DOCSLIB.ORG

Gullivers Travels Ebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gullivers Travels Ebook LEVEL 2: GULLIVERS TRAVELS PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Jonathan Swift | 48 pages | 15 Oct 2008 | Pearson Education Limited | 9781405842846 | English | Harlow, United Kingdom Level 2: Gullivers Travels PDF Book Pearson English Readers offer teenage and adult learners a huge range of titles, all featuring carefully graded language to make them accessible to learners of all abilities. Gulliver hires several replacement sailors in Barbados. Pearson English Readers bring language learning to life through the joy of reading. Remember me? Soon after I heard a general shout, with frequent repetitions of the words, Peplom selan , and I felt great numbers of the people on my left side relaxing the cords to such a degree, that I was able to turn upon my right, and to ease myself with making water; which I very plentifully did, to the great astonishment of the people, who conjecturing by my motions what I was going to do, immediately opened to the right and left on that side, to avoid the torrent which fell with such noise and violence from me. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Level 2: Marley and Me John Grogan. This Rough Magic. Book Summary. But the principal difficulty was to raise and place me in this vehicle. In this contemporary reimagining of the Jonathan Swift classic, Jack Black plays Lemuel Gulliver, a travel writer who lands an assignment in Bermuda, but soon finds himself in the hidden island of Lilliput instead. Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. I was in the utmost astonishment, and roared so loud, that they all ran back in a fright; and some of them, as I was afterwards told, were hurt with the falls they got by leaping from my sides upon the ground. Selected according to a psychological profile that assures their willingness to destroy all life on Earth, those who are sent down may never return. These circumstances, added to the refreshment I had received by their victuals and drink, which were very nourishing, disposed me to sleep. He walks for a long time but cannot see anything beyond the stalks of corn, which are forty feet high. Level 2: Gulliver's Travels. One day, on the beach, as Gulliver looks longingly at the sea from his box portable room , he is snatched up by an eagle and eventually dropped into the sea. He visited the kingdom of Lilliput and the empire of Blefuscu. Having therefore consulted with my wife, and some of my acquaintance, I determined to go again to sea. Sign up now. This item has been added to your basket View basket Checkout. Coleen Degnan-Veness. Cookies are used to provide, analyse and improve our services; provide chat tools; and show you relevant content on advertising. One of the servants comes close to Gulliver with both his foot and his scythe, so Gulliver screams as loudly as he can. Edmund Burton, hosier in Newgate-street, with whom I received four hundred pounds for a portion. Together, the Student Workbook and Instructor Text provide a full year of middle-grade writing instruction, preparing students to enter high-level rhetoric. I likewise felt several slender ligatures across my body, from my armpits to my thighs. I removed from the Old Jury to Fetter-Lane, and from thence to Wapping, hoping to get business among the sailors, but it would not turn to account. Level 2: Gullivers Travels Writer About four hours after we began our journey, I awaked by a very ridiculous accident; for the carriage being stopped a while to adjust something that was out of order, two or three of the young natives had the curiosity to see how I looked when I was asleep; they climbed up into the engine, and advancing very softly to my face, one of them, an officer in the Guards, put the sharp end of his half-pike a good way up into my left nostril, which tickled my nose like a straw, and made me sneeze violently: whereupon they stole off unperceived, and it was three weeks before I knew the cause of my awaking so suddenly. Political affiliations, for example, are divided between men who wear high-heeled shoes symbolic of the English Tories and those who wear low ones representing the English Whigs , and court positions are filled by those who are best at rope dancing. How do these experiences generate happiness, health, and success in every aspect of your life? The strategy employed for teaching and learning incorporates the best of both the reading approach and the more abstract grammatical method. Soon after my return from Leyden, I was recommended,by my good master Mr. Each intense experience is broken down into a series of easy exercises that will rapidly enable you to receive the transformative power of each experience. On the fifth of November, which was the beginning of summer in those parts, the weather being very hazy, the seamen spied a rock, within half a cable's length of the ship; but the wind was so strong, that we were driven directly upon it, and immediately split. It appeared that he understood me well enough, for he shook his head by way of disapprobation, and held his hand in a posture to show that I must be carried as a prisoner. Gulliver finally arrives in Japan where he meets the Japanese emperor. He acted every part of an orator,and I could observe many periods of threatenings, and others of promises, pity, and kindness. Added to basket. By an observation, we found ourselves in the latitude of 30 degrees 2 minutes south. Patrick's in Dublin. We're featuring millions of their reader ratings on our book pages to help you find your new favourite book. ON OFF. He presents a purse full of gold to the farmer, which the farmer takes into his palm. Stephen