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Título Do Trabalho UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL ESCOLA DE ENGENHARIA DEPARTAMENTO DE ENGENHARIA CIVIL Pedro Grala CHAMINÉS INDUSTRIAIS: SOLUÇÕES PARA ATENUAÇÃO DE VIBRAÇÕES INDUZIDAS POR DESPRENDIMENTO DE VÓRTICES Porto Alegre junho 2013 PEDRO GRALA CHAMINÉS INDUSTRIAIS: SOLUÇÕES PARA ATENUAÇÃO DE VIBRAÇÕES INDUZIDAS POR DESPRENDIMENTO DE VÓRTICES Trabalho de Diplomação apresentado ao Departamento de Engenharia Civil da Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Engenheiro Civil Orientador: Acir Mércio Loredo-Souza Porto Alegre junho 2013 PEDRO GRALA CHAMINÉS INDUSTRIAIS: SOLUÇÕES PARA ATENUAÇÃO DE VIBRAÇÕES INDUZIDAS POR DESPRENDIMENTO DE VÓRTICES Este Trabalho de Diplomação foi julgado adequado como pré-requisito para a obtenção do título de ENGENHEIRO CIVIL e aprovado em sua forma final pelo Professor Orientador e pela Coordenadora da disciplina Trabalho de Diplomação Engenharia Civil II (ENG01040) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre, junho de 2013 Prof. Acir Mércio Loredo-Souza PhD, University of Western Ontario, Canada Orientador Profa. Carin Maria Schmitt Coordenadora BANCA EXAMINADORA Prof. Gustavo Javier Zani Núñez (UFRGS) Dr. pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Eng. Mario Gustavo Klaus Oliveira Dr. pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Prof. Acir Mércio Loredo-Souza (UFRGS) PhD pela University of Western Ontario, Canada Ao Max, que sempre lutou para estar ao meu lado durante a execução deste trabalho. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço ao Prof. Acir Mércio Loredo-Souza, meu orientador, pela disponibilidade e simpatia que demonstrou ao longo desses dois semestres, pelos conhecimentos que me transmitiu, pela bibliografia que me cedeu e pela revisão deste trabalho que em muito me ajudou para a sua conclusão. Agradeço à Profa. Carin Maria Schmitt, coordenadora das disciplinas Trabalho de Diplomação em Engenharia Civil I e II, pelo comprometimento, enorme disponibilidade e simpatia que viabilizaram a elaboração deste trabalho. Agradeço aos meus pais, Rosmari e Humberto, que me apoiaram não só no período de elaboração deste trabalho, mas também ao longo de toda minha vida. Agradeço à minha irmã Luiza por sua disposição em corrigir minhas vírgulas e pela criatividade ao transformar um momento em um nome de cachorro. Agradeço aos meus amigos que me ajudaram na elaboração deste trabalho, aos que me ouviram falar dele e aos que nem sabem do que se trata, mas que sempre estiveram presentes. Naquela tarde quebrada contra o meu ouvido atento eu soube que a missão das folhas é definir o vento. Ruy Belo RESUMO Um dos maiores agentes de carga em estruturas altas é o vento, que causa efeitos de ordem tanto estática como dinâmica. Quando ele incide perpendicularmente sobre um corpo rombudo e de esbeltez considerável, com escoamento cujo número de Reynolds é maior ou igual a 30, são desprendidos vórtices alternados, sendo esses chamados de vórtices de Kármán, que geram forças laterais as quais podem gerar uma forte oscilação transversal. Desse modo, este trabalho versa acerca do fenômeno de vibrações induzidas por desprendimento de vórtices de Kármán em chaminés industriais e as soluções já existentes para sua atenuação. Através da análise da bibliografia técnica, o presente trabalho descreve cada uma dessas soluções, que podem ser divididas em três grandes grupos: aplicação de amortecedores na estrutura, alteração de forma com dispositivos aerodinâmicos e impedimento de ressonâncias com o aumento da frequência natural da estrutura. Os dispositivos mais indicados para aplicação em chaminés são os TMD, enrijecimento da estrutura por cabos e os dispositivos aerodinâmicos. Alguns dispositivos de aumento do amortecimento da estrutura não podem ser instalados em chaminés industriais, ou porque estas não possuem estrutura aporticada ou porque são muito caros, sendo então direcionados a estruturas menores para mitigar vibrações causadas por sismos. Os dispositivos de alteração de forma mais adequados a chaminés são a luva perfurada, as lâminas helicoidais e a luva de lâminas longitudinais, dispositivo este que possui os melhores resultados globais, mas que não possui grande aplicação possivelmente por causa de seu tardio desenvolvimento. Palavras-chave: Vibrações Induzidas por Vórtices de Kármán. Soluções para Mitigação de Vibrações. Chaminés Industriais. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Diagrama esquemático do delineamento da pesquisa ..................................... 22 Figura 2 – Camada limite ................................................................................................. 28 Figura 3 – Perfis de velocidade do vento ......................................................................... 