Rio Grande Depot | 5.7 | March 18, 2020

NHD UTAH PROJECT GUIDEBOOK 2020-21 ______Communication in History: The Key to Understanding

CONTENTS

Getting Started FAQs ...... 4 Annual Planning Calendar ...... 5 Divisions & Categories ...... 6 History Day Roadmap ...... 7 Breaking it Down ...... 8 NHD Judging Criteria ...... 9

Theme & Topic 2021 Annual Theme ...... 11 Right-Sizing Your Topic ...... 12 Utah History Topic Ideas ...... 13-14 Topic Proposal Form ...... 15

Do Your Research Primary Sources – Secondary Sources: What’s the Difference? ...... 17 Primary & Secondary Sources: Which Is It? ...... 18 History Day Research Starter ...... 19 Research Checklist ...... 21 Finding Credible Secondary Sources Online ...... 22 Finding Credible Primary Sources Online ...... 23 Exploring Primary Sources in Utah ...... 24 Pull the Plug on Plagiarism ...... 25 NHD Research Tracker ...... 26 Electronic Citation Managers (NoodleTools, etc.) ...... 27 The Annotated Bibliography ...... 28

Thinking Like a Historian: Analysis & Synthesis Analyzing Secondary Sources (CRAAP) ...... 32 Analyzing Primary Sources (Observe, Question, Reflect) ...... 33 Making a Historical Argument ...... 34 Showing Change Over Time ...... 35 Main Event Summary ...... 36 Historical Context ...... 37 Significance in History ...... 39 Thesis & Theme Connection ...... 40

Creating the Final Project Rules at a Glance ...... 43 Required Written Materials ...... 45 History Day Learning Targets ...... 46

Appendix: More Tools for Emerging Historians Historic Quotes: In Their Own Words ...... 48 Questions to Ask about Your Topic ...... 49 Historical Thinking Skills by Stanford History Education Group ...... 50 Questions for Primary Sources ...... 52 Strengthen Your Thesis Statement through FOCUS ...... 53

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 2

GETTING STARTED

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 3 FAQs

Is the program only for studying Utah history? No. NHD Utah serves students in any year of the social studies curriculum, including Utah Studies, US History I and II, World Geography, and World History. Students may work on historical topics from any part of the world, from ancient history to recent history.

Who can participate? Any student in grades 4-12. We serve public, private, parochial, charter, online, or home schools.

Can a student participate if their school/teacher does not? Yes. Students may complete a project and enter their local regional competition on their own. No teacher is necessary to compete as an independent student.

What does it cost? It’s FREE! There is no registration fee for regional or state competitions in Utah.

Where can I find NHD and NHD Utah on the web? National History Day: https://www.nhd.org NHD Utah: https://history.utah.gov/utah-history-day/

How can I connect with NHD Utah? Facebook: UtahHistoryDay Instagram: Utah_History_Day

SHARE THIS! I Love History Day https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=uYPCpQRqHVc

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 4 ANNUAL PLANNING CALENDAR

July 1 Contest year opens. Students may begin working on their projects anytime after July 1.

January 1 Utah Contest Registration Opens

You must know which students are going to compete by the registration deadline for your local contest. This is usually about 4 weeks before the contest date.

Find contest dates and registration deadlines for your local contest: https://register.nhd.org/Contests

February-March District Contests Canyons  Salt Lake Regional Carbon  Castle Country Regional Ogden  Weber Regional

February-March Regional Contests Cache (Logan) Castle Country (Price) Salt Lake (Taylorsville) San Juan (Blanding) South-Central (Beaver) Utah Valley (Orem) Washington (St. George) Weber (Ogden)

April State Contest (SLC)

June National Contest (Washington, DC)

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 5 DIVISIONS & CATEGORIES

THREE AGE DIVISIONS Division Grades Advances To Youth 4th-5th Advances to state level. Junior 6th-8th Advances to national level Senior 9th-12th Advances to national level.

FIVE CREATIVE CATEGORIES Division Good For Key Parameters Documentary Students who enjoy 10-minute maximum. Students filmmaking. Use of historic research, write, film, narrate, edit. video, interview clips. Exhibit Visual arts, mixed media, 500 maximum student-composed artifacts, 3D displays. words. Size limits 40x30x72 inches. Performance Students who enjoy theater, 10-minute maximum. Students music. research, write, stage, set, costume, perform live. Website Students who are interested in Must use NHDWebCentral builder. web design. Use of stills, Maximum 1200 student-composed multimedia. words. Paper Students who enjoy writing. 1500-2500 words.

NINE COMPETITION CATEGORIES PER DIVISION Age Division Individual Group (2-5 students) Youth Individual Documentary Group Documentary Junior Individual Exhibit Group Exhibit Senior Individual Performance Group Performance Individual Website Group Website Paper Groups should be established at the beginning of the project and group members should work together on the research and development of the project. Students may exit a group during the year, but new students may not be added to a group once research has begun.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 6 HISTORY DAY ROADMAP

STEP 1: CHOOSE YOUR TOPIC • Be clear on how your topic connects to the Annual Theme. • Make sure your topic is historical. • Choose a topic that interests you!

STEP 2: DO YOUR RESEARCH • Remember, historians are like detectives who discover the past. • Start by finding at least 5 secondary sources. Read up on your topic using credible secondary sources before you start searching for primary sources. Look for articles and books that were created by experts. Evaluate every website you use. • Find at least 10 primary sources on your topic. For some topics you can find hundreds of primary sources, so find as many as you can. • Use a variety of sources. Historians don’t just rely on the internet. They use actual books and articles, interviews, historic newspapers and magazines, letters, diaries, photos, maps, paintings, video clips, advertising, propaganda, laws, court cases, etc. • Conduct balanced research. Investigate various points of view, understand all sides of an issue, explore conflicts and debates. • Dig deeper! Interview someone who was there. Find more sources. • Track your sources as you go.