Colbourn. His first inducements to travel. Glumdalclitch places the cradle inside a drawer to keep Gulliver safe from the rats. About Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift, geb. Level 2: Gullivers Travels Reviews I lay all this while, as the reader may believe, in great uneasiness: at length, struggling to get loose, I had the fortune to break the strings, and wrench out the pegs that fastened my left arm to the ground; for, by lifting it up to my face, I discovered the methods they had taken to bind me, and at the same time, with a violent pull, which gave me excessive pain, I a little loosened the strings that tied down my hair on the left side, so that I was just able to turn my head about two inches. Well-written stories entertain us, make us think, and keep our interest page after page. Level 2: Gandhi Jane Rollason. Mary Burton, second daughter to Mr. Time-tested classical techniques--the imitation and analysis of great writers-- combined with original composition exercises in history, science, biography, and literature The Student Workbook encourages independent composition, while the Instructor Text contains easy-to-use supporting information for the teacher, rubrics for grading, sample compositions, and dialogue to use while teaching. Level 2: Robin Hood Liz Austin. Show More. Following the initial email, you will be contacted by the shop to confirm that your item is available for collection. He hides from the giant, but it calls for more people to come, and they begin to harvest the crop with scythes. We rowed by my computation about three leagues, till we were able to work no longer, being already spent with labour while we were in the ship. When I had performed these wonders, they shouted for joy, and danced upon my breast, repeating several times as they did at first, Hekinah degul. Home Contact us Help Free delivery worldwide. We use cookies to provide our services , for example, to keep track of items stored in your shopping basket, prevent fraudulent activity, improve the security of our services, keep track of your specific preferences e. Building Vocabulary from Word Roots provides a systematic approach to teaching vocabulary using Greek and Latin prefixes, bases, and suffixes. The choices you make here will apply to your interaction with this service on this device. These people are most excellent mathematicians, and arrived to a great perfection in mechanics by the countenance and encouragement of the Emperor, who is a renowned patron of learning. Johanna Spyri. Despite his favored treatment in the grey steed's home, the kingdom's Assembly determines that Gulliver is a Yahoo and must either live with the uncivilized Yahoos or return to his own world. Read The 9 Intense Experiences and find out how great the real you really is. The farmer takes Gulliver back to his wife, who is frightened of him. Anne Collins. ON OFF. They supplied me as they could, showing a thousand marks of wonder and astonishment at my bulk and appetite. Sign up here to see what happened On This Day , every day in your inbox! All the people were only six inches tall. At court, Gulliver meets the King, and the two spend many sessions discussing the customs and behaviors of Gulliver's country. I was surgeon successively in two ships, and made several voyages, for six years, to the East and West-Indies, by which I got some addition to my fortune. Performance and Analytics. Phil Healey. Remember me? I was in the utmost astonishment, and roared so loud, that they all ran back in a fright; and some of them, as I was afterwards told, were hurt with the falls they got by leaping from my sides upon the ground.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Querying Wikidata: Comparing SPARQL, Relational and Graph Databases
    Querying Wikidata: Comparing SPARQL, Relational and Graph Databases Daniel Hernández1, Aidan Hogan1, Cristian Riveros2, Carlos Rojas2, and Enzo Zerega2 Center for Semantic Web Research 1 Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Chile 2 Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Resource type: Benchmark and Empirical Study Permanent URL: https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3219217 Abstract: In this paper, we experimentally compare the efficiency of various database engines for the purposes of querying the Wikidata knowledge-base, which can be conceptualised as a directed edge-labelled graph where edges can be annotated with meta-information called quali- fiers. We take two popular SPARQL databases (Virtuoso, Blazegraph), a popular relational database (PostgreSQL), and a popular graph database (Neo4J) for comparison and discuss various options as to how Wikidata can be represented in the models of each engine. We design a set of experiments to test the relative query performance of these representa- tions in the context of their respective engines. We first execute a large set of atomic lookups to establish a baseline performance for each test setting, and subsequently perform experiments on instances of more com- plex graph patterns based on real-world examples. We conclude with a summary of the strengths and limitations of the engines observed. 1 Introduction Wikidata is a new knowledge-base overseen by the Wikimedia foundation and collaboratively edited by a community of thousands of users [21]. The goal of Wikidata is to provide a common interoperable source of factual information for Wikimedia projects, foremost of which is Wikipedia. Currently on Wikipedia, articles that list entities – such as top scoring football players – and the info- boxes that appear on the top-right-hand side of articles – such as to state the number of goals scored by a football player – must be manually maintained.
