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Plantings for Crop Pollinators Plantings for crop pollinators Katja Hogendoorn Scott Groom Nick Gellie Andy Lowe Diversity in crop pollination • Honeybees do not pollinate all crops efficiently • Diversity of pollinators can enhance pollination 1800 1600 1400 1200 feral 1000 800 600 400 Value of bee crop crop bee of Value managed pollination ($ A M) ($ pollination 200 0 native 1 Global distribution of Varroa Azman destructor photo: photo: Apis cerana Apis mellifera L. Wilfert et al. Science 2016;351:594-597 Pollination security • Varroa and associated viruses Rural Industries for profit grant: Secure pollination: removed feral honey bees • University of New England • Australian National University 1800 • University of Sydney 1600 • University of Adelaide 1400 1200 feral 1000 800 600 400 Value of bee crop crop bee of Value managed pollination ($ A M) ($ pollination 200 0 native 1 Secure free pollination services • Does crop pollination benefit from native vegetation? ANU, UoA • What insect species visit crops? ANU, UNE, UoA • How much do we rely on feral honey bees? ANU, Usyd, UoA • What can we plant to support bees? UoA grower orgs growers community • Engage local govt to plant bee food state govt reveg ngos UoA nurseries Questions • What bee species visit the crops? • What other plants do they visit? • When do they need these plants? • What species can we plant? • Where do we plant support for pollinators? • Will it be cost effective? Species visiting crops • 15 species of bees on apple • 17 species on lucerne Reed bees Furrow bees Homalictus • 16 on canola • Flies, wasps, beetles, butterflies… Blue-banded bees Parasphecodes Nomia bees + few others When do these bees need food? typical furrow bee life-cycle early spring latef spring early summer winter spring summer autumn winter mid summer autumn honey bees furrow bees blue-banded brood present nomia bees adults present resin/lc bees reed bees => Flowers needed nearly year round! What species do the crop pollinating bees visit Native plants or weeds? patches of native vegetation apple orchards grazed areas under eucalypts next to apple orchards next to apple orchards 22 species ~15 species 12 species over 4 months over 3 seasons over 4 months Amber Spronk 2017 What do the bees feed on during apple pollination? 18 15 12 9 on apple 6 on weeds 3 on native vegetation 0 => plant natives, variety of flowering times, pollen and nectar sources, variety of species (Groom et al. in prep) in al. et (Groom close to woody edge woody to close Lucerne set is better better is set Lucerne % woody vegetation within 200 m 200 within vegetation woody % Scott Groom Scott abundance bee Kennedy et al (2013) al et Kennedy ➤ pollination? crop benefit vegetation native Does N N s s u u b b r r i i A A / / S S E E N N C C 8 8 1 1 0 0 2 2 © © e e g g a a m m I I m 0 0 2 e e l l g g o o o o G G 8 8 1 1 0 0 2 2 © © s u b r i A / S E N C 8 1 0 2 © e g a m I e l g o o G 8 1 0 2 © a) 7.5 e l p p 7.0 How much vegetation? a r e p 6.5 s d e e s 6.0 n a e 5.5 M 5.0 b) r 0.06 e w o l f 0.05 r e p s i p 0.04 A n a e 0.03 M 0.02 r c) e 0.005 w o l f 0.004 r e p 0.003 s i p 0.002 A - n o 0.001 n n a 0.000 e M 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% ➤ 10-20% 20-30% 30-40% 40-50% N © 2018 Googlle 500 m © 2018 Google What species do we plant? Local native plant species pool Resource for bees? Flowering time? Does it suit there? Can we grow it? Crop Nick Gellie Family Genus species MontCP lifeform TFL tubestock TFL direct seed winter sown nectar pollen resource quality j f m a m j j a s o n d AMLR SE N&Y MDD MidNorth Exclude A&P NOTES Cupressaceae Allocasuarina verticillata X tree 0 1 X X X X X x x X Cupressaceae Allocasuarina muelleriana tree 0 1 x X X X X x X X x X Proteaceae Banksia marginata X tree 1 1 1 X X X X X X typically autumn flowering but dependant on conditions Proteaceae Banksia ornata shrub/med 1 1 X X x X Proteaceae Grevillea lavandulacea shrub/med 1 1 1 x X X X X x X x x X drier heath and mallee Proteaceae Grevillea ilicifolia shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X x x x x X heath or mallee clay soil association Proteaceae Hakea carinata shrub/med 1 0 1 X X X X x x X Proteaceae Hakea rostrata shrub/low 1 0 1 x X X X X x X X X heathy woodland AMLR tube stock 1.4 nursery feasability Proteaceae Hakea rugosa shrub/low 1 0 1 X