STEP 3: ANALYZE AND SYNTHESIZE • Analyze your sources and think about what the sources show. • Consider the ways your topic relates to the theme. • Summarize the historical context. What events led up to your topic? How does your topic relate to the political, social, cultural circumstances of the time? • Identify significance. What changed? What were the short-term and long-term consequences? Why does this matter? • Draw conclusions based upon the historical evidence you have found.

STEP 4: CREATE YOUR PROJECT • Start with a strong thesis statement. • Explain what happened. Who, what, where, when, why, how? • Discuss context, change over time, annual theme, and significance. • Re-check the NHD Rule Book. • Write your Process Paper and create a Title Page. • Make your Annotated Bibliography.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 7 BREAKING IT DOWN

DATE LEARNING TARGET

Week 1 Project Overview/Intro to the Theme/Research Topics

Week 2 Topic Selection Due

Week 3 5 Secondary Sources Due. Include 1-2 paragraphs of notes you have taken on each source. Record the citation information for each source in your tracking system.

Week 5 10 Primary Sources Due. Include written sources and images. Record the citation information for each source in your tracking system.

Week 6 5 Primary Source Quotes Due. Record the citation information for each quote in your tracking system.

Week 7 Main Event Summary Due. In 2-3 paragraphs, summarize the main event: who, what, where, when, why, and how.

Week 8 Historical Context & Significance in History Due. 1-2 paragraphs each.

Week 9 Thesis Statement Helper Due. Revise your thesis as you develop your ideas.

Week 10 Annotated Bibliography, First Draft Due. Properly formatted, with annotations. Be sure to continue your research and build on your bibliography after this initial check.

Week 11 Rough Draft Due, including Title, Thesis, Context, Main Event, Significance • Exhibits: Layout of your project design and components (on paper) • Research Paper: Outline, plus draft of opening paragraph • Documentary: Outline of script, plus draft of opening sequence • Performance: Draft of opening and closing sequences and script • Website: Outline, plus thesis and conclusion statements, and rough layout of home page. Students must use NHDWebCentral to build their project.

Week 12 Process Paper & Revised Bibliography Due

Weeks 13-14 Build Your Project

Week 15 Final Project Due

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 8 NHD JUDGING CRITERIA

Judges will assess your project using a rubric with these criteria.

HISTORICAL My project makes an argument based on my own analysis of the ARGUMENT historical evidence I discovered during my research. I make meaningful connections to the annual theme throughout my project. WIDE I used a wide variety of credible secondary and primary sources in my RESEARCH research. I used different types of secondary and primary sources. I did not rely on Wikipedia as a secondary source. PRIMARY The primary sources in my project form the evidence for my argument. SOURCES I analyze the primary sources. They are more than simple decorations. HISTORICAL I discuss the relevant historical context for my topic, setting the stage so CONTEXT that my project shows change over time. MULTIPLE I used sources that have different perspectives on my topic. PERSPECTIVES My project explores the different sides of the story. HISTORICAL The information in my project is true and factual to the best of my ACCURACY knowledge. I rely on credible sources of information. I do not rely on opinion. SIGNIFICANCE I discuss the short-term and long-term outcomes of my topic. IN HISTORY I explain how my topic changed history, and why it matters. STUDENT I use my own voice to present the information in my project. VOICE My ideas, analysis, and argument are presented in my own words. CLARITY OF My project uses writing, multimedia, performance, web design, and/or PRESENTATION art creatively to present my findings. Visuals My project and all written materials are clear, easy to read/view and Writing understand. Audio The organization of information in my project is logical. Technical I have corrected spelling and grammar errors in my written materials. Technical elements of my project are executed to the best of my ability.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 9

THEME & TOPIC

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 10 ANNUAL THEME

Communication in History: The Key to Understanding

As you explore how your topic relates to the theme, remember to look for both communication and understanding.

The purpose of the communication is just as important as the type of communication and the form it takes. What was the author’s message? What was the goal? How did they achieve it? Then, examine the outcomes to identify understanding. What was the result of the communication? What did people understand or misunderstand? What were the short-term and long-term effects?

The act of communicating with other people, communities, or nations is often taken for granted… In order to understand, we need to know what is motivating people to talk, write, and communicate with each other in the first place. (2021 NHD Theme Narrative)

Type of Form/Technology Examples Communication Artistic Expression Poetry The Harlem Renaissance Music Joe Hill, Jazz, Blues, Bluegrass Painting Francisco Goya Debate Television Richard Nixon/ John F. Kennedy 1960 Debate Opinion Articles Horace Greeley’s “Go West, Young Man” Protests Vietnam War Protests Pamphlets Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Diplomacy Negotiation Camp David Accords Sport Ping Pong Diplomacy Discussion Newspapers H.G. Wells’ “War to End All Wars” Letters Letters to the Homefront Conventions Seneca Falls Convention on Women’s Rights Disinformation Newspapers/Magazines William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism

Dissent Pamphlets Helmuth Hubener Oliver Wendell Holmes (Abrams vs. United States) Speeches Patrick Henry Eugene Debs Educate/Inform Newspapers/Magazines Muckraking Journalism, Nellie Bly Radio, Television Edward R. Murrow Diaries Anne Frank, Nelson Mandela Books Upton Sinclair, The Jungle Photography Lewis Hine & child labor Language Codes/Codebreaking Navajo Code Talkers, Enigma Code Assimilation Native American Boarding Schools Innovation American Sign Language Propaganda Wartime Posters WWI /WWII government campaigns Political Cartoons Dr. Seuss, Thomas Nast, Pat Bagley Movies Mental Hygiene films of the 1950’s Newsreels Chuck Jones and Private SNAFU Other