    [Show full text]
  • Processing Natural Language Arguments with the <Textcoop>
    Argument and Computation Vol. 3, No. 1, March 2012, 49–82 Processing natural language arguments with the <TextCoop> platform Patrick Saint-Dizier* IRIT-CNRS, 118 route de Narbonne 31062 Toulouse, France (Received 15 June 2011; final version received 31 January 2012) In this article, we first present the <TextCoop> platform and the Dislog language, designed for discourse analysis with a logic and linguistic perspective. The platform has now reached a certain level of maturity which allows the recognition of a large diversity of discourse structures including general-purpose rhetorical structures as well as domain-specific discourse structures. The Dislog language is based on linguistic considerations and includes knowledge access and inference capabilities. Functionalities of the language are presented together with a method for writing discourse analysis rules. Efficiency and portability of the system over domains and languages are investigated to conclude this first part. In a second part, we analyse the different types of arguments found in several document genres, most notably: procedures, didactic texts and requirements. Arguments form a large class of discourse relations. A generic and frequently encountered form emerges from our analysis: ‘reasons for conclusion’ which constitutes a homogeneous family of arguments from a language, functional and conceptual point of view. This family can be viewed as a kind of proto-argument. We then elaborate its linguistic structure and show how it is implemented in <TextCoop>. We then investigate the cooperation between explanation and arguments, in particular in didactic texts where they are particularly rich and elaborated. This article ends with a prospective section that develops current and potential uses of this work and how it can be extended to the recognition of other forms of arguments.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Dialogue Structure from Discourse Tree of a Question
    The Workshops of the Thirty-Second AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Building Dialogue Structure from Discourse Tree of a Question Boris Galitsky Oracle Corp. Redwood Shores CA USA [email protected] Abstract ed, chat bot’s capability to maintain the cohesive flow, We propose a reasoning-based approach to a dialogue man- style and merits of conversation is an underexplored area. agement for a customer support chat bot. To build a dia- When a question is detailed and includes multiple sen- logue scenario, we analyze the discourse tree (DT) of an ini- tences, there are certain expectations concerning the style tial query of a customer support dialogue that is frequently of an answer. Although a topical agreement between ques- complex and multi-sentence. We then enforce what we call tions and answers have been extensively addressed, a cor- complementarity relation between DT of the initial query respondence in style and suitability for the given step of a and that of the answers, requests and responses. The chat bot finds answers, which are not only relevant by topic but dialogue between questions and answers has not been thor- also suitable for a given step of a conversation and match oughly explored. In this study we focus on assessment of the question by style, argumentation patterns, communica- cohesiveness of question/answer (Q/A) flow, which is im- tion means, experience level and other domain-independent portant for a chat bots supporting longer conversation. attributes. We evaluate a performance of proposed algo- When an answer is in a style disagreement with a question, rithm in car repair domain and observe a 5 to 10% im- a user can find this answer inappropriate even when a topi- provement for single and three-step dialogues respectively, in comparison with baseline approaches to dialogue man- cal relevance is high.
    [Show full text]
  • Semantic Web: a Review of the Field Pascal Hitzler [email protected] Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA
    Semantic Web: A Review Of The Field Pascal Hitzler [email protected] Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA ABSTRACT which would probably produce a rather different narrative of the We review two decades of Semantic Web research and applica- history and the current state of the art of the field. I therefore do tions, discuss relationships to some other disciplines, and current not strive to achieve the impossible task of presenting something challenges in the field. close to a consensus – such a thing seems still elusive. However I do point out here, and sometimes within the narrative, that there CCS CONCEPTS are a good number of alternative perspectives. The review is also necessarily very selective, because Semantic • Information systems → Graph-based database models; In- Web is a rich field of diverse research and applications, borrowing formation integration; Semantic web description languages; from many disciplines within or adjacent to computer science, Ontologies; • Computing methodologies → Description log- and a brief review like this one cannot possibly be exhaustive or ics; Ontology engineering. give due credit to all important individual contributions. I do hope KEYWORDS that I have captured what many would consider key areas of the Semantic Web field. For the reader interested in obtaining amore Semantic Web, ontology, knowledge graph, linked data detailed overview, I recommend perusing the major publication ACM Reference Format: outlets in the field: The Semantic Web journal,1 the Journal of Pascal Hitzler. 2020. Semantic Web: A Review Of The Field. In Proceedings Web Semantics,2 and the proceedings of the annual International of . ACM, New York, NY, USA, 7 pages.
