Plantings for Crop Pollinators

Plantings for crop pollinators

Katja Hogendoorn Scott Groom Nick Gellie Andy Lowe Diversity in crop pollination • Honeybees do not pollinate all crops efficiently • Diversity of pollinators can enhance pollination

1800 1600 1400

1200 feral 1000 800 600 400

Value of bee crop crop bee of Value managed pollination ($ A M) A ($ pollination 200 0 native 1 Global distribution of Varroa

Azman destructor photo: photo:

Apis cerana

Apis mellifera

L. Wilfert et al. Science 2016;351:594-597 Pollination security • Varroa and associated viruses Rural Industries for profit grant: Secure pollination: removed feral honey bees • University of New England • Australian National University 1800 • University of Sydney 1600 • University of Adelaide 1400

1200 feral 1000 800 600 400

Value of bee crop crop bee of Value managed pollination ($ A M) A ($ pollination 200 0 native 1 Secure free pollination services • Does crop pollination benefit from native vegetation? ANU, UoA • What insect species visit crops? ANU, UNE, UoA • How much do we rely on feral honey bees? ANU, Usyd, UoA • What can we plant to support bees? UoA

grower orgs growers community • Engage local govt to plant bee food state govt reveg ngos UoA nurseries Questions

• What bee species visit the crops? • What other plants do they visit? • When do they need these plants? • What species can we plant? • Where do we plant support for pollinators? • Will it be cost effective? Species visiting crops

• 15 species of bees on apple • 17 species on lucerne Reed bees Furrow bees Homalictus • 16 on canola • Flies, wasps, beetles, butterflies…

Blue-banded bees Parasphecodes Nomia bees + few others

=> Flowers needed nearly year round! year nearly needed Flowers =>

reed bees reed

resin/lc bees resin/lc

adults present adults

nomia bees nomia

brood present brood

blue-banded

furrow bees furrow

honey bees honey

autumn

autumn summer spring winter mid summer mid

winter

early summer early

early spring early late spring f late

typical furrow bee life bee furrow typical cycle - When do these bees need food? need bees these do When What species do the crop pollinating bees visit Native plants or weeds? patches of native vegetation apple orchards grazed areas under eucalypts next to apple orchards next to apple orchards

22 species ~15 species 12 species over 4 months over 3 seasons over 4 months

Amber Spronk 2017 What do the bees feed on during apple pollination?

9 on apple 6 on weeds

3 on native vegetation

=> plant natives, variety of flowering times, pollen and nectar sources, variety of species Does native vegetation benefit crop pollination?

Kennedy et al (2013)

bee abundance bee Scott Groom

% woody vegetation within 200 m

Lucerne set is better

close to woody edge

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Does it suit there? Can we grow it? Crop

Nick Gellie Family Genus species MontCP lifeform TFL tubestock TFL direct seed winter sown nectar pollen resource quality j f m a m j j a s o n d AMLR SE N&Y MDD MidNorth Exclude A&P NOTES

Cupressaceae Allocasuarina verticillata X tree 0 1 X X X X X x x X

Cupressaceae Allocasuarina muelleriana tree 0 1 x X X X X x X X x X

Proteaceae Banksia marginata X tree 1 1 1 X X X X X X typically autumn flowering but dependant on conditions

Proteaceae Banksia ornata shrub/med 1 1 X X x X

Proteaceae Grevillea lavandulacea shrub/med 1 1 1 x X X X X x X x x X drier heath and mallee

Proteaceae Grevillea ilicifolia shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X x x x x X heath or mallee clay soil association

Proteaceae Hakea carinata shrub/med 1 0 1 X X X X x x X

Proteaceae Hakea rostrata shrub/low 1 0 1 x X X X X x X X X heathy woodland AMLR tube stock 1.4 nursery feasability

Proteaceae Hakea rugosa shrub/low 1 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X X x x X

Proteaceae Persoonia juniperina ground 1 1 X X X X X X

Santalaceae Santalum acuminatum shrub 1 1 1 X X X X x x X X X X x X X X X blue banded bee association

Loranthaceae Amyema miquelii X semi parasite 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x X X X smooth barked gum asociation

Loranthaceae Amyema pendula semi parasite 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rough barked gum association Loranthaceae Amyema preissi X semi parasite 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x X X 9 herbaceous sp (2520 plants total) Loranthaceae Lysiana exocarpi X semi parasite 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x x X non eucalypt misletoe

Aizoaceae Carpobrotus rossi ground 1 1 1 x X X X x x x x x X pigface, coastal and water association