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 11 RIGHT-SIZING YOUR TOPIC

Here are a few examples to help you narrow your topic. A tighter focus allows you to dig deeper. AREA OF INTEREST Broad Focus Right Size   Resistance in Europe The White Rose

WORLD WAR II Science and Technology The Manhattan Project

Military Campaigns D-Day

Black Communities Montgomery Bus Boycott

CIVIL RIGHTS / Latinx Communities United Farmworkers Strikes RACIAL EQUITY Asian American Japanese Incarceration Camps Communities

WOMEN Legal Rights Ruth Bader Ginsberg

SPORTS Racism 1936 Berlin Olympics

MEDICINE Diseases 1918 Flu Pandemic

FINE ARTS Dance Isadora Duncan & Modern Dance YOUR HERITAGE:

Tips for Choosing Your Topic:

• Choose something that interests you. Everything has a history! You can consider social, cultural, political, technology, science, sports, arts, ideas, culture, heritage, and more. • U.S., World, and Utah history topics are all welcome. • Your topic must be historical. If you have a current event in mind, look for its roots. • Be sure you can connect your topic to the annual theme.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 12 UTAH HISTORY TOPIC IDEAS

Why consider a Utah topic? • Explore the history that shaped your community. • Investigate a local angle that connects to national or world events. • Consult Utah History To Go for introductory articles on many of these topics. • Look for primary sources online at the Utah History Research Center. • Click on hyperlinked topics to find credible secondary sources in the Utah Historical Quarterly or primary source sets from the Utah Division of State History. • You could win $500 at State! The top Utah history projects receive the Glen and Caroline Miner Prize for Utah History each year.

Early Utah Mormon Histories Shoshone, Ute, Goshute, Paiute, and Navajo Mormon Migration, Settlement of Deseret Communities & Intertribal Relations Struggle for Statehood, Colonel Thomas Kane Dominguez-Escalante Expedition Hole-in-the-Rock Trek Old Spanish Trail Trade Networks Mountain Meadows Massacre Rivera Expedition Polygamy: Reed-Smoot Hearings, Women’s Fur Trade histories Explorers, Trappers, Traders: The Utah War Jim Bridger, Peter Skene Ogden, Etienne Provost, Jedediah Smith, John Weber, John C. Railroad Communities and Cultures Fremont, Miles Goodyear, James Beckwourth Transcontinental Railroad, Legacies of the (African American) Golden Spike Expeditions: Stansbury, Gunnison, Simpson Chinese Railroad Workers Pony Express

Mining Communities, Strikes, & Disasters Native Americans in the Time of Settlement Carbon County, Bingham Canyon, Park City Bear River Massacre & Legacy Thomas Kearns Black Hawk War, Circleville Massacre Joe Hill and the IWW Indian Boarding Schools in Utah Bingham Canyon Strike of 1912 Native Leaders: Pocatello, Bear Hunter, Mine Disasters: Winter Quarters, Scofield Sagwich, Ouray, Tabby-to-Kwanah, Washakie, Walkara Reservation Life Immigrants & Ethnic Communities in Utah Urban Indian Communities African-American Communities & Leaders Utes and Settlers in Utah Valley Chinese Walker War Greek Italian

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 13 Japanese Immigrants Civil Rights Jewish Communities, Governor Bamberger, Women’s Suffrage – First to Vote Auerbach’s Department Store, Benjamin Kanab’s All-Woman Town Council Brown, Clarion The Equal Rights Amendment in Utah Latinx Communities, Great Depression, Utah’s NAACP Leaders Mormonism and African-Americans Pacific Islanders, Iosepa colony Race Riots and BYU Athletics Refugee Communities Adoption of the Martin Luther King, Jr. Scandinavian Communities Holiday in Utah War Brides SOCIO: Spanish Speaking Organization for Your Community! Community, Integrity, and Opportunity & Armando Solorzano World Wars, Great Depression World War I in Utah Environmental History WWI German internees at Fort Douglas Echo Park Dam Controversy Marriner S. Eccles, New Deal Architect Glen Canyon Dam/Colorado River Storage Act The Civilian Conservation Corps in Utah The Central Utah Project (CUP) WWII Industries: Tooele Army Depot, Hill AFB, Ranchers, Rangelands, and Grazing Manti Parachute Factory Sagebrush Rebellion Wendover and the Atomic Bomb MX Missile Controversy Women during WWII NAGPRA: The Native American Graves Japanese Incarceration at Topaz Protection and Repatriation Act in Utah Col. Gail Halvorsen, the Candy Bomber Public Lands in Utah: National Parks & Monuments, U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, State Parks Science and Technology Grand Staircase & the Federal Antiquities Act John Wesley Powell’s Geographic Surveys Wilderness Activists: SUWA, Edward Abbey Paleontology: Utah’s Dinosaur Rush

John Widtsoe, Father of Dry Farming Tourism & Recreation in Utah Philo T. Farnsworth, Inventor of Television Saltair Resort Women inventors in Utah Territory Berg Halstrom and River Rafting in Utah Thiokol and the Exploration of Space Ski Utah! The Artificial Heart International Peace Garden Downwinders, Nevada Test Site Goblin Valley Utah’s Missile Launch Sites Utah's National Parks Salt Flats and the Need for Speed Dr. Arthur Leroy Inglesby Digital Pathbreakers: WordPerfect and Novell Everett Ruess, Canyon Country Explorer

David D. Rust, Canyon Country Guide

2002 Olympics

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 14 TOPIC PROPOSAL FORM

Circle or highlight your division and category: Age Division Individual Group (2-5 students) Youth (4th-5th grade) Individual Documentary Group Documentary Junior (6th-8th grade) Individual Exhibit Group Exhibit Senior (9th-12th grade) Individual Performance Group Performance Individual Website Group Website Paper

Student Name/s:

Who / what do you want to study?