30 Figura 4 – Dependência do coeficiente de arrasto com o número de Reynolds .............. 40 Figura 5 – Cilindro envolvido em todo o seu contorno Re ≈ 1 ........................................ 41 Figura 6 – Aumento da camada limite sem separação em 1 < Re < 5 ............................. 41 Figura 7 – Surgimento de turbilhões simétricos em Re ≈ 20 ........................................... 42 Figura 8 – Surgimento dos vórtices de Kármán em Re ≈ 50 ........................................... 43 Figura 9 – Prolongamento do escoamento turbulento em Re = 5.000 ........................... 43 Figura 10 – Estreitamento da esteira turbulenta em Re = 200.000 .................................. 44 Figura 11 – Distribuição de pressões em cilindros com superfície rugosa com h/d = 10 46 Figura 12 – Distribuição de pressões em cilindros com superfície rugosa com h/d ≤ 2,5 46 Figura 13 – Distribuição de pressões em cilindros com superfície lisa com h/d = 10 ..... 46 Figura 14 – Distribuição de pressões em cilindros com superfície lisa com h/d ≤ 2,5 .... 46 Figura 15 – Representação esquemática da dispersão dos poluentes originados em uma fonte pontual .................................................................................................. 50 Figura 16 – Distribuição de pressões e esteira em cilindro de seção quadrada com vento incidindo perpendicularmente ............................................................. 54 Figura 17 – Distribuição de pressões e esteira em cilindro de seção quadrada com vento incidindo obliquamente ....................................................................... 54 Figura 18 – Vórtices de Kármán ...................................................................................... 56 Figura 19 – Vórtices de Kármán e axiais ao redor de um cabo inclinado ........................ 57 Figura 20 – Descolamento e recolamento do escoamento ............................................... 59 Figura 21 – Influência da turbulência no espectro da força lateral .................................. 60 Figura 22 – Sincronização ou captura de vórtices ............................................................ 61 Figura 23 – Influência do amortecimento estrutural em regime subcrítico ..................... 63 Figura 24 – Células de vórtices ........................................................................................ 64 Figura 25 – Influência da variação da seção nas oscilações ............................................. 65 Figura 26 – Esquema de funcionamento e aplicação de um amortecedor viscoso .......... 68 Figura 27 – Exemplo da aplicação de um amortecedor visco-elástico ............................ 69 Figura 28 – Exemplo da aplicação de um amortecedor friccional ................................... 70 Figura 29 – Esquema de funcionamento de um TMD acoplado a uma estrutura ............ 71 Figura 30 – Atenuador de massa sincronizada instalado no edifício Taipei 101 ............. 72 Figura 31 – Exemplo de atenuador de massa sincronizada em uma chaminé ................. 72 Figura 32 – Deslocamentos induzidos por desprendimento de vórtices no topo da chaminé sem o TMD ..................................................................................... 73 Figura 33 – Deslocamentos induzidos por desprendimento de vórtices no topo da chaminé com o TMD ..................................................................................... 73 Figura 34 – Representação esquemática de um TLCD .................................................... 75 Figura 35 – Representação do sistema TLCD presente no projeto da Millenium Tower 76 Figura 36 – Esquema de funcionamento de um AMD ..................................................... 77 Figura 37 – Esquema simplificado de uma ponte estaiada com um sistema de cabos ativos instalado .............................................................................................. 78 Figura 38 – Esquema de funcionamento de um AVSD ................................................... 80 Figura 39 – Enrijecimento da estrutura por cabos ............................................................ 80 Figura 40 – Exemplos de dispositivos aerodinâmicos utilizados em estruturas de seção transversal circular ........................................................................................ 81 Figura 41 – Configuração otimizada de uma luva perfurada ........................................... 86 Figura 42 – Configuração otimizada de um dispositivo de lâminas helicoidais .............. 86 Figura 43 – Configuração otimizada de uma luva de lâminas longitudinais ................... 86 Figura 44 – Amplitude de oscilação em função da velocidade reduzida ......................... 87 Figura 45 – Coeficiente de arrasto em cilindros com os dispositivos aerodinâmicos analisados, em função
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