Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2008 Mobilizing movements, mobilizing contemporary Islamic resistance Rachael M. Rudolph West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Rudolph, Rachael M., "Mobilizing movements, mobilizing contemporary Islamic resistance" (2008). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4418. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4418 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mobilizing Movements, Mobilizing Contemporary Islamic Resistance Rachael M. Rudolph Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Scott Crichlow, Ph.D, Co-Chair Jeffrey Worsham, Ph.D Co-Chair Joe Hagan, Ph.D Robert Duval, Ph.D Abdul Karim Bangura, Ph.D Department of Political Science Morgantown, West Virginia 2008 Keywords: Social Movements, Islamic Resistance, Mobilization Copyright 2008, Rachael M. Rudolph ABSTRACT Mobilizing Movements, Mobilizing Islamic Resistance Rachael M. Rudolph Recent world events, ranging from international violence to elections, have propelled academics and policymakers to examine Islamic resistance movements more closely. Previous studies of such movements, in both the English and Arabic literature, has been limited to historical case studies. The lack of systematic cross-case comparisons has limited the development of generalizable propositions regarding movement mobilization. In a first effort to remedy this gap in the literature, this study examines the mobilization of Islamic resistance movements—the FIS, the PIJ, Hamas, the MNLF, the MILF and the ASG—in three different countries located in three different regions. Mobilization was examined utilizing the American and European paradigms within the social movement literature. The American paradigm emphasized the role of activists for mobilization, whereas the European paradigm emphasized identity. The central goal of the study is to answer the following: Do Islamic resistance movements share common mobilization characteristics? iii Dedicated to: Issa M. A special person, one like none other... Forever in our hearts and always through our endeavors you will remain. I will never forget, Insha’Allah. iv Acknowledgements I am grateful to many who provided assistance and support during the arduous writing process. Special thanks go first and foremost to my dissertation committee members, Drs. Jeffrey Worsham, Scott Crichlow, Robert Duval, Joe Hagan and Abdul Karim Bangura. I extend a special thank you to Drs. Worsham and Crichlow for having read and commented on countless drafts of the dissertation prior to the defense and afterward who read and commented on the chapters once more before it was finally complete; to Drs. Duval and Bangura for providing me with encouragement and support when I would have preferred to cry; and, to Dr. Hagan for being understanding and having faith that I would finish. Second, I would like to say thank you to my daughter and family for putting up with my many different moods, for never complaining about the long days and nights or taking over the entire first floor with documents, drafts, etcetera and for their love and encouragement. Third, I would like to thank my friends, in particular Jen Anderson, Kyle and Sam Christensen, Said Abdelwaheed, and Marwan Fararjeh. I would not have made it sanely through some nights without Jen and Said sending me messages of encouragement via instant messenger or e-mail; sometimes I think Jen intentionally stayed awake with me until 5am in the morning just to be there in case she was needed. Fourth, I would like especially to thank Donna MacIsaac for being there when I needed someone to listen, to rant about the comments or the revisions that needed to be made, and to provide advice. She was there for me when I was finishing the book for Ashgate and then again for the dissertation. Donna was like a second mother throughout my entire tenure at West Virginia University. Finally, I would like to thank my dearest friend, David Mastro, for making me laugh when I wanted to cry and for providing me with direction when I was directionless. v Table of Contents Chapter 1: General Introduction.............................................................................................1 Theories of Collective Action..............................................................................................4 The American Paradigm ......................................................................................................7 The European Paradigm.....................................................................................................14 The Integrative Approach ..................................................................................................17 Summary of the Theoretical Paradigms.............................................................................22 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................24 Organization of the Rest of the Study................................................................................25 Chapter 2: Research Design and Method: Comparing Mobilizations of ..........................26 Contemporary Islamic Resistance Movements The Comparative Case Study Approach............................................................................26 The Research Design .........................................................................................................28 Movement Mobilization from the American Paradigm.....................................................30 Movement Mobilization from the European Paradigm .....................................................35 Data Collection for Mobilization.......................................................................................38 Comparing Islamic Resistance Movements’ Mobilizations ..............................................40 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................40 Chapter 3: Mobilizing the Islamic Salvation Front..............................................................41 Brief History of Algeria from French Colonization to Independence (1830-1962) ..........41 FIS Mobilization from the American Paradigm ................................................................46 Socio-Economic Crises, Deprivation and Structural Differentiation ................................47 Political Opportunities.......................................................................................................51 Choice of Action................................................................................................................55 Mobilization from the European Paradigm........................................................................55 Conflict and Cleavages ......................................................................................................56 FIS Identity........................................................................................................................59 Domination ........................................................................................................................61 Choice of Action................................................................................................................61 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................62 Chapter 4: Mobilizing the Islamic Jihad Movement and the Hamas.................................64 Brief History of Palestinian National Consciousness ........................................................64 Mobilization from the American Paradigm .......................................................................72 Socio-Economic Crises, Deprivation and Structural Differentiation ................................73 The PIJ’s Use of Political Opportunities ...........................................................................77 Hamas’ Use of Political Opportunities ..............................................................................79 The PIJ’s and Hamas’ Choice of Action............................................................................81 Mobilization from the European Paradigm........................................................................82 Conflict and Cleavages ......................................................................................................82 PIJ Identity.........................................................................................................................84 Hamas Identity...................................................................................................................87