Why are you interested in studying this person / event / idea?

How does your topic relate to the NHD theme for this year?

Describe why this person / event is significant. Give three clear reasons why this was important to history at a local, state, national, or international level: 1.

2.

3.

Why is this important enough for you to research and present? Convince me.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 15

DO YOUR RESEARCH

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 16 PRIMARY SOURCES – SECONDARY SOURCES What’s the Difference?

Primary Sources

• Primary sources are materials that were created during, and are related to, the historical event.

• Primary sources are not limited to participants or eyewitnesses to an event.

• Materials that were created, written, or published during the time period you are studying are all primary sources on that topic.

• Ask: when was this source created?

• Interviews with people who participated or witnessed an event are primary sources.

Secondary Sources

• Secondary sources are created after an event. The writer is not an eyewitness or participant in the historical event.

• Most books, scholarly articles, websites, and encyclopedias are secondary sources.

• Secondary sources are important because they can provide an overview, background, chronology, details, and historical context on a topic.

• Secondary sources can show how different historians have drawn different conclusions about an event.

• Look for credible secondary sources written by experts on the topic.

PRO TIP! Look at the footnotes and bibliographies of secondary sources to discover where you can find primary sources.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 17 PRIMARY & SECONDARY SOURCES Which Is It?

Source Primary Secondary Either Why? Letters or diaries Photographs Paintings or drawings Maps Newspaper article published in 1945 Magazine article published in 2019 Your history textbook Book written by a historian Book of historical fiction Interview with university professor of this topic Interview with WWII veteran about his/her experiences Interview with Senator Mike Lee about WWII Ken Burns documentary Oral traditions Legal records Poems, songs Biography Autobiography War poster from England during the 1940s Article written by a political action group

TAKEAWAY: How can you tell whether a source is primary or secondary?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 18 HISTORY DAY RESEARCH STARTER Sleuthing the Past

Good historians are like detectives – they investigate, search for evidence, and dig into records to find more sources. Then they piece together what happened based upon the evidence they find. For your History Day project, you’ll do essentially the same thing. Start by learning all you can from experts on your topic, then search for primary sources.

1. Start with credible secondary sources A credible secondary source is written by an expert on the topic, preferably a historian. Secondary sources include articles from professional journals, articles from the internet, and books from the library. Tips for finding good secondary sources: • Search for articles at Utah’s Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.uen.org). Good article databases include Gale and EBSCO. • Search for books at your local library. If your library does not have the book you want, you can usually request it from a partner library by placing a hold on the book. • There are specialized historical journals on almost every topic (American history, Utah history, history of science, women’s history, and so on) that contain excellent secondary source articles. • Look at the bottom of an online article for its citations, then go find those articles or books. • Look for secondary sources that show different sides of the story. • Wikipedia is not a credible secondary source, but its articles can help you find better sources to use. • Ask – Who wrote this? Are they an expert? If not, don’t use it.

2. Read your secondary sources and record citation information These sources should give you a good understanding of the events you are covering, including important dates, names, and facts. They should also explore the background events leading up to your topic, the historical context (the social, cultural, and political circumstances in that time and place), and the consequences or outcomes. Take notes using a notebook, a Google Doc, or Noodle Tools. Write down sentences you might want to quote exactly as they are written. Use quotation marks to show they are quotes. Record the citation information for each source using a History Day Source Tracker or Noodle Tools, and keep this information attached to your notes.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 19 3. Search for primary sources Primary sources are materials that were created at that time in history. They include eyewitness accounts, newspaper and magazine articles, letters, diaries, books, government records, court cases, laws, photographs, paintings, drawings, maps, images, artifacts, clothing, tools, and objects. Interviews with people who were involved in the historical event are primary sources – these are called oral histories. Primary sources are usually kept in archives, special collections, and libraries. Their digital collections are available online, and they have even more resources at their location. 4. Analyze your sources Examine each source and ask questions such as… • Who created this? When did they create it? Who was able to read or see it? • Why was it created? What was its purpose? • What does the image show? What does the document say? • What is the perspective? (Example: is it proslavery or antislavery?) • Is there something missing? What questions do you have after examining this artifact? How can you answer your questions? • Compare/contrast. Does it agree with other primary sources or disagree? If so, why? Take notes and record the citation information for each source as you go.

5. Balance your research • Find and use sources that show differing perspectives. • Use a variety of types of sources, not just one or two. • Use books as well as websites. 6. Keep digging! Research builds its own momentum. When you find a lead, chase it down. Do your sources make you wonder about something? See if you can uncover an answer by doing more research.

PRO TIP! Go to the Library of Congress or DocsTeach and search for primary source sets on your topic.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 20 RESEARCH CHECKLIST

 SECONDARY SOURCES Start with Five For most topics you will need more than five secondary sources! Use these first five sources to gain a good understanding of your topic and its historical context. Then continue building your bibliography with more research and more sources.

HISTORIC IMAGES Worth a Thousand Words Photographs, paintings, drawings, maps, advertisements, posters, illustrations, or other images created at the time of your topic are primary sources.

PRIMARY SOURCE QUOTES In Their Own Words Quotes from people who experienced an event are primary sources. Write down the quote exactly as it is written. Use quotation marks.

