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FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Fisheries and for a world without hunger Aquaculture Department Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme Sander lucioperca (Linnaeus, 1758) I. Identity V. Status And Trends a. Biological Features VI. Main Issues b. Images Gallery a. Responsible Aquaculture Practices II. Profile VII. References a. Historical Background a. Related Links b. Main Producer Countries c. Habitat And Biology III. Production a. Production Cycle b. Production Systems c. Diseases And Control Measures IV. Statistics a. Production Statistics b. Market And Trade Identity Sander lucioperca Linnaeus, 1758 [Percidae] FAO Names: En - Pike-perch, Fr - Sandre, Es - Lucioperca Biological features Body elongate, the snout pointed, head length greater than depth of body or equal to it. Upper jaw extends past eye level, small teeth in jaws and several large fangs in front also (never more of 18 branched rays). Two dorsal fins, the first spiny and separated by a narrow interspace from the second. Anal fin with 2-3 spines and 11-13 soft rays. Pelvic fins widely spaced, the distance between them almost as great as the base of one fin. Lateral line with 84-95 scales. Colour greenish-grey or brown on the back and sides becoming lighter on the lower sides and white on the belly. Young fish have 8-10 indistinct dusky bars on the sides; these are faint in the adult. Dorsal and tail fins dark spotted. View FAO FishFinder Species fact sheet Images gallery FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Newly hatched larval pike-perch Weiss incubation jars with pike-perch eggs (Photograph courtesy A. Kowalska) Pike-perch grow-out pond Pike-perch RAS fingerling grow-out facility Pike-perch being stocked for RAS grow-out Pike-perch in final stage of on-growing in RAS Profile Historical background The beginnings of pike-perch culture date to the nineteenth century and are linked to carp (Cyprinus carpio) culture in earthen ponds in Central and Eastern Europe. Pike-perch was produced in insignificant quantities as a so-called additional fish. In the early twentieth century, production began of pike-perch stocking material (summer and fall fry) in earthen ponds (natural spawning) for stocking open waters. It was produced in monoculture (summer fry) or in polyculture with carp (fall fry). Pond pike-perch culture also began to develop in Western Europe (e.g. France) in the second half of the twentieth century. This type of pike-perch production has been and remains extensive in character, and this species has been and currently is viewed only as a supplementary fish. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the first aquaculture facilities producing pike-perch in recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) were established in Western Europe and, by the close of the first decade, there were less than ten of these facilities. Methods for intensive pike-perch culture are in the initial stages of development but this species is considered to offer good prospects for European aquaculture. Main producer countries FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Currently, the main producing countries are the Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Romania, Tunisia and Ukraine. In addition to the other countries shown on the FAO map, pike-perch are also grown in the Netherlands and Poland. Main producer countries of Pike-perch (FAO Fishery Statistics, 2009) Habitat and biology Pike-perch inhabits lakes, rivers, reservoirs and the coastal marine waters (in the catchment areas of the Caspian, Aral, Baltic, Black, and North seas. It is now widespread in France and western Europe, is rapidly extending its range in eastern and central England, and is acclimated to the waters of northern Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), North America, and Asia (e.g. China, Kyrgyzstan). This species generally attains lengths of 50-70 cm and body weights (BW) of 2-5 kg but a maximum length of 130 cm and weights of 12-18 kg have been reported. Males reach sexual maturity at 2-3 years, females at 3-4 years. Depending on geographical zone, spawning is from April to mid June. Water temperature at spawning initiation ranges from 8.0 to 15.0 °C. Generally, water depth at natural spawning grounds ranges from 0.5 to 3.0 m. Pike-perch deposit eggs into nests that they have built on sand, gravel (preferred substrate), or aquatic vegetation. Males actively guard nests with eggs for 5-8 days until the larvae hatch. Relative fecundity is 170- 230 eggs/g BW. Eggs are small; the diameter of unhardened and hardened eggs range from 0.6-1.0 mm and 0.9-1.6 mm respectively. One kg comprises 1.5-2.2 million (unhardened) or 1.0-1.5 million (hardened) eggs. Incubation