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Potensi Tumbuhan Paku (Ferns & Lycophytes) Yang Dikoleksi Di Kebun Raya Cibodas Sebagai Obat

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Potensi Tumbuhan Paku (Ferns & Lycophytes) Yang Dikoleksi Di Kebun Raya Cibodas Sebagai Obat Available online at AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi Website: http://journal.uinjkt.ac.id/index.php/kauniyah AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 13(2), 2020, 278-287 POTENSI TUMBUHAN PAKU (FERNS & LYCOPHYTES) YANG DIKOLEKSI DI KEBUN RAYA CIBODAS SEBAGAI OBAT THE POTENTIAL OF FERN AND LYCOPHYTES COLLECTED IN CIBODAS BOTANICAL GARDEN AS A MEDICINE Muhamad Nikmatullah1*, Elga Renjana2, Muhamad Muhaimin3, Mulyati Rahayu1 1Bidang Botani, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jl Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km 46, Cibinong Bogor 16911 2Kebun Raya Purwodadi, Pusat Penelitian Konservasi Tumbuhan dan Kebun Raya, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jl. Raya Surabaya – Malang Km. 65, Sembung Lor, Parerejo, Kec. Purwodadi, Pasuruan, Jawa Timur 67163 3Kebun Raya Cibodas, Pusat Penelitian Konservasi Tumbuhan dan Kebun Raya, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Jl. Kebun Raya Cibodas, Sindangjaya, Kec. Cipanas, Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat 43253 *Corresponding author: [email protected] Naskah Diterima: 17 Mei 2020; Direvisi: 29 Juli 2020; Disetujui: 13 Agustus 2020 Abstrak Kebun Raya Cibodas (KRC) merupakan kawasan konservasi tumbuhan secara ex-situ yang berfokus untuk mengkonservasi tumbuhan dataran tinggi basah, mencakup tumbuhan langka dan tumbuhan bermanfaat. Salah satu koleksi penting KRC adalah koleksi tumbuhan paku yang telah diketahui memiliki beragam manfaat, seperti sumber obat. Akan tetapi, potensinya sebagai sumber obat belum pernah dikaji lebih lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan inventarisasi dan analisis terhadap koleksi tumbuhan paku KRC yang bernilai obat berdasarkan kajian literatur yang terkait dengan etnomedisin. Berdasarkan hasil kajian, sebanyak 38 jenis dari 29 marga dan 22 suku dari koleksi tumbuhan paku KRC telah diketahui manfaatnya sebagai obat. Suku Athyriaceae memiliki perwakilan jenis paling banyak yang memiliki khasiat obat, yaitu lima jenis. Terdapat 20 jenis koleksi tumbuhan paku KRC paling umum digunakan sebagai obat penutup luka dan penyakit akibat infeksi parasit. Daun dari 18 jenis merupakan bagian yang paling sering digunakan untuk pengobatan. Koleksi tumbuhan paku KRC berpotensi besar untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber obat di masa mendatang. Berbagai upaya perlu dilakukan untuk mengembangkan potensi tersebut, antara lain perbanyakan koleksi dan uji aktivitas farmakologi senyawa aktif. Kata kunci: Etnomedisin; Kebun Raya Cibodas (KRC); Sumber obat; Tumbuhan paku Abstract Cibodas Botanical Garden (CBG) is an ex-situ plant conservation area that focuses on the conservation of mountain wet plants, including rare and useful plants. One of the important collections of CBG is ferns and lycophytes which have various benefits, such as a medicinal source. However, its potential as a medicinal source has not been studied further. This study aims to conduct an inventory and analysis of CBG’s ferns and lycophytes collection that have medicinal potential based on literature related to ethnomedicin. The results showed that CBG has 38 species, 29 genera, and 22 families of ferns and lycophytes collection that have known as medicine. The Athyriaceae group has the most representative species of medicinal properties, which are about five species. There are 20 species of CBG’s ferns and lycophytes collection were most commonly found as medicine for wounds and infectious diseases. The leaves from 18 species of ferns and lycophytes collection are most frequently used for disease medication. The CBG’s ferns and lycophytes collection has great potential to be developed as medicinal sources in the future. Various efforts are needed to develop the potential of ferns and lycophytes collection, such as increasing collections and studying the pharmacological activity of their active compounds. Keywords: Cibodas Botanical Garden; Ethnomedicine; Ferns and Lycophytes; Source of medicine Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/kauniyah.v13i2.16061 AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 This is an open article under CC-BY-SA license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 13(2), 2020 PENDAHULUAN mengandung senyawa flavonoid sebagai Tumbuhan paku (Ferns & Lycophytes) antimikroba (Britto, Gracelin, Jeya, & Kumar, merupakan salah satu kelompok tumbuhan 2012). Meskipun demikian, kajian dan yang cukup melimpah di Indonesia, yakni penelitian yang khusus membahas tentang sekitar 2.197 jenis (Widjaja et al., 2011) atau potensi tumbuhan paku sebagai sumber obat 17 % dari total jenis tumbuhan paku di dunia. masih belum banyak dilakukan. Tumbuhan paku dikenal sebagai tumbuhan Kebun Raya Cibodas (KRC) merupakan purba, karena diperkirakan telah ada sejak 360 salah satu kebun raya di Indonesia