SECONDARY SOURCE QUOTES And Now a Word from the Experts Quotes from experts on a topic are secondary sources. Write down the quote exactly as it is written. Use quotation marks.

MULTIMEDIA Video & Audio Historic television or film clips, audio recordings, music, or interviews are primary sources. Recorded interviews with experts are secondary sources.

ARTIFACTS Historic objects (clothing, flags, tools, equipment, toys, etc.) are primary sources. When considering artifacts to include in your project, remember that hazardous materials are prohibited. NO WEAPONS (real, toy, replicas, or models).

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 21 FINDING CREDIBLE SECONDARY SOURCES ONLINE

PRO TIP! All Utah students have free access to Utah's Online Library. This should be your first stop as a researcher! You can access credible secondary and primary source databases, as well as NoodleTools.

Available for Free Through University Libraries Digital Public Library of America ISI Web of Knowledge (Web of Directory of Open Access Journals Science) EBSCO (@ Utah’s Online Library) JSTOR Gale (@ Utah’s Online Library) ProQuest Google Books, Google Scholar ScienceDirect Open Library SpringerLink Open J-Gate WorldCat Utah HistoryToGo World Book (@ Utah’s Online Library)

Bonus Question 1 Why shouldn’t you rely on Wikipedia as a secondary source?

Bonus Question 2 Where can you find credible secondary sources in your community?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 22 FINDING CREDIBLE PRIMARY SOURCES ONLINE

Utah-Based Collections Regional & National Collections Ancestry American Folklife Center Archives of the Catholic Church in Bancroft Library Utah California Digital Newspaper Brigham Young University L. Tom Collection Perry Special Collections Chronicling America: American Dixie State University Special Newspapers 1836-1922 Collections DocsTeach Downwinders of Utah Archive Densho (Japanese American Incarceration) LDS Church History Library Discovering American Women's FamilySearch Family History Library History Online Southern Utah University Special Farmworker Movement Collections & Digital Archives Documentation Project University of Utah Marriott Library Google News Archive Special Collections Huntington Library Collections Utah American Indian Digital Internet Archive Archives Library of Congress Utah Digital Newspapers National Archives & Records Utah Division of State History Administration Library & Collections Newspapers.com Utah Ski Archives Mountain West Digital Library Utah State Archives & Records Service Veterans History Project Utah State University Merrill-Cazier Western History Collection, Denver Library Public Library Utah Valley University George Sutherland Archives And many more! Weber State University Archives and Special Collections Westminster College Giovale Library

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 23 EXPLORING PRIMARY SOURCES IN UTAH

These archives have both digitized and physical resources. Check their websites to find out if they have primary sources about your topic. If they do, you may contact the archives for further assistance. Here are just a few of the topics they offer:

Brigham Young University: L. Tom Perry Special Utah State Archives & Records Collections Colorado River Mormon History Joe Hill Military History (WWII) Military History Utah History Governors of Utah Exploration of the Western United States Territorial Utah Government Photography of the Western United States Utah State University: Merrill-Cazier Library Dixie State University: Special Collections Utah Folklore Juanita Brooks Tourism in Utah WWII Correspondence Topaz Internment Camp Hurricane Canal Company Intermountain Indian School Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Irma Thomas Downwinder Collection Environmental Activism in Utah

Southern Utah University Library: Special Utah Valley University: George Sutherland Collections & Digital Archives Archives Paiute Indian Tribe of Utah Vietnam War Oral Histories William Sheakespeare Peace Activism In Utah Utah National Parks UVU And Utah Valley History Southern Utah History/Local History Deaf Athletics Historic Trails - Old Spanish Trail, Pony Express Organizations for the Deaf

University of Utah: Marriott Library Special Weber State University: Archives and Special Collections Collections Science Local Theater Oral Histories Defense Depot Ogden Women's Studies Immigrant Communities in Ogden Utah History Nursing Education in Ogden Literature Northern Utah Satellite Program Italian and German Prisoners of War Utah Division of State History: Library & Utah Construction Company Collections Utah labor history Westminster College: Giovale Library River exploration Nursing Education in Salt Lake City Early statehood Westminster Student Newspaper Utah transportation history Hannah Clair Haines, Utah’s first female CPA Utah women's history

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 24 PULL THE PLUG ON PLAGIARISM Play on Quizlet: https://quizlet.com/512502609/pull-the-plug-on-plagiarism-flash-cards/?x=1jqt

1. Citations show readers which words and ideas in my project were created by other people. True or False? 2. Plagiarism is: A: Creating my own images to use in my paper. B: Using someone else's words or ideas without giving them credit. C: Teachers care only that I turn in my paper on time, not that I plagiarize. D: Writing my project in my own words. 3. If I summarize someone else's ideas in my project, I must cite them in my bibliography. True or False? 4. I can use exact sentences from a source without placing quote marks around them. True or False? 5. I paste a website's text directly into my project without enclosing it in quotation marks. Plagiarism or Not Plagiarism? 6. It is my idea that I write. Plagiarism or Not Plagiarism? 7. When using information from a secondary source in my project it is better to: A: Paste long block quotes from the source into my project. B: Summarize the information in my own words. 8. Changing a few words in the author's text avoids plagiarism. True or False? 9. When quoting in my project, I should: A: Quote the whole two-page article. B: Make one word a synonym to avoid needing quote marks. C: Choose the most important 1-2 sentences to quote. D: Change a few words to avoid needing a citation. 10. I use quotation marks and a citation to avoid plagiarism when quoting another person. True or False? 11. This is plagiarism: "Rockwell was one of the territory's earliest lawmen..." (Schindler, 1). True or False? 12. When you take notes in your own words, you should still keep track of your sources. True or False? 13. Which of these are good ideas to avoid plagiarism? A: Do not cut and paste from the internet. B: Write your project in your own words. C: Record the citation info for each source in your bibliography. D: All of the above. 14. Internal citations accompany your bibliography. They can be: A: Footnotes: numbered citations that appear in the page footer. B: Endnotes: numbered citations that appear in a list at the end of your paper. C: Parenthetical: (author, page number) placed at the end of the sentence. D: Any of the above. 15. I can "pull the plug" on plagiarism by... A: Copying and pasting into my project. B: Stealing just half of the author's sentence. C: Using quote marks and citations when I use someone else's words. D: Putting information from Wikipedia in my project with no citation.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 25 NHD RESEARCH TRACKER