    [Show full text]
  • Automated Knowledge Base Management: a Survey
    Automated Knowledge Base Management: A Survey Jorge Martinez-Gil Software Competence Center Hagenberg (Austria) email: [email protected], phone number: 43 7236 3343 838 Keywords: Information Systems, Knowledge Management, Knowledge-based Technology Abstract A fundamental challenge in the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Databases consists of devel- oping methods to automatically manage Knowledge Bases which can serve as a knowledge source for computer systems trying to replicate the decision-making ability of human experts. Despite of most of tasks involved in the building, exploitation and maintenance of KBs are far from being trivial, signifi- cant progress has been made during the last years. However, there are still a number of challenges that remain open. In fact, there are some issues to be addressed in order to empirically prove the technology for systems of this kind to be mature and reliable. 1 Introduction Knowledge may be a critical and strategic asset and the key to competitiveness and success in highly dynamic environments, as it facilitates capacities essential for solving problems. For instance, expert systems, i.e. systems exploiting knowledge for automation of complex or tedious tasks, have been proven to be very successful when analyzing a set of one or more complex and interacting goals in order to determine a set of actions to achieve those goals, and provide a detailed temporal ordering of those actions, taking into account personnel, materiel, and other constraints [9]. However, the ever increasing demand of more intelligent systems makes knowledge has to be cap- tured, processed, reused, and communicated in order to complete even more difficult tasks.
    [Show full text]
  • A Knowledge Acquisition Assistant for the Expert System Shell Nexpert-Object
    Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 1988 A knowledge acquisition assistant for the expert system shell Nexpert-Object Florence Perot Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Perot, Florence, "A knowledge acquisition assistant for the expert system shell Nexpert-Object" (1988). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Rochester Institute of Technology School of Computer Science and Technology A KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION ASSISTANT FOR THE EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL NEXPERT-OBJECTTM By FLORENCE C. PEROT A thesis, submitted to The Faculty of the School ofCornputer Science and Technology In partial fulfillment of the requ.irements for the degree of Master of Science i.n COF~?uter Science Approved by: 'lIfer! r~ Pro John A. Biles (ICSG Department, R.I.TJ Date Dr. Alain T. Rappaport (President, Neuron Data) Date Dr. Peter G. Anderson (ICSG Chairman, R.I.T.) ;7 1J'{A{e? 'I.-g ROCHESTER, NEW-YORK August, 1988 ABSTRACT This study addresses the problems of knowledge acquisition in expert system development examines programs whose goal is to solve part of these problems. Among them are knowledge acquisition tools, which provide the knowledge engineer with a set of Artificial Intelligence primitives, knowledge acquisition aids, which offer to the knowledge engineer a guidance in knowledge elicitation, and finally, automated systems, which try to replace the human interviewer with a machine interface.
    [Show full text]
  • Ontomap – the Guide to the Upper-Level
    OntoMap – the Guide to the Upper-Level Atanas K. Kiryakov, Marin Dimitrov OntoText Lab., Sirma AI EOOD Chr. Botev 38A, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria, naso,marin @sirma.bg f g Kiril Iv. Simov Linguistic Modelling Laboratory, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Akad. G. Bontchev Str. 25A, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria, [email protected] Abstract. The upper-level ontologies are theories that capture the most common con- cepts, which are relevant for many of the tasks involving knowledge extraction, repre- sentation, and reasoning. These ontologies use to represent the skeleton of the human common-sense in such a formal way that covers as much aspects (or ”dimensions”) of the knowledge as possible. Often the result is relatively complex and abstract philo- sophic theory. Currently the evaluation of the feasibility of such ontologies is pretty expensive mostly because of technical problems such as different representations and terminolo- gies used. Additionally, there are no formal mappings between the upper-level ontolo- gies that could make easier their understanding, study, and comparison. As a result, the upper-level models are not widely used. We present OntoMap — a project with the pragmatic goal to facilitate an easy access, understanding, and reuse of such resources in order to make them useful for experts outside the ontology/knowledge engineering community. A semantic framework on the so called conceptual level that is small and easy enough to be learned on-the-fly is designed and used for representation. Technically OntoMap is a web-site (http://www.ontomap.org) that provides access to upper-level ontologies and hand-crafted mappings between them.