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus lappaceus X ground 0 1 x X X X X X x X x x X not visited by honey bees

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia exutiacies X ground 0 1 x X X X X x pollen not accessible for honey bees

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia sericea X ground 0 1 1 x X X X X X x X pollen not accessible for honey bees

Dilleniaceae Hibbertia virgata ground 0 1 X X X X X x X X pollen not accessible for honey bees Dilleniaceae Hibbertia riparia ground 0 1 1 X x x X X X X x x x X pollen not accessible for honey bees 4 low shrub (240 plants total) Pittosporaceae Billardiera cymosa twining/shrub 0 1 X X X X X x x X pollen not accessible for honey bees

Pittosporaceae Bursaria spinosa X shrub 1 0 1 X x x X X x X x x X

Pittosporaceae Cheiranthera alternifolia shrub 0 1 X X X X x x x X

Pittosporaceae Pittosporum angustifolium tree 1 1 x X X X X X x X X X X X mallee limestone soil association

Leguminosae Acacia melanoxylon X tree 0 1 1 x X X X X x X X X

Leguminosae Senna artemisoides shrub/low 0 1 1 x X X X X X x X X X x X pollen not accessible for honey bees, other senna species are good as well

Leguminosae Indigofera australis X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X high grassy woodlands

Leguminosae Cullen australasicum X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X X x x X rocky gorge grassy woodlands

Leguminosae Swainsona species ground/forb X sp not appearing in target areas or critically endangered in subject area

Leguminosae Bossiaea prostrata X ground/forb 1 1 1 X X X X X X

Leguminosae Daviesia leptophylla X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X x X stringybark forrest and wetter heaths

Leguminosae Daviesia brevifolia shrub 1 1 1 X x x X X X woodland forest and heath Leguminosae Daviesia genistifolia 1 1 1 X sp not appearing in target areas Approx. Leguminosae Daviesia ulicifolia X shrub/low 1 1 1 x X X X X x X x X fast growing

Leguminosae Dillwynia hispida X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X x X heathy woodland and forest

Leguminosae Dillwynia sericea shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X

Leguminosae Gompholobium ecostatum shrub/low 1 1 1 x X X X X X X X genus sp

Leguminosae Goodia lotifolia 1 1 1 X very rare species maybe Goodia mediicaginea (AMLR, SE)

Leguminosae Templetonia retusa X southern yorke only Leguminosae Templetonia egena X rare in study area maybe suitable for almonds number Leguminosae Lotus australis X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X x x X

Leguminosae Eutaxia microphylla shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X

Leguminosae Platylobium obtusangulum shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X woodland heath

Leguminosae Pultenaea acerosa X shrub/low 1 1 x x X X X X X forest heathlands

Leguminosae Pultenaea daphnoides X shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X X X woodlands, wetter areas

Leguminosae Pultenaea largiflorens X shrub/low 1 1 x X X X x X X X stony rocky outcrops Leguminosae Pultenaea laxiflora shrub/low 1 1 x X X X x X heathy woodland often sandy soils Chrysocephalum apiculatum 280 Leguminosae Pultenaea pedunculata X forb/ground 1 1 1 x x X X X X x X stony rocky outcrops

Leguminosae Pultenaea tenuifolia shrub/low 1 1 x x X X X X X x X woodland and mallee

Leguminosae Pultenaea trinervis shrub/low 1 1 x X X X X X x X on sand to gravelly clay over sandstone

Frankeniaceae Frankenia pauciflora 1 1 X rare slow growing species

Euphorbiaceae Beyeria lechenaultii shrub/low 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X common

Amaranthaceae Ptilotus sp 1 (see addendum)

Rutaceae Boronia species 1 1 X Maybe Boronia inornata ssp. leptophylla, but many Boronias have low germination rates Dampiera rosmarinifolia 280

Rutaceae Correa species 0 1 X Correas reasonably rare and generally bird pollinated. Hard to germinate butmaybe C.glabra, or autumn winter flowering C reflexa

Rutaceae Eriostemon angustifolius 1 1 X very rare occurance in study area

Rutaceae Zieria veronicea 1 1 X Not very common sp in study area southern fleurieu and SE

Linaceae Linum marginale forb/ground 0 1 X x x X X X X X X X X X short lived perrenial

Tremandraceae Tetratheca pilosa X shrub/low 0 1 x X X x X X Listeed as Thetratheca should be Tetratheca not pollen not accessible for honey bees, needs conspecifics Polygalaceae Comesperma volubile forb,ground 1 0 x X X x X X X x x X Kunzea pomifera 280 Sapindaceae Dodonaea viscosa X shrub/tall 1 1 X x X X X X X X X X X X woodland and mallee heat treated germination