Complete one page for each source you find. Circle One: Primary Secondary Type: Article Book Website Image Video Audio Map Gov Doc Other: Author: Date: Title: Publisher: City: URL: Date you accessed:

For articles: Title of newspaper, magazine, journal, book, or website where you found it.

For primary sources you found in an archive: Title of the collection: Name of the archive: Notes/Quotes

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 26 ELECTRONIC CITATION MANAGERS

WHY NOODLETOOLS? • Free access through Utah’s Online Library! • Store citation information • Store notes and quotes • Generate your bibliography • Teachers can track, view, and comment on student progress • Preserve your research • 25-Minute Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6pNjVXUvlCw

MORE OPTIONS • BibMe • CitationMachine • EasyBib • EndNote • RefWorks • Write and Cite

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 27 THE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

• The Annotated Bibliography is how you show your work – what sources you used and where you found them. It gives the information necessary for others to look up your sources and verify your research.

• Citation Style: Choose from MLA (Modern Language Association) or Chicago Manual of Style. Use it consistently on all citations.

• Title: Annotated Bibliography

• Two Sections: List Primary Sources first, then Secondary Sources.

• Subdivide: Group types of sources within each section: Articles, Books, Interviews, Photos, Websites, other categories as needed.

• Alphabetize: List the sources alphabetically within each subsection.

• Annotations

o Each source should have an annotation.

o Annotations must explain how you used the source, how it helped you understand your topic.

o If a source could be considered both primary and secondary, list it one time only and use the annotation to explain why you have classified it.

o Bundle photos or other materials from the same collection in a single citation.

o The Annotated Bibliography is not included in the word count. • Track your sources as you go: Use a system to keep track of citation information as you do your research.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 28 SAMPLE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY MLA Style

• Imitate the way commas, periods, quote marks, colons, italics, brackets, etc. are used. • Format with a 0.5” hanging indent. Blank line between each citation. • Sort the citations alphabetically by author within each category. • Primary Sources should appear first. • You may choose to subdivide these sections into categories based on the type of source, as shown in the example here.

PRIMARY SOURCES

Articles James, Peter. “Fascinating Story Told of John M. Browning: Ogden Gun Wizard Inventor of Many Weapons.” The Ogden Standard Examiner, 17 Sept. 1922, p. 10.

This article is lengthy, discussing insights in to John Browning’s life in Ogden. The best information described the results of the testing of the BAR. The Washington D.C. testing location had high-ranking military leaders from many countries; all 300 people present agreeing that it was “the best machine gun in the world.”

Sadler, Jacob. “Browning a Maker of Guns Since Boyhood.” The Sun, 10 Feb. 1918, https://www.thesundc.com/browing-a-maker-of-guns-since-boyhood. Accessed 11 May 2019.

This newspaper article from the The Sun helped me understand Browning’s early knowledge of gun making and Browning’s presence in Europe; guns in Europe are called “Brownings.” I found it valuable to learn more about Browning’s influence internationally.

Images Author Unknown. Browning Bros., Ogden, Utah p.1. 1887. Utah State Historical Society Classified Photo Collection. https://collections.lib.utah.edu/details?id=439665&q=browning&fd=title.

This image depicts men holding weapons in front of a store with a sign reading “J.M. Browing & Bros.” While I am not sure if John Browning is actually present in the photo, the scene provides context about gunsmithing in Ogden and represents the success Browning found in manufacturing weapons in addition to retailing other goods. I used this photo in my exhibit.

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Letters Browning, John. Letter to Colts Patent Firearm Manufacturing Company. 18 February 1913. John M. Browning Firearms Museum Collections.

This letter describes an agreement between Browning and another company for royalties for a certain firearm model. I learned more about the relationship between Browning and the Ordnance Department of the U.S. Army and the letter provided insight about war manufacturing that helped to guide my research.

SECONDARY SOURCES

Books Chinn, George M. The Machine Gun, History, Evolution, and Development of Manual, Automatic, and Airborne Repeating Weapons. Boston, Paladin Press, 1951.

This is almost 700 pages of information about machine guns; one chapter is dedicated to John Browning. The source has a 1917 letter of appreciation from Newton Baker, Secretary of War, describing Browning’s contribution to the U.S. military, particularly the financial generosity during critical war times.

Videos Groberg, Lee. “American Gun Maker: The John M. Browning Story.” Youtube, uploaded by Scott Willis. 21 February 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9vXhtPdTGWY

This documentary encompasses John Browning’s background and contributions to gun technology. I was able to use the video’s discussion about Ogden’s position on the Overland Trail, and later on a major railway, to look into trade in the West. I also learned about how Browning’s invention differed from other types of firearms.

Websites Roberts, Richard. Browning Arms Company. Utah History Encyclopedia, https://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/b/BROWNING_ARMS_COMPANY.sh tml. Accessed 9 July 2019.

