COBISS: 1.02

Tufa deposits in the karst of , , Lehnjak na kraškem območju mesta Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazilija

Luiz Eduardo Panisset Travassos1* & Rachel Inêz Castro de Oliveira2

UDC 552.545:551.44(815.1)

Introduction

The continental area of Brazil is known as 8.5 million subfields (Travassoset al. 2007; Andreychouk et al. 2010; km2 large and about 5 to 7 % consist of carbonate karst Travassos et al. 2011; Antonino & Travassos 2012; Timo terrains, a territory developed on ancient geological et al. 2013; Travassos 2012; Travassos 2015) to physi- structures, except for the Tertiary Sedimentary Basins cal ones (Travassos 2010; Guimarães & Travassos 2011; of Pantanal, the Amazon Basin and parts of the littoral Knez et al. 2011; Timo et al. 2012; Borges et al. 2013; Ro- area. On relating this information to karst areas, one can drigues & Travassos 2013 ). identify important cratonic areas, ancient folding belts Since 2010, an effort is being made by the Chair of and sedimentary basins (Schobbenhaus & Brito Neves Karstology of the Graduate Program in Geography at the 2003; Travassos & Kohler 2009). The karst features were Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais (in the developed in Proterozoic carbonate and dolomite rocks city of , Brazil) to emphasize the impor- and the main units are located in the São Francisco Cra- tance of karst systems. Actions have been taken in both ton in the region of the States of Minas Gerais, Goiás and information and education, as it can be verified in the . works of Lobo and Travassos (2012), Pôssas et al. (2012), Minas Gerais stands out in the national scenery Travassos et al. (2012), Diniz et al. (2013), Lobo and Tra- due to the amount of carbonate and karst features in its vassos (2013), Evangelista and Travassos (2014), Travas- territory. Around 3 to 5 % (17,600 to 29,419 km2) of the sos et al. (2015), etc. country’s total of carbonate karst area are located in this This context supports the content of this paper, State (Karman 1994; Piló 1997, 1998, 1999; Travassos & which intends to identify examples of tufa dams in the Kohler 2009; Timo 2015). Municipality of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Due to the considerable amount of karst and spe- for the first time. The main objective is to make a pri- leological provinces in the State, Minas Gerais is prov- mary register so that other scientists can help local re- ing itself to be an important ground for Karstological searchers go deeper in the information regarding these and Speleological studies and their various humanistic sites. The option for producing this specific register is

1 Luiz Eduardo Panisset Travassos*, Professor at the Graduate Program in Geography, PUC Minas, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] 2 Rachel Inêz Castro de Oliveira, Teacher at the Montes Claros State University, Doctorate Student at the Graduate Program in Geography, PUC Minas, Brazil, e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding Author Received/Prejeto: 15.12.2015

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justified by the fact that the works of Pentecost (1995) et al. 2011), in the Serra das Araras region, in the Mato and Ford and Pedley (1996), among others, register Grosso State (Corrêa 2006; Corrêa et al. 2011), in the around 300 sites around the world, but mention that Paraíba and Ceará States (Duarte & Vasconcelos 1980a, many tufa deposits in South America exist only in b), in northeastern Brazil, and in the north of the State Argentina, in Peru and in the Brazilian state of Bahia of Bahia (Auler & Smart 2001; Wang et al. 2004), and (Branner 1911). in the Serra do André Lopes, in the south of São Pau- Active or inactive tufa in Brazil were also found in lo State (Almeida et al. 2011; Sallun Filho et al. 2012). the Serra da Bodoquena, in the State of Mato Grosso However, no descriptions of tufas in the State of Minas do Sul (Boggiani & Coimbra 1994, 1995; Boggiani et al. Gerais were made up to the moment this paper was fin- 1998, 1999, 2002; Sallun Filho et al. 2009a, b; Boggiani ished.

STUDY AREA AND ITS GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS

The Vieira River Basin is fully located in the Municipality tufa deposits are located within the limits of the Betânia of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, and it drains a superfi- Farm (entrance point 16°47’18,89’’S, 43°55’13,62’’W), ap- cial area of approximately 578 km². It is located in the São proximately 8 km southwest of the city of Montes Claros Francisco Depression, which has depositional plains and (Fig. 1). plan surfaces. Amidst these eroded surfaces one can see Geologically speaking, the Vieira River Basin is lo- the result of differential erosion over the carbonate rocks cated in the South portion of the São Francisco Craton of the Bambuí Group, Lagoa do Jacaré Formation. The (Fig. 2) with altitudes ranging from 450 to 950 m. This

