Status Report on European Telework
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Status Report on European Telework New Methods of Work 1999 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework AC990518 Telework99.doc, August 1999 Latest version available on-line: http://www.eto.org.uk 2 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework Foreword More then 9 million Europeans now telework on the threshold of the 3rd Millennium. This everyday use of new technologies at work goes hand in hand with the recognition that for many organisations human resources have become their greatest asset. The need to enhance the flexibility of the organisation and the individual by bringing work to people rather than people to work goes hand in hand with the individual’s concern to improve the quality of life. The pace of change is now extraordinary. The widely available evidence of the high speed of uptake of, for instance, GSM phones and Internet, both facilitators of telework, is now supported by the results of a European-wide survey of more then 7,000 households and more then 4,000 business decision makers in 10 Member States.1 This confirms the forecast of the High Level Group under the chairmanship of former Commissioner Bangemann responsible for the report “Europe towards the Information Society” in 1995. Whereas change in working practices was initially slow, innovations and improvements in supporting technologies and deregulation of telecommunications have now created circumstances that make it possible for many people to work in new ways. The exponential growth of telework in Europe is reflected in and supported by the mainstreaming of support for adaptation to an Information Society in European Research and Structural Funds. This publication includes updated information on the latest developments and initiatives, in European Research Programmes, Structural Funds and the support measures for Trans European Networks. It also contains the highlights of the European benchmarking survey, illustrated by country overviews of main issues in telework uptake. You can find reports from previous years, as well as the latest version of the most recent report, on http://www.eto.org.uk. Telework is not an objective in itself, but an indicator of changes in all aspects of working life and a convenient focus for understanding them. Business and social dialogue is now focusing on the issues raised by telework, and this will continue to be stimulated by the European Commission. The annual European Assemblies on “New Ways to Work”2, and European Telework Week3 will provide important opportunities for debate and for widening the general awareness of new possibilities. Telework is gradually becoming a normal way of working for most Europeans at some stage in their working life. Your active contribution to research, debate and actual uptake, at whatever level, is important to maximising the opportunities for sustainable improvement to European competitiveness and the quality of our working lives. The views expressed in this document are those of the numerous contributing authors, not necessarily of the Commission itself. Peter Johnston Maarten Botterman 1 ECaTT project, see section 3.1.1 2 6th European Assembly Making telework work for all, 22 –24 September 1999, Aarhus (DK) and 7th European Assembly Working in the 3rd Millennium, September 2000, London (UK) 3 European Telework Week: Work in the Information Society, 1st week of November, http://www.etw.org 3 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework 4 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework Acknowledgements The preparation of this document has involved a large number of people, both within the European Commission, and in other organisations. Special thanks are due to the following members of the ETD team: Jeremy Millard (Danish Technological Institute) Horace Mitchell (Management Technology Associates) for their major contributions to the report. Thanks for important contributions are also due to: Christian van Asbroeck (Belgium Teleworking Association), Imogen Bertin (Cork Teleworking Centre), Andrew Bibby, Marc Bonazountas (Epsilon), Elise Briand (Martech International), Kitty de Bruin (Netherlands Telework Platform), Rui Cartaxo (Associação Portuguesa para o Desenvolvimento do Teletrabalho), Ian Culpin (Martech International), Alan Denbigh (The Telecottage Association), Constantine Dikaios (Epsilon), Thomas Frovin Jensen, Josef Hochgerner (Zentrum für sociale Innovation), Lilian Holloway (Swedish Telecottage Association), Chris Hudson (Communication Workers Union), Ursula Huws (Analytica), Michel Ickx (Ecomail), Katalin Kolosy (AEIDL), Paul Jackson (Chairman International Telework Foundation, Brunel University), Jos Janssens (EUROPS), Werner Korte (Empirica), Paul Lagasse (Adviser to the IST Programme, University of Ghent), Manon van Leeuwen (Fueva Project, Junta de Castilla y Leon), Tuula Lind (Regionet Oy), Joan Majó (Information Society Forum), Patrizio di Nicola (Micromatica), Jack Nilles, Rainer Pollman (TeleArbeit), Victor de Pous, Klaus Rapf (Forshungsgesellschaft für Informatik), Gerhard Reisecker (Forshungsgesellschaft für Informatik), Ian Simmins (Carlyle Information Services), David Skyrme (David Skyrme Associates), Lisbeth Spangaard (Danish Technological Institute), Wendy Spinks (Associate Professor at Josai University, Japan), Lars Tollet (Taitoverkko), Thomas Tuttenei (Verband Telearbeit Deutschland), Nicole Turbe-Suetens (Distance Expert). As well as to the following members of staff of the European Commission: Gerhard Brauenling, Christiane Dhyne, Marie Donnelly, Rosa Fina, Jan Hens, , Pentii Lahtinen, John Nolan, Pascale Scourion, Vibeke Sylvest 5 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 9 1.1 The mainstreaming of telework 9 1.2 Telework, work and the economy 9 1.3 Telework in flux 11 1.4 The Telework Status Report 1999 15 2 TECHNOLOGIES AND SOCIAL CHANGE 17 2.1 Changing attitudes to technology 17 2.2 User perspectives on new technologies 18 2.3 Technology change and how we work 19 2.3.1 Changing the process and changing who does the work 20 2.3.2 Changing the focus of where the work was delivered 20 2.3.3 Location independent working 21 2.3.4 New kinds of enterprises and new kinds of work 21 2.4 Mapping telework requirements to technology and infrastructure 22 2.5 Technology in context 24 3 STATUS OF EUROPEAN TELEWORK 25 3.1 European overview 25 3.1.1 How many and what types of teleworkers? 25 3.1.2 European telework: overall trends in an Information Society 30 3.2 Austria 33 3.3 Belgium and Luxembourg 37 3.4 Denmark 40 3.5 Finland 45 3.6 France 50 3.7 Germany 54 3.8 Greece 58 3.9 Ireland 62 3.10 Italy 66 3.11 The Netherlands 71 3.12 Portugal 74 3.13 Spain 79 3.14 Sweden 83 3.15 United Kingdom 88 3.16 Global telework perspective 93 3.16.1 Telework in CEE 94 3.16.2 Telework in the USA 98 3.16.3 Telework in Japan 99 6 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework 3.17 Major European Telework activities in 1998-1999 101 3.17.1 The European Telework Agenda 101 3.17.2 The 3rd International Workshop on Telework – Turku, Finland 1998 101 3.17.3 The 5th European Assembly on Telework and New Ways of Work 102 3.17.4 European Telework Week 1998 104 3.17.5 Telework at the Information Society Technologies Conference 1998 105 3.17.6 European Telework Information Day 1999 106 3.17.7 European Telework Development – European dissemination activity 107 4 TELEWORK AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION 108 4.1 European policy framework 108 4.2 The social and labour market policy 109 4.3 European RTD 113 4.4 Trans European Telecoms Networks 115 4.5 Structural Funds 116 4.5.1 The LEADER Initiative 117 4.5.2 The ADAPT and EMPLOYMENT initiatives 118 4.5.3 Article 10 (ERDF) 120 4.6 Awareness raising: ISPO 121 5 TELEWORK OUTLOOK: 1999 AND BEYOND 123 5.1 Coming to a desk near you 123 5.1.1 Critical trends 123 5.1.2 A medium term scenario 126 5.1.3 Technology in context 128 5.2 5th Framework Programme: IST 128 5.3 Awareness activities 130 5.3.1 The European Telework Agenda 130 5.3.2 The 4th International Workshop on Telework, Tokyo, 1999 131 5.3.3 The 6th European Assembly on Telework and New Ways of Working 132 5.3.4 European Telework Week 1999 133 5.3.5 The European Telework Awards 1999 134 5.3.6 Other initiatives 136 7 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework Annex 1 European Telework Week 1998: summary of events and initiatives 137 1 Short summaries by country 137 2 European Telework Awards 1998 138 Annex 2 Telework-related projects at European level 145 1 Commission contacts 145 2 Projects in alphabetical order 146 Annex 3 Online information on telework and related topics 172 1 European Telework Online (ETO) 172 2 European Telework sites 178 3 International sites 181 Annex 4 Definitions and glossary 182 1 Definitions 182 2 Glossary of terms 183 Annex 5 Publications and references 193 1 Publications of the European Commission 193 2 Other publications 194 3 Telework magazines 197 4 Telework Associations in Europe 197 8 New Methods of Work 1999 European Telework 1 Introduction 1.1 The mainstreaming of telework Telework continues to very rapidly develop as a normal way of working in Europe. By becoming a mainstream practice, it is now even more urgent for European governments, enterprises and individuals to recognise and respond to the impact that freedom from the constraints of time and place on work and a change in working culture is having on our economy and society, as well as on working and private lives. It is important that we make every effort to better understand where these developments are taking us, and where we wish ourselves to go, in order to exploit the new opportunities for ensuring greater competitiveness at the same time as we improve the quality of working lives. Telework was, ten years ago, a peculiar way of working engaged in only by a technological elite, but this has since been transformed into a practice which has become an accepted way of working widely practised in at least some Member States and some important economic sectors.