yang berada juta tahun yang lalu (Christenhusz, Zhang, & di bawah naungan Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Schneider, 2011; Mukherjee & Indonesia (LIPI). Salah satu koleksi penting Bandyopadhyay, 2014). Tumbuhan paku telah tumbuhan KRC adalah koleksi tumbuhan paku umum digunakan sebagai sumber makanan yang telah didatangkan dari berbagai lokasi seperti sayuran. Maroyi (2014) melaporkan kawasan di dunia. Koleksi tersebut ditanam bahwa Ceratopteris thalictroides, Diplazium dan dirawat di Taman Tematik Tumbuhan sammatii, Nephrolepis biserrata, Paku KRC, namun potensinya sebagai bahan Ophioglossum polyphyllum, Ophioglossum obat tradisional belum pernah dikaji lebih reticulatum, dan Pteridium aquilinum lanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan sayuran oleh kajian potensi koleksi tumbuhan paku yang masyarakat lokal Angola, Kamerun, Gabon, terletak pada Taman Tematik Tumbuhan Paku Madagaskar, Nigeria, dan Afrika Selatan. KRC sebagai sumber obat tradisional. Hasil Sujarwo, Lugrayasa, dan Caneva (2014) kajian ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai menyatakan bahwa beberapa jenis tumbuhan acuan dalam pengembangan tumbuhan paku paku antara lain Blechnum orientale, sebagai sumber obat di masa mendatang, juga Diplazium esculentum, D. repandum, dan dapat meningkatkan nilai konservasi dari Pneumatopteris callosa digunakan sebagai koleksi tumbuhan paku KRC. sayuran oleh masyarakat lokal di Bali. Tumbuhan Paku juga banyak dimanfaatkan MATERIAL DAN METODE sebagai tanaman hias, bahan bangunan, dan Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara kerajinan tangan (Ridianingsih, Pujiastuti, & analisa kualitatif (Moleong, 2013), yaitu Hariani, 2017). Akan tetapi, pemanfaatan dengan cara mendata koleksi yang diperoleh tumbuhan paku sebagai bahan obat belum dari unit registrasi KRC pada bulan September banyak diungkap. Hal tersebut karena 2019. Terdapat 104 nomor koleksi jenis pemanfaatan tumbuhan obat lebih banyak tumbuhan paku. Data tersebut kemudian dilakukan pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi dicocokkan dengan kondisi koleksi di Taman (Angiospermae dan Gymnospermae). Tematik Tumbuhan Paku (Gambar 1). Selain Seiring dengan meningkatnya upaya itu, dilakukan pula kajian literatur terutama pencarian sumber obat baru dari bahan mengenai topik etnomedisin pada buku tumbuhan, kajian dan penelitian mengenai “Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia Jilid 1” potensi tumbuhan paku sebagai sumber obat (Heyne, 1987), Elsevier terus meningkat, baik dari aspek etnomedisin (www.sciencedirect.com), Google Scholar maupun fitokimia. Asplenium polyodon telah (scholar.google.com), JSTOR (www.jstor.org), dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat di India dan Springer (link.springer.com). Data yang sebagai obat antikanker dan antidiabetes terkumpul dikompilasi dalam bentuk tabel. (Baskaran, Vigila, Zhang, Feng, & Liao, Nama ilmiah jenis tumbuhan paku diverifikasi 2018). Setyawan (2009) melaporkan bahwa dan diperbarui menggunakan database online Selaginella plana dimanfaatkan oleh dari Royal Botanic Garden Kew, yaitu Plants masyarakat Wonosobo sebagai obat penyakit of the World Online atau POWO jantung dan stroke. Masyarakat Banjarmasin (http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/). juga memanfaatkan paku jenis tersebut untuk Klasifikasi tumbuhan paku yang dipakai pada obat malaria. Jenis paku lainnya, seperti Pteris tulisan ini mengacu pada sistem klasifikasi biaurita, Lygodium flexuosum, Hemionitis Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group I (PPG I) (The arifolia, dan Actinopteris radiata dilaporkan Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group, 2016). 279 | AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, P-ISSN: 1978-3736, E-ISSN: 2502-6720 AL-KAUNIYAH: Jurnal Biologi, 13(2), 2020 Gambar 1. Lokasi Taman Tematik Tumbuhan Paku di Kebun Raya Cibodas (Vak 1.C) HASIL lainnya seperti akar, tunas, umbi, dan sisik Hasil inventarisasi tercatat 104 jenis (Gambar 3). yang digolongkan dalam 54 marga dari 23 Tumbuhan paku berpotensi obat yang suku tumbuhan paku. Tiga puluh delapan jenis dimanfaatkan bagian daunnya saja, yaitu diantaranya telah dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan Alsophila spinulosa, Asplenium monanthes, A. obat tradisional. Suku yang paling banyak nidus, Cibotium barometz, Deparia petersenii, dimanfaatkan adalah Athyriaceae (5 jenis), Diplazium polypodioides, Dipteris conjugata, diikuti oleh Aspleniaceae (4 jenis), Dryopteris sparsa, Histiopteris insica, Nephrolepidaceae (4 jenis), Pteridaceae (4 Huperzia phlegmaria, Odontosoria chinensis, jenis), Dryopteridaceae (3 jenis), dan suku- dan Pteris quadriaurita. Di samping itu, suku lainnya yang hanya terdiri dari 1–2 jenis terdapat tumbuhan paku yang juga dapat (Gambar 2). Pemanfaatannya paling umum dimanfaatkan bagian daun dan akarnya, yaitu adalah sebagai obat penutup luka dan penyakit Blechnum orientale, D. esculentum, Lygodium akibat infeksi parasit, tercatat 20 jenis (Tabel circinnatum, Nephrolepis cordifolia, dan 1). Bagian tumbuhan
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