Rhamnaceae Spyridium parvifolium X shrub/low 0 1 x X X X x X x X Rare outside AMLR wetter areas

Sterculariaceae Thomasia petalocalyx shrub/low 0 1 X X X X X x X pollen not accessible for honey bees

Malvaceae Malva behriana 0 1 X Malva behrania misapplied should be M. weinmannia short lived rare. M. pressiana rare but AMLR maybe

Malvaceae Lavatera plebeia X 0 1 X Missaplied name should be M. weinmannia as above

Malvaceae Alyogyne huegelii 0 1 X Mispelt Allygoyne should be Alygoyne very rare species Myrtaceae Baeckea behrii 1 0 Keith X not sure Calytrix tetragona 280 Myrtaceae Baeckea crassifolia shrub/low 1 0 X X X X X X x X x X Very rare in AMLR

Myrtaceae Kunzea pomifera ground 1 1 1 X X X x X X X Sandy mallee calcrete

Myrtaceae Calytrix tetragona shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X X X x X x X Very low germination rates 18% to 44% seeds of SA

Myrtaceae Leptospermum continentale shrub/med 1 1 X x X X X X X X X Woodlands and swampy areas

Myrtaceae Leptospermum lanigerum shrub/med 1 1 X x X X X X X X X Similar to above but associated with very wet ground

Myrtaceae Leptospermum mysrinoides X shrub/low 1 1 1 x X X X X X Dry poor sand or clays good nectar, low germination 40% seeds of SA Myrtaceae Eucalyptus calmaldulensis X tree 1 1 1 X x X X X x X X not for apple; clash with lucerne flowering? Hardenbergia violacea 280 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cladocalyx tree 1 1 X x 1 X X not for apple rare to area of interest maybe eyre or Ki variants

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus cosmophylla tree 1 1 X X X X X X X X

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus diversifolia treeX 1 1 1 X X X X X X X x x x x X Reasonably low occurancey in th earea for the study

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus gracilis tree X X X X X X X X x X X x Mallee form over calcrete

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus fasciculosa X tree 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X x X X X

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus incrassata tree 1 1 X X X X X X X X x x x x not for apple; good flowering once every 5 years (naturemaps)

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus largiflorens tree 1 1 X not for apple; clash with lucerne flowering? not in area maybe almonds Convolvulus remotus 280

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus leptophylla tree 1 1 X X X X X X x X X x X not for apple

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus leucoxylon X tree 1 0 x X X X X X x X x X X X not for apple + subsp stephanie for MDD and almonds, + subsp prunosa for mid north

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus microcarpa tree 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X not for apple, small range

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus microphylla 1 1 X not for apple, renamed E. cunninghammii east coast sp

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus ovata 1 1 Hills X wet sites, very narrow range endemic Myrtaceae Eucalyptus socialis tree 1 0 X X X x x X X not for apple, subsp socialis maybe almonds Scaevola albida 280 Myrtaceae Eucalyptus viminalis X tree 1 1 X X X X x x X X X

Myrtaceae Eucalyptus species tree 1 1 not for apple; several species produce low quality pollen for honey bees; several flower unpredictably; working on a full list.

Myrtaceae Callistemon rugulosus Shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X x X X x X

Myrtaceae Callistemon sieberi Shrub/low 1 1 1 x X X X X X X

Myrtaceae Callistemon teretifolius Shrub/med 1 1 1 x X X x x x x X typically ridges and rocky outcrops

Myrtaceae Callistemon macropunctatus Shrub/med 1 0 X rare occurance in study area, Myrtaceae Melaleuca brevifolia shrub/large 1 0 X X X X X X good nectar plant swampy heathlands Myoporum parvifolium 280 Myrtaceae Melaleuca decussata shrub/med 1 0 x x X X X X x x X southern yorke only and southern hills

Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata shrub/med 1 1 1 X X x x X X X X X X X widespread hardy and across many soil types

Myrtaceae Melaleuca uncinata shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X X x x X x X sandy soils dence thickets

Epacridaceae Leucopogon virgatus X shrub/low 1 0 x X X X X X x X x X source for native bees only, germination treatments required

Boraginaceae Halgania andromedifolia shrub/low 0 1 X X X X X pollen not accessible for honey bees/ malle associations

Haloragaceae Glischocaryon behrii forb/ground 0 1 X X X X x X X low germination 35% seeds of SA Lamiaceae Ajuga australis X forb/ground 1 1 X X X X x X readily propogated by cuttings Wahlenbergia stricta 280 Lamiaceae Prostanthera behriana shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X x x X rocky areas