X X X X X X X X X X x x X Proteaceae Persoonia juniperina ground 1 1 X X X X X X Santalaceae Santalum acuminatum shrub 1 1 1 X X X X x x X X X X x X X X X blue banded bee association Loranthaceae Amyema miquelii X semi parasite 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x X X X smooth barked gum asociation Loranthaceae Amyema pendula semi parasite 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rough barked gum association Loranthaceae Amyema preissi X semi parasite 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x X X 9 herbaceous sp (2520 plants total) Loranthaceae Lysiana exocarpi X semi parasite 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X X x x x X non eucalypt misletoe Aizoaceae Carpobrotus rossi ground 1 1 1 x X X X x x x x x X pigface, coastal and water association Ranunculaceae Ranunculus lappaceus X ground 0 1 x X X X X X x X x x X not visited by honey bees Dilleniaceae Hibbertia exutiacies X ground 0 1 x X X X X x pollen not accessible for honey bees Dilleniaceae Hibbertia sericea X ground 0 1 1 x X X X X X x X pollen not accessible for honey bees Dilleniaceae Hibbertia virgata ground 0 1 X X X X X x X X pollen not accessible for honey bees Dilleniaceae Hibbertia riparia ground 0 1 1 X x x X X X X x x x X pollen not accessible for honey bees 4 low shrub (240 plants total) Pittosporaceae Billardiera cymosa twining/shrub 0 1 X X X X X x x X pollen not accessible for honey bees Pittosporaceae Bursaria spinosa X shrub 1 0 1 X x x X X x X x x X Pittosporaceae Cheiranthera alternifolia shrub 0 1 X X X X x x x X Pittosporaceae Pittosporum angustifolium tree 1 1 x X X X X X x X X X X X mallee limestone soil association Leguminosae Acacia melanoxylon X tree 0 1 1 x X X X X x X X X Leguminosae Senna artemisoides shrub/low 0 1 1 x X X X X X x X X X x X pollen not accessible for honey bees, other senna species are good as well Leguminosae Indigofera australis X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X high grassy woodlands Leguminosae Cullen australasicum X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X X x x X rocky gorge grassy woodlands Leguminosae Swainsona species ground/forb X sp not appearing in target areas or critically endangered in subject area Leguminosae Bossiaea prostrata X ground/forb 1 1 1 X X X X X X Leguminosae Daviesia leptophylla X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X x X stringybark forrest and wetter heaths Leguminosae Daviesia brevifolia shrub 1 1 1 X x x X X X woodland forest and heath Leguminosae Daviesia genistifolia 1 1 1 X sp not appearing in target areas Approx. Leguminosae Daviesia ulicifolia X shrub/low 1 1 1 x X X X X x X x X fast growing Leguminosae Dillwynia hispida X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X x X heathy woodland and forest Leguminosae Dillwynia sericea shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X Leguminosae Gompholobium ecostatum shrub/low 1 1 1 x X X X X X X X genus sp Leguminosae Goodia lotifolia 1 1 1 X very rare species maybe Goodia mediicaginea (AMLR, SE) Leguminosae Templetonia retusa X southern yorke only Leguminosae Templetonia egena X rare in study area maybe suitable for almonds number Leguminosae Lotus australis X shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X x x X Leguminosae Eutaxia microphylla shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X X X X X Leguminosae Platylobium obtusangulum shrub/low 1 1 1 X X X X X woodland heath Leguminosae Pultenaea acerosa X shrub/low 1 1 x x X X X X X forest heathlands Leguminosae Pultenaea daphnoides X shrub/med 1 1 1 X X X X X woodlands, wetter areas Leguminosae Pultenaea largiflorens X shrub/low 1 1 x X X X x X X X stony rocky outcrops Leguminosae Pultenaea laxiflora shrub/low 1 1 x X X X x X heathy woodland often sandy soils Chrysocephalum apiculatum 280 Leguminosae Pultenaea pedunculata X forb/ground 1 1 1 x x X X X X x X stony rocky outcrops Leguminosae Pultenaea tenuifolia shrub/low 1 1 x x X X X X X x X woodland and mallee Leguminosae Pultenaea trinervis shrub/low 1 1 x X X X X X x X on sand to gravelly clay over sandstone Frankeniaceae Frankenia pauciflora 1 1 X rare slow growing species Euphorbiaceae Beyeria lechenaultii shrub/low 1 1 X X X X X X X X X X X X common Amaranthaceae Ptilotus sp 1 (see addendum) Rutaceae Boronia species 1 1 X Maybe Boronia inornata ssp.
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