This website provided information about the John M. Browning’s patents and types of weapons, focusing on Browning’s business impact. The website listed the sales volume of Browning’s company, which helped to support my thesis statement.

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THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN

Analysis & Synthesis

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 31 ANALYZING SECONDARY SOURCES

You found a secondary source online, but should you use it? Put it to the CRAAP test.

Currency Is the source current? When was it written? Sources more than 30 years old may reflect outdated views.

Relevance Is the source relevant to your project? If it takes you on a tangent away from your main focus, set it aside.

Authority Who wrote it? Are they an expert on this topic? What makes them an expert? Are they a historian? A journalist? A scientist?

Accuracy Does the source provide accurate information? When you compare the facts presented in this source, do they agree or disagree with other sources? This should lead you back to the authority of the author.

Purpose What is the purpose of this source? What perspectives can you identify in this source? Does it account for different points of view? Does it reflect one point of view?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 32 ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES

Use the sample questions to help you analyze your primary sources. You may go back and forth between the columns as you study each source. Ask questions of your own as well!

OBSERVE QUESTION REFLECT What do you notice first? Who created this? What else was happening when Find something small but When and where was it created? this was made? interesting. Why was it created? Who was the audience for this item? What do you notice that you What was its purpose/goal? didn’t expect? What was the creator’s message? What does it tell us about that What do you notice that you can’t time & place? What was the creator’s explain? perspective? How is it different/the same as What do you notice that you other primary sources from that Why do you think this item is so didn’t earlier? time & place? important?

Adapted from: Library of Congress, Teacher’s Guide: Analyzing Primary Sources

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 33 MAKING A HISTORICAL ARGUMENT

An argument is different from an opinion, and more than a simple restatement of facts. It is a reasoned conclusion that is supported by the evidence (information from primary sources) you discovered during your research. Remember, as a historian you must consider all sides of the situation. If you found evidence that contradicts your argument, discuss it! If there is controversy or debate, explore it!

YOUR ARGUMENT

CLAIM Claim 1 Claim 2 Claim 3 Write three claims that support your argument.

Keep each claim short (1-2 sentences).

EVIDENCE Evidence Evidence Evidence Support each claim 1. 1. 1. with 3 or more facts from your research.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

PERSPECTIVES What perspective does each source represent?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 34 SHOWING CHANGE OVER TIME

Use these columns to outline change over time for your topic.

BEFORE DURING AFTER

Historical Context Significance Your Topic

Set the Stage What Changed?

Main Events Social Norms So What?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 35 MAIN EVENT SUMMARY

Use this tool to summarize the main events of your story.

WHEN? WHERE?

WHO WAS INVOLVED? WHAT HAPPENED?

WHY DID PEOPLE DO THIS?

HOW? PERSPECTIVES

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 36 HISTORICAL CONTEXT Sets the Stage

History doesn’t happen in a vacuum. Events, people, and ideas are indelibly shaped by the world around them – the political, social, intellectual, scientific, cultural, and economic realities of that time and place. Students need to show in their project how their topic fits within the historical context that surrounded it. Here are some ways to think about historical context:

Background Events – What were the events that led up to this topic? Example: How did the conclusion of World War II set the stage for the Cold War? How did the French and Indian War lay the foundation for the American Revolution?

Social Norms – What was the social environment like at the time? Example: Racism, segregation, and Jim Crow form the setting from which the Civil Rights Movement emerged. It’s also an important context for Jazz music, Jackie Robinson, and a host of other topics.

Intellectual Trends / Scientific Knowledge – How did experts understand this issue or question at the time? Example: What did scientists believe about disease transmission during the Flu Pandemic of 1918? How did Social Darwinism influence popular culture, or politics, during the early 20th Century?

Cultural Norms – What cultural beliefs were held by this community? Example: What behaviors were considered inappropriate for a man or a woman? What was the prevailing view of a woman’s aptitudes and role in this time and place? What was the prevailing view of a man’s aptitudes and role?

Political / Legal – What was happening in local, state, national, or international politics at the time? Example: How did state laws requiring literacy tests curtail Black peoples’ ability to vote?

Economics – How did the economy shape peoples’ lives, choices, and decisions? Example: The Great Depression, crop failures, resource shortages.

Other Contexts – Can you identify other contexts that are relevant to your topic? Example: What contexts can help us understand the reasons that Japanese American citizens were sent to incarceration camps in the U.S. during WWII?

In many cases, your topic will center on a creative response, reaction, or attempt to change the prevailing circumstances of the time. A good understanding of the historical context will help you see and describe change over time, and to identify short- and long-term change.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 37 HISTORICAL CONTEXT HELPER

Your project must show how your topic fits within the historical context that surrounded it. Circle one or more types of historical context that best fits your topic from the word bank. Write a summary of the context, then explain why it is relevant to your topic.

Background Events Social Norms Intellectual Trends Scientific Knowledge Cultural Norms Political / Legal Economic Other

Summary: ______

Why Relevant: ______

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 38 SIGNIFICANCE IN HISTORY You need to do more than just tell us what happened; you need to explain why your topic matters. What changed? What didn’t change? Why is this important in history?

SHORT-TERM CHANGES ______

LONG-TERM CHANGES ______

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 39 THESIS & THEME CONNECTION

A thesis expresses the historical argument of your NHD project in 2-3 sentences. In much the same way that an attorney presents evidence to support a case in court, your historical argument must be based on evidence. The evidence comes from the primary and secondary sources you discovered during your research. A strong History Day thesis: • Clearly identifies what your topic is • Sets your topic in time and/or place • Briefly summarizes your historical argument • Makes at least one meaningful theme connection

Use these prompts to begin building your thesis statement.