Fig. 1: Location map of Montes Claros in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

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Fig. 2: A simplified geological map of the São Francisco Craton shows the position of the Munici- pality of Montes Claros (Modi- fied from Alkmim et al. 1993; Alkimim et al. 1996; Alkmim & Martins-Neto 2001).

cratonic area spreads throughout almost the whole São development of such features in both sides of the paleo Francisco River Basin and is covered by sediments of continent. various ages, from the Proterozoic to the Phanerozoic, as The clastic marine and glaciomarine sedimentation Alkmim and Martins-Neto (2001) mentioned it. of the Macaúbas Group occurred in the Neoproterozoic, Almeida (1981) defined the southern portion around 850 Ma and 750(?) Ma, and the pelito-carbonatic of this Craton as being one of the areas of the South sedimentation of the Bambuí Group (mostly important American Plataform that were individualized due to for this paper) also took place in the Neoproterozoic, be- the orogenetic processes of the Brasiliano Event. Ac- tween 720 Ma and 620(?) Ma, in a shallow epicontinental cording to Baptista (2004), Coelho (2007) and Chaves sea. After such events, the basins evolved to folded belts et al. (2011), who summarized the regional geologic due to the Brasiliano Orogenesis. Valadão (1998) states evolution, many tectonic events took place within the that, by the end of the Proterozoic and the beginning limits of the São Francisco River Basin in its long geo- of the Phanerozoic, the Brasiliano Event (450−700 Ma) logical history. One of the first events was a distensile took place, and its deformational processes carried out one, responsible for breaking up the paleo continent of the litho-structural reorganization of the Brazilian At- Rodínia. Then, the process of rift formation led to the lantic Shield.

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The São Francisco Craton is limited by the Brasília The Bambuí Group is devided into six Forma- Fold Belt in the west and by the Araçuaí Fold Beld in the tions: Carrancas, , Serra de Santa Helena, east. In the southern portion, one can notice some indi- Lagoa do Jacaré, and Três Marias. vidualized structural compartments (Alkimin et al. 1996) The area in which the tufa deposits are located were where the study area is located. The sedimentary units developed in carbonates from the Lagoa do Jacaré For- that are younger than 1,8 Ga are located over the base- mation. The karst, as well as many units from the Bam- ment rocks of the Craton which are granites and mig- buí Group, can be covered by alluvium, colluvium and matites (Alkimin & Martins-Neto 2001). Covering the eluvium deposits, and are sometimes bared, sometimes basement, one can identify the Proterozoic sedimentary exposed. According to the Brazilian Geological Survey units of the Espinhaço Supergroup and the São Francis- (2012), the Lagoa do Jacaré Formation is composed by co Group. In the last one, all the depositional sequences rythmic metasiltites (in the base) and calcilutites and from the Upper Proterozoic are located, such as the ones calcarenites on the top. The Vieira River flows over from the Macaúbas Group and the Bambuí Group. such units and the carbonates are dark gray, compact, The study of the geology of the São Francisco and well fractured. In some portions along the river river basin started in 1817 when Baron von Eschwege basin, one can identify the Serra da Saudade Forma- named “Ubergangsgebirge” – the carbonatic and pelitic tion (siltstones and argillites), which sometimes cov- sediments that outcrop in the basin – as “Transitional ers the Lagoa do Jacaré Formation. It is also possible Forms”, as mention by Eschwege (1833) cited by Bap- to identify the Cenozoic covers that were mentioned tista (2004). From the point of view of geology, the by Iglesias and Uhlein (2009), such as alluvium, col- Bambuí Group is now well known, as it is confirmed luvium and eluvium. by the works of Barbosa (1965), Almeida (1967), Ol- The climate of that region is influenced by the cir- iveira (1967), Carvalho and Pflug (1968), Braun (1968), culation of three main air masses that favors the annual Moutinho da Costa and Angeira (1970), Costa et al. precipitation to range from 700 to 1200 mm and the av- (1970), Scholl (1972), Pflug and Renger (1973), Almei- erage temperatures range from 12 °C to 35 °C. All these da (1977), among others. Dardenne (1978) wrote both a elements, together with geology and soil characteristics, synthesis and a complete revision of the Bambuí Group allow the development of the Brazilian Savannahs (Cer- stratigraphy and the most recent works on this geo- rado) with phytophysiognomies, such as the Dry Forests logical unit can be seen in Alkmim and Martins-Neto connected to the karst, as it is mentioned in Rodrigues (2001), Martins Neto and Alkmim (2001) and Iglesias and Travassos (2013). and Uhlein (2009).

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE TUFA DEPOSITS AND TRAVERTINES

Pedley (1990) mentions many authors since 1970s and The word tufa derives from tophus, used by Pliny states that tufas are common occurrences from the Qua- and extensively used in Roman times to describe crum- ternary in the northwestern Europe and the Mediterra- bly whitish deposits (either calcareous tufa or volcanic nean regions. He also mentions other authors who stud- tuff). Scientific development and more studies on karst ied tufa deposits in lacustrine settings, barrage systems areas made the term tufa, defining pyroclastic mate- and waterfalls. In all these studies, the expression tufa is rials, to be a substitute for the well-established term used to describe all cool water deposits of highly porous “volcanic tuff ”. Consequently, one can agree that tufa

or “spongy” freshwater carbonate that are also rich in is the product of CaCO3 precipitation under a cool leaves and woody tissues. The term is equivalent to Ka- water (near ambient temperature) regime and typi- lktuff (in the German literature), and Travertino (in the cally contains the remains of micro and macrophytes Italian literature), also used to describe hydrothermal invertebrates and bacteria. In contrast, they used the deposits. Although some debates can be found in the term ‘‘travertine’’ for hard, crystalline deposits that lack academic literature, Pedley (1990) also affirms that tra- macrophytes or invertebrates, formed mainly from hy- vertine, a common alternative term, is generally applied drothermal waters. Over the past 20 years, the study of to well-lithified, older calcareous tufa deposits where dia- tufas raised in importance from minor curiosities to a genetic carbonate precipitation added considerable later major new research frontier (Ford & Pedley 1996; Pen- calcite spar to the fabric. tecost 2005; Capezzuoli et al. 2014).

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The carbonate deposition in rivers tends to be lo- discharge and simultaneously produces waters that are calized around spots of spring emergence or associated more diluted and undersaturated regarding CaCO3 with calcium-rich river systems (Pentecost 2005). The when they emerge at the surface. In contrast, increased deposits from Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil, the aridity may lead to a decrease in spring discharge and theme of this paper, are located relatively far from the water volumes, while higher evaporation and warmer source and, thus, should be considered to have its pro- waters might favour carbonate precipitation. In dry cesses connected to a calcium-rich hydrography. The climates, there may be no surface discharge during deposits, mainly cascades and dams, can be classified as the periods of aridity; so, tufa and travertine precipita- Capezzuoli et al. (2014) proposed: as the types of tufas tion will only form during wetter periods. Local and formed in an “intermediate environment”. regional conditions, including tectonic ones, which If an author chooses to use travertine instead of largely control hydrogeology, determine the relation- tufa, Pentecost (1995) explains that they consist of a ma- ship between tufa/travertine formation and climate. jor group of freshwater carbonates distributed all over Good water supply and warm temperatures generally of the world. They can be described as meteogene trav- favour the forming of spring carbonates (Viles & Pen- ertines, whose carbon dioxide originated in the epigenic tecost 2007). and soil atmospheres, and thermogene travertines, which Ford and Pedley (1996) state that the traditional are formed predominantly from thermal activity involv- theory focused on tufa as wholly physic-chemical pre- ing oxidation, decarbonation and other deep outgas- cipitates that deposit close to resurgent points, riffles sing processes in tectonically active regions. If one were and waterfalls, where waters enriched with CaCO3 rap- to classify the tufas or travertines from Montes Claros, idly de-gass and primarily lose CO2. The processes are those are clearly the ones which are called meteogene; also associated with the cooling of the waters away from however, it would be more correct to call those depos- source resulting in the precipitation. Pentecost (1995) its tufas, not travertines. It is important to mention that points out that active tufa precipitation is severely lim- Boggiani et al. (1999) state that the degree of hardness ited by low temperatures as this severely restricts soil alone is not sufficient to differentiate tufas from traver- respiration and limestone dissolution. Thus, regimes tines. The main criteria have to do with the presence of with higher rainfall and temperatures should encour- traces of macrophytes and animals, characteristics that age tufa formation. There is some general support for are restrict to tufas. the idea that the Late Quaternary Atlantic climatic Pentecost (2005) and Jones and Renaut (2010) optimum seems to be associated with a peak in tufa sustain that tufas and travertines form in most of the precipitation. Adolphe et al. (1989) and Pedley (1992, climatic zones. According to Jones and Renaut (2010), 1994) cited by Ford and Pedley (1996) defend that cur- the precipitation of tufa and travertine are usually as- rently tufas are seen as a product of both physic-chem- sociated to humid climatic phases when increased re- ical and biogenic precipitation associated with biofilm charge enhances spring flow. However, the relationship colonization. There is usually close association among between carbonate precipitation and climate is com- biofilms and organic nutrients often released from -de plex and varies with latitude. In temperate regions, for caying vegetation. example, increased rainfall may lead to stronger spring

TUFA DEPOSITS IN BRAZIL

As it was mentioned before, active or inactive tufas in scriptions of tufas in Minas Gerais were made up to the Brazil were found in the States of Bahia, Ceará, Mato moment this paper was finished (Fig. 3). Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraíba and São Paulo Chronologically, such scientific findings started (Duarte & Vasconcelos 1980a, b; Boggiani & Coimbra with Duarte and Vasconcelos (1980a, b) who described 1994; Boggiani & Coimbra 1995; Boggiani et al. 1998; tufas with well-preserved flora fossils in the States of Boggiani et al. 1999; Auler & Smart 2001; Boggiani et al. Ceará (CE) and Paraíba (PB), respectively. In the 1990s, 2002; Wang et al. 2004; Corrêa 2006; Sallun Filho et al. Boggiani and Coimbra (1994, 1995) described tufas in 2009a, b; Boggiani et al. 2011; Corrêa et al. 2011; Almei- Mato Grosso do Sul State (MS), which presents favorable da et al. 2011; Sallun Filho et al. 2012). ���������������However, no de- conditions to its deposition, such as a significant amount

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of recharge and discharge waters. The tufas from the Quaternary Period in the semiarid northeastern Brazil. Serra da Bodoquena (MS), were described by Boggiani The tufas in the Serra da Bodoquena (MS) were again et al. (1998) and Boggiani et al. (1999), who identified recorded by Boggiani et al. (2002) and Wang et al. (2004) innumerous ancient and modern deposits along the riv- calls the attention once more to the climatic changes in ers of the region. Auler and Smart (2001) were respon- northeastern Brazil. sible for studying the fossil travertine and subaqueous In Mato Grosso State, specifically in the Araras speleothems in presently dry caves. Data analysis suggest Ridge (Serra das Araras, located between the towns of periods of enhanced ground-water recharge during the Cuiabá and Cáceres), Corrêa (2006) and Corrêa et al.

Fig. 3: Location map of Brazilian karst areas with highlight to the areas mentioned in this paper.

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(2011) also identified tufa deposits. The Araras Ridge tance of the Serra da Bodoquena, Boggiani et al. (2011) tufa extends for over 30 km along a 100 m high fault present a panorama of touristic activities in the Bodo- scarp. The deposit comprises massive crystalline calcite quena Plateau, also highlighting the widespread active occurring both as in situ tufa deposited along the verti- limestone tufas which could be one of the features that cal face of the scarp and as extensive debris deposits re- would help the creation of a geopark. sulting from erosional disaggregation of the scarp. Sallun In the State of São Paulo, in the southeast of Bra- Filho et al. (2009a, b) highlight that Serra da Bodoquena, zil, Almeida et al. (2011) and Sallun Filho et al. (2012) located in the Mato Grosso do Sul State, in the central show active and ancient tufa deposits that occur along western part of Brazil, on the southern edge of the Panta- drainage channels in the Serra do André Lopes region. nal wetland region, is one of the most extensive continu- They are associated to a karst system developed on do- ous karst areas in this country. In that region, Quaternary lomites and a super humid subtropical climate. As in tufa deposits occur widely associated with the karst sys- other cases mentioned here, the predominance of auto- tem that developed on carbonate rocks of the Corumbá genic waters enables groundwater to become enriched Group. The deposition of tufa is favored in the Serra da with calcium carbonate, with low terrigenous sediment Bodoquena due to the predominance of autogenic wa- content. Almeida et al. (2011) point out that the occur- ters, which allow groundwater to be enriched in calcium rence of such deposits in the Serra do André Lopes re- carbonate. The precipitation of carbonate is favored as a gion had already been mentioned in geological maps in result of small quantities of siliciclastic sediment, which the 1980s. helps biological activity. Continuing to show the impor-

NOTES ON THE TUFAS OF MONTES CLAROS, MINAS GERAIS

The study area is limited by the Mel Ridge, locally called Plateau of the São Francisco River and altitudes can reach Ridge, which is located in the southwest of the 1,000 meters in some places. One of the sources of the city of Montes Claros. The ridge is part of the Residual Vieira River is located approximately at 750 m a.s.l. and,

Fig. 4: Google image showing the location of the features described in the text. The larger image shows the location of the study area (A) in relation to the city of Montes Claros, midle sized city with approximately 362,000 inhabitants. The details identify 1- Entrance of the Betânia Farm; 2- Tufa waterfall (16°47’31’’S 43°55’17’’W); and 3- Tufa waterfall and dams (16°47’36’’S 43°55’0,1”W).

