TWAIN Driver.................................................................................................................................................7 LAN-Fax Driver...............................................................................................................................................8 For Mac OS X Users...........................................................................................................................................9 2. Installing the Printer Driver Confirming the Connection Method............................................................................................................... 11 Network Connection................................................................................................................................... 11 Local Connection........................................................................................................................................