YOUR TOPIC: Boil down your topic into one sentence or phrase. ______

WHEN & WHERE: At a time when… ______

THEME CONNECTIONS: How do you see Communication and Understanding in your topic? ______

HISTORICAL ARGUMENT: This is your assessment of the evidence, not a repetition of facts. ______

Revise and strengthen your thesis as you find new information. A strong thesis evolves as you rethink what you’ve learned about your topic.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 40 THESIS EXAMPLES For the theme Revolution, Reaction, & Reform

At a time when Blacks in Mississippi were not allowed to vote, and Freedom Summer set the stage for revolutionary changes, Fannie Lou Hamer showed leadership by helping to found the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party in 1964 and giving a memorably passionate speech at the convention. Although there were early failures and it was an arduous journey, Hamer’s leadership helped result in the Civil Rights Act of 1965. Hamer’s leadership resulted in a legacy of voting and political empowerment for black Mississippians.

Beginning in 1517, Martin Luther sparked resistance against Roman Catholic religious practices, especially the sale of indulgences, corruption, and the emphasis on salvation through good works. Luther’s Reformation ignited a religious revolution, created a new sect of Christianity, and later brought change to the Roman Catholic Church.

Under the banner “Reform, Freedom, Law and Justice,” Emilio Zapata commanded revolutionary forces in southern Mexico to uplift agrarian peasants through land reform. Zapata’s role in the Mexican Revolution helped foster a new constitution in 1917. This was later used to redistribute property to the nation’s rural poor.

In response to the stock market crash of 1929, President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated a revolutionary “New Deal.” This government reaction brought reform to the U.S. banking system and helped get Americans back to work. Roosevelt’s goal of restoring economic stability would go unmet, however, until the country mobilized for war.

Following World War I, Adolph Hitler blamed Germany’s hardships on the country’s Jewish population, fostering a genocide later known as the Holocaust. International reaction to the atrocities of World War II led to a reform of the Geneva Convention in 1949 to include the protection of civilian persons in times of war. The Fourth Geneva Convention laid the groundwork for international humanitarian law and is used to regulate and enforce wartime crimes even today.

Beginning in 1944, Dr. Norman Borlaug conducted research surrounding disease-resistant wheat varieties. His successes in agricultural reform sparked the Green Revolution in several developing nations then struggling with starvation. Reaction to Borlaug’s work has been mixed as the farming practices have accomplished higher yields while also undermining small-scale farms and presenting negative environmental impacts.

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CREATING THE FINAL PROJECT

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 42 RULES AT A GLANCE

Be sure to read the NHD Rule Book for complete rules and guidelines!

Rules for ALL Students

Current Year Students must begin and complete their project during the current (Rule 1) contest year. Students may not build on a previous NHD project or reuse research from a previous year. Original Work Project must be the original work of the student. (Rule 4) Research, analysis, conclusions must be your own. Design and construction must be your own. Objects/components may not be created by others for the project. For example, hiring an artist, having a friend design your set, having a parent build your exhibit or set are not allowed. Plagiarism An entry can be disqualified for plagiarism. This means the entry is not (Rule 5) ranked and is not eligible to advance to a higher level. Reasonable Adult Teachers = guides, coaches Help Parents = chauffeurs, financiers, proofreaders, power tool operators. (Rule 10) Performance students may have parent help sewing costumes. Hazardous Materials Weapons of any kind (including replicas, toys, and models), chemicals, (Rule 13) plants, fog machines, or other hazardous materials are strictly prohibited.

For EXHIBIT & WEBSITE Students

What are “student-composed words” and “source credits”? Student-composed All text composed by the student, including: narrative, project title, words include: headers, subheads, captions, timelines created by the student, multimedia created by the student. Student-composed Quotes, source credits, historic documents/images, footnotes/endnotes, words do not include: annotated bibliography, process paper. Source credits: A source credit tells readers where you found an image or quote. It does not include the URL. It looks like this: (Rachel Carson, 1963, Library of Congress). Guidelines for DO use primary source quotes to present the historical evidence that quoting: informs your historical argument. DON’T use secondary source quotes to “get around” the word limit. Be selective. Quoting one or two powerful sentences is much more effective than copy-and-pasting the entire paragraph.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 43 SNAPSHOT: RULES FOR YOUR CATEGORY

This list is not complete. Check the NHD Rule Book for complete rules for your category!

EXHIBIT Dimensions 40” wide x 30” deep x 72” high, maximum Word Count 500 student-composed words, maximum Multimedia (optional) 2 minutes, maximum Source Credits Required beneath all images and quotes on the board. Also provide a complete citation of the source in your bibliography. Setup Students must set up their exhibit at the contest without adult help. Adults may help students carry materials into the building, and may help lift boards onto the table. WEBSITE Platform You must build your website on NHDWebCentral.org. No other website platforms are permitted in Utah contests. Word Count 1200 student-composed words, maximum Multimedia 3 minutes, maximum Source Credits Required beneath all images and quotes in the website. Also provide a complete citation of the source in your bibliography. Self-Contained All content must be fully embedded in your website. Links leading the viewer outside your website are not allowed. NHDWebCentral When you register for your local contest, you will be asked to enter your Site Key NHDWebCentral Site Key in our system. This allows the judges to view your website. PAPER Word Count 1500-2500 words in the body of your paper. This word count does not include footnotes/endnotes, annotated bibliography, appendices. Citations Footnotes or endnotes are preferred to cite the quoted and paraphrased material in your paper. You may choose from MLA or Chicago style to format your citations and bibliography. DOCUMENTARY Time Limit