time is from 3 days (20 °C) to 11 days (10 °C) (80-120 °D). Incubation time for pike-perch eggs (from fertilization to larval hatching) can be calculated with the formula: I = 30 124 × T-2,07, where: I – incubation time (h), T – water temperature (°C). Larvae are small and devoid of pigment: BW – 0.4-0.5 mg and body length TL – 4.0-5.5 mm. Resorption of yolk sac reserves and lipid droplet is completed at TL 5.8-6.5 mm. Scales begin being laid down at TL 23-28 mm (initially on the caudal peduncle). Pike-perch are regarded as having three trophic phases: plankton phase until fish are TL 13-30 mm; mixed feed stage (invertebrate fauna + fish) until fish are TL 24-70 mm; and predatory phase (feed comprised exclusively of fish) from TL 34-80 mm. Production Production cycle FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Production cycle of Pike-perch Production systems FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Seed supply Spawners are obtained mostly from natural waters. Catches are made in fall (October-November; summer seine) or spring (March-April; trap gear, e.g. fyke-nets). Fish caught in the fall are held in earthen ponds. For each 1 kg of spawners there should be 10 m² of pond bottom and 1.5-3.5 kg of fodder fish. Spawners should be removed from the ponds when the mean daily water temperature is 8.0-9.0 °C and transported to spawning ponds or hatcheries. A few farms keep broodstocks, usually numbering 50-80 individuals/ha, which are kept in earthen ponds. A few farms produce pike-perch in RAS, and keep spawners in these systems (initial stages of domestication). Pike-perch do not exhibit distinct sexual dimorphism. Males usually exhibit breeding coloration in the pre- spawning period when they are darker than females. Females have distinctly more distended abdomens. Females with body weights of 1.5-4.0 kg and males of 0.8-2.0 kg are recommended for artificial spawning. Pike-perch spawners should be transported in tanks with aeration. If the transport time is les than 2 hours and the water temperature is 8.0-15.0 °C in 1 m³ tanks, a maximum of 60 kg of fish can be moved. During transport it is recommended that anti-stress agents such as table salt (5 g NaCl/litre) are applied. Several methods of pike-perch reproduction are used: Uncontrolled natural reproduction. One set of spawners (spawner set – 1 ♀ + 2 ♂) per 1-4 ha is released into earthen carp ponds. After spawning, the fish are left in the pond for 6-8 weeks until stocking material - summer fry - has been obtained. Controlled natural reproduction. Smaller earthen ponds are used (storage or wintering ponds) with surface areas of approximately 500 to 1 500 m² and depths of 1.5-2.0 m. Spawning nests (60 × 60 cm) are placed on pond bottoms 3-5 m apart. The substrate can be turf, sea grass, rice straw, or alder or willow roots. There should be 10 percent more nests than males. There should also be 10 percent more males than females. Nests with eggs are transported to a hatchery or another pond. Reproduction in lake cages. In Finland, cylindrical floating cages with a (diameter 2.0 m; depth 2.0 m) are used. In Poland pens are cubic with sides measuring 2.0 m. Spawning substrate is placed in the cages (as above) along with spawning sets. The females are injected hormonally, usually with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or carp pituitary extract (CPE). Males usually do not require hormonal stimulation. Nests with eggs are moved to ponds or hatcheries. Artificial reproduction. After being transported to the hatchery, the fish are sorted by sex, and females by their degree of maturity. A catheter is used to sample eggs, which are then fixed in Serra's fixative to assess the position of the nucleus (on a 4-degree scale). Females are stimulated with hormone injections (hCG – 200-600 IU/kg BW or CPE – 2-5 mg/kg BW). Males receive half of the dose applied to females. After the sex products are obtained, the eggs are dry fertilized (1-2 ml semen/100 g eggs). Adhesiveness is removed from the eggs by rinsing them in an aqueous solution of tannin at a concentration of 0.5-1.0 g/litre water, bath time 2-5 min. Enzymatic preparations can also be applied – 0.5 percent aqueous protease solution (2 min for adhesive removal). Eggs are incubated in Weiss jars. Prophylactic baths are used to prevent the development of mould (e.g. 100 ppm formalin for 5 min). Out-of-season reproduction. This is the newest method, and it is used at hatcheries equipped with RAS and cooling systems for reducing water temperatures. Fish are stimulated environmentally (temperature and photoperiod). Thermal stimulation lasts for 18 weeks – 8 weeks cooling phase (20-8 °C), 6 weeks chilling phase (8-4-8 °C), 4 weeks warming phase (8-12 °C).
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