    [Show full text]
  • Logic Machines and Diagrams
    LOGIC M ACH IN ES AND DIAGRAMS Martin Gardner McGRAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. New York Toronto London 1958 LOGIC MACHINES AND DIAGRAMS Copyright 1958 by the McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-6683 for C. G. Who thinks in a multivalued system all her own. Preface A logic machine is a device, electrical or mechanical, designed specifically for solving problems in formal logic. A logic diagram is a geometrical method for doing the same thing. The two fields are closely intertwined, and this book is the first attempt in any language to trace their curious, fascinating histories. Let no reader imagine that logic machines are merely the play- of who to have a recreational interest in things engineers happen , symbolic logic. As we move with terrifying speed into an age of automation, the engineers and mathematicians who design our automata constantly encounter problems that are less mathemati- cal in form than logical. It has been discovered, for example, that symbolic logic can be applied fruitfully to the design and simplification of switching circuits. It has been found that electronic calculators often require elaborate logic units to tell them what steps to follow in tackling certain problems. And in the new field of operations research, annoying situations are constantly arising for which techniques of symbolic logic are surprisingly appropriate. The last chaptej: of this book suggests some of the ways in which logic machines may play essential roles in coping with the stagger- ing complexities of an automated technology.
    [Show full text]
  • “Let Us Calculate!” Leibniz, Llull, and the Computational Imagination
    “Let us Calculate!” Leibniz, Llull, and the Computational Imagination Three hundred years after the death of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and seven hundred years after the death of Ramon Llull, Jonathan Gray looks at how their early visions of computation and the “combinatorial art” speak to our own age of data, algorithms, and artificial intelligence. Figure 1 Drawing of Leibniz’s calculating machine, featured as a folding plate in Miscellanea Berolensia ad incrementum scientiarum (1710), the volume in which he first describes his invention Each epoch dreams the one to follow”, wrote the historian Jules Michelet. The passage was later used by the philosopher and cultural critic Walter Benjamin in relation to his unfinished magnum opus, The Arcades Project, which explores the genesis of life under late capitalism through a forensic examination of the “dreamworlds” of nineteenth-century Paris.1 In tracing the emergence of the guiding ideals and visions of our own digital age, we may cast our eyes back a little earlier still: to the dreams of seventeenth-century polymath Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. 1 Benjamin, W. (1996) Selected Writings: 1935-1938, H. Eiland & M. W. Jennings (Eds.), Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, p. 33 There was a resurgence of interest in Leibniz’s role in the history of computation after workmen fixing a leaking roof discovered a mysterious machine discarded in the corner of an attic at the University of Göttingen in 1879. With its cylinders of polished brass and oaken handles, the artefact was identified as one of a number of early mechanical calculating devices that Leibniz invented in the late seventeenth century.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficient and Effective Search on Wikidata Using the Qlever Engine
    University of Freiburg Department of Computer Science Bachelor of Science Thesis Efficient and Effective Search on Wikidata Using the QLever Engine presented by Johannes Kalmbach Matriculation Number: 4012473 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Hannah Bast October 3, 2018 Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Problem Definition . .4 1.2 Structure . .4 2 SPARQL and the RDF Data Model 5 2.1 The N-Triples Format . .5 2.2 The Turtle Format . .6 2.3 The SPARQL Query Language . .7 3 The Wikidata Knowledge Base 9 3.1 Structure . .9 3.1.1 Fully-Qualified Statements . 10 3.1.2 Truthy Statements . 10 3.2 Obtaining Data . 11 3.3 Statistics and Size . 11 4 The QLever Engine 12 5 The Vocabulary of QLever 12 5.1 Resolving Tokens and Ids . 13 5.2 Improvements for Large Vocabularies . 14 5.2.1 Omitting Triples and Tokens From the Knowledge Base . 14 5.2.2 Externalizing Tokens to Disk . 14 5.3 Compression . 15 5.4 RAM-efficient Vocabulary Creation . 15 5.4.1 Original Implementation . 16 5.4.2 Improved Implementation . 17 5.5 Evaluation and Summary . 20 6 Compression of Common Prefixes 20 6.1 Finding Prefixes Suitable for Compression . 21 6.2 Problem Definition . 21 6.3 Previous Work . 22 6.4 Description of the Algorithm . 22 6.5 Improvements of the Algorithm . 27 6.6 Evaluation and Summary . 31 7 Memory-Efficient Permutations 31 7.1 Permutations . 32 7.2 Supported Operations . 32 7.2.1 The Scan Operation . 32 7.2.2 The Join Operation . 33 7.3 Implementation .