Solanaceae Solanum laciniatum X shrub/low 0 1 X X X X X X X X x X pollen not accessible for honey bees

Myoporaceae Myoporum montanum shrub/low 1 0 1 X X X X x X maainland malle ag districts

Myoporaceae Myoporum insulare shrub/low 1 0 X X X X x X x X X

Myoporaceae Myoporum parvifolium forb/ground 1 0 1 x X X X x x x x x X rare species

Myoporaceae Myoporum petiolatum shrub/ low 1 0 1 X X x X x X formerly M. viscosum southern yorke only

Myoporaceae Eremophila scoparia shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X X all eremophilas are good, but they are mostly arid Eutaxia microphylla 60

Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia stricta X ground 0 1 1 X X x x X X X X X X X X not visited by honey bees

Goodeniaceae Dampiera species 1 0 1 (see addendum)

Goodeniaceae Goodenia species 1 1 1 not visited by honey bees, the larger species are better (see addendum)

Goodeniaceae Scaevola albida X forb/ground 1 1 1 X X X X X X X x x X honey bees collect nectar only southern yorke and lower south east (see addendum)

Goodeniaceae Velleia paradoxa 1 1 X quite rare other than AMLR Compositae Helichrysum species 0 1 not sure about the nectar - often too deep. Quality of pollen not good for honey bees (see addendum) Daviesia leptophylla 60 Compositae Senecio species 0 1 1 (see addendum)

Compositae Vittadinia species 0 1 (see addendum)

Compositae Brachyscome species 0 1 (see addendum)

Compositae Olearia species 0 1 (see addendum)

Compositae Chrysocephalum apiculatum X forb/ground 0 1 x x X X X X X X X X X X ubiquitous

Compositae Microseris lanceolata X forb/ground 0 1 1 X X X X X X X x X X perrenial herb Liliaceae Arthropodium strictum forb/ground 0 1 1 x X X X X X x X X X pollen not accessible for honey bees, annual Hakea rugosa 60 Liliaceae Arthropodium fimbriatum X forb/ground 0 1 X x X X X X X X X pollen not accessible for honey bees

Liliaceae Bulbine bulbosa X forb/ground 0 1 x X X X X x x x X pollen not accessible for honey bees, lower SE southern yorke

Liliaceae Caesia calliantha X forb/ground 0 1 X X X X x x X lower SE southern yorke

Liliaceae Chamaescylla corumbosa forb/ground 0 1 X X X X x x X pollen not accessible for honey bees lower SE southern yorke

Liliaceae Dianella revoluta X ground 0 1 X X X X X X X X X pollen not accessible for honey bees

Liliaceae Thysanotus species 0 1 pollen not accessible for honey bees (see addendum)

Liliaceae Xanthorrhoea quadrangulata 1 0 X doesn't flower often enough Cullen australasicum 60 Liliaceae Xanthorrhoea semiplana X 1 0 X doesn't flower often enough Design plantings to support bees in the crop Specific for crop and region • Minimise competition with crop • Have no other adverse effects • Be able to grow locally Different types of plantings • Hedgerows • Under trees • Whole area

Demonstration plantings • Lucerne (Keith) • Canola (YP) • Apple (Adelaide Hills)

Advice soon available through PIRSA, Trees for Life and Industry websites In the end… • List of plants for growers • Region and crop specific • Suitable for revegetation • Good support for crop pollinators • Advice for planting • Demonstration plantings => Help to curb pollinator declines => Enhance crop pollination security =>Improve awareness of the importance of biodiversity

 Increase other ecosystems services parasitic wasps predatoryNot mites only bees

damsel bugs (caterpillars)

(aphids, caterpillars) Cryptolaemus (mealy bugs)

lady birds (aphids) Biological control agents pirate bugs (thrips, mites) lacewings (aphids) All flying insects need nectar, most eat pollen  Flowers are needed!! Birds eat insects and need a place to nest  trees and shrubbery!! Collaborators on the secure pollination project

Andy Lowe Valerie Lawley Korjent van Dijk

Nick Gellie Andrew Tokmakoff Dona Kireta

Romina Rader UNE Tom Saleeba Patrick O’Connor Bryony Willcox UNE

Saul Cunnningham ANU Julian Brown ANU Elly Dormontt Scott Groom Ben Oldroyd USyd Tanya Latty This project is supported by funding from the Australian Government Department of Agriculture as part of its Rural R&D for Profit program.