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Fig. 5: General overview of the tufa waterfall (Photos: L.E.P. Travassos).

due to the rough characteristics of the terrain, erosion meters high and it is possible to identify the association can act strongly during pluvial events. The drainage is with organic matter (Fig. 5). As mentioned by Carthew typically karstic and presents some seasonality. The re- et al. (2003) and Sallum Filho et al. (2012), one can af- cording of the tufa deposits of Montes Claros were made firm that vegetation in tropical systems are also impor- “by chance”, during a field trip with students from the tant in order to control the morphology of tufa deposits.

Graduate Program in Geography, PUC Minas University. The relatively high declivity may help the loss of CO2 due The features that were then identified for the first time are to water turbulence and the flow of water directly on car- pointed out in Fig. 4. bonate rocks. Moving south from the Betânia Farm (1), in a well- In the waterfall, one can see debris from fallen marked trail, it is possible to reach the first tufa deposit trees as well as leaves between layers of deposition. The (2). It is formed by the waters of the Palmital creek, trib- leaves and other organic matter are supplied by the Dry utary of the Vieira River. This deposit is approximately 8 Forest, which can lose much of its cover during the dry

Fig. 6: General overview and inferred cross section of the Vieira River with tufa waterfall and dams. On (E) it is possible to observe a conceptual model location of each feature shown by the pictures (Photos: L.E.P. Travassos).

92 ACTA CARSOLOGICA 45/1 – 2016 Tufa deposits in the karst of Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil season. The authors were able to observe that this de- trations of calcium carbonate dissolved in the water and posit was formed directly over the carbonates from the a favorable climate. According to Gradziński (2010), the Lagoa do Jacaré Formation, although sediments sup- biological activity is also important for the development plied by the non-carbonate rocks or by the pedological of tufas. cover may be found in between its deposition layers. In As in the first identified example, water flowing on the area, one can observe that the karst system recharge carbonate can have an important role in formation of the is mainly autogenic and this may explain the presence typical waterfalls, dams and pools. One can see dense of such tufas. vegetation along the river valley, which supports the Continuing downstream, one can reach the Vieira statement of Carthew et al. (2003). Woody debris in the River, where there is active tufa deposition in the form riverbed, fallen trees and exposed roots along the chan- of small waterfalls and dams (Fig. 6). These deposits are nel play a noteworthy role in tufa deposition by locally formed by clear waters, probably with low concentra- increasing stream turbulence and CO2 outgassing. In the tions of sediments, as suggested by Arenas et al. (2000) study area, the Dry Forest and the soil cover can create and Sallum Filho et al. (2012). The presence of tufas in favorable conditions (e.g. accumulation of plant mate- the area indicates specific environmental, geomorpho- rial and sediments) for the initial growth of waterfalls or logical and hydrological conditions such as high concen- dams.

CONCLUSIONS

The Montes Claros karst region lies in the northern area temperature, pH, conductivity and the analyses of car- of Minas Gerais State and was developed in the Prot- bonate, magnesium, phosphate and nitrate quantities in erozoic carbonates of the Bambuí Group. This region is the water from the springs and along the river be done located in the São Francisco Craton, part of a complex since such information should help understand the main geological history. The karst features in the study area is processes occurring in the area. Although tufa precipita- located approximately 8 km southwest of the city of Mon- tion is usually due to degassing of CO2 (which elevates tes Claros and can be considered endangered regarding pH and produces supersaturation), mineral precipita- the pressures originated from uncontrolled leisure ac- tion is also heavily influenced by biotic activity which tivities. During the field trip it was possible to identify it is believed to be high in the region. The authors also waste disposal near the riverbeds and natural gully ero- encourage isotopic studies to help better understand the sion enlarged by motocrossing practice. The increase of paleoclimate of the region. weathering in the carbonate rocks as well as the increase One can expect to find other deposits in the rivers of sediments in water can lead to the abrasion of tufa de- of the region that must be registered and studied in or- posits development. der to help preserving them. For future works (of the authors or others interested in the topic), it is suggested that some measurements of

REFERENCES

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