    [Show full text]
  • Downloading of Software That Would Enable the Display of Different Characters
    MIAMI UNIVERSITY The Graduate School CERTIFICATE FOR APPROVING THE DISSERTATION We hereby approve the Dissertation Of Jay T. Dolmage Candidate for the Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Director Dr. Cindy Lewiecki-Wilson Reader Dr. Kate Ronald Reader Dr. Morris Young Reader Dr. James Cherney Graduate School Representative ABSTRACT METIS: DISABILITY, RHETORIC AND AVAILABLE MEANS by Jay Dolmage In this dissertation I argue for a critical re-investigation of several connected rhetorical traditions, and then for the re-articulation of theories of composition pedagogy in order to more fully recognize the importance of embodied differences. Metis is the rhetorical art of cunning, the use of embodied strategies—what Certeau calls everyday arts—to transform rhetorical situations. In a world of chance and change, metis is what allows us to craft available means for persuasion. Building on the work of Detienne and Vernant, and Certeau, I argue that metis is a way to recognize that all rhetoric is embodied. I show that embodiment is a feeling for difference, and always references norms of gender, race, sexuality, class, citizenship. Developing the concept of metis I show how embodiment forms and transforms in reference to norms of ability, the constraints and enablements of our bodied knowing. I exercise my own metis as I re-tell the mythical stories of Hephaestus and Metis, and re- examine the dialogues of Plato, Aristotle, Cicero and Quintillian. I weave through the images of embodiment trafficked in phenomenological philosophy, and I apply my own models to the teaching of writing as an embodied practice, forging new tools for learning. I strategically interrogate the ways that academic spaces circumscribe roles for bodies/minds, and critique the discipline of composition’s investment in the erection of boundaries.
    [Show full text]
  • EMDS Users Guide (Version 2.0): Knowledge-Based Decision Support for Ecological Assessment
    United States Department of EMDS Users Guide Agriculture (Version 2.0): Knowledge- Forest Service Pacific Northwest Based Decision Support for Research Station Ecological Assessment General Technical Report PNW-GTR-470 October 1999 Keith M. Reynolds Author KEITH M. REYNOLDS is a research forester, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331. ArcView GIS software GUI screen capture courtesy of ESRI and used herein with permission. ArcView GIS logo is a trademark of ESRI. Abstract Reynolds, Keith M. 1999. EMDS users guide (version 2.0): knowledge-based decision support for ecological assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-470. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 63 p. The USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station in Corvallis, Oregon, has developed the ecosystem management decision support (EMDS) system. The system integrates the logical formalism of knowledge-based reasoning into a geo- graphic information system (GIS) environment to provide decision support for eco- logical landscape assessment and evaluation. The knowledge-based reasoning schema of EMDS uses an advanced object- and fuzzy logic-based propositional network architecture for knowledge representation. The basic approach has several advantages over more traditional forms of knowledge representations, such as simulation models and rule-based expert systems. The system facilitates evaluation of complex, abstract topics, such as forest type suitability, that depend on numer- ous, diverse subordinate conditions because EMDS is fundamentally logic based. The object-based architecture of EMDS knowledge bases allows incremental, evo- lutionary development of complex knowledge representations. Modern ecological and natural resource sciences have developed numerous mathematical models to characterize highly specific relations among ecosystem states and processes; how- ever, it is far more typical that knowledge of ecosystems is more qualitative in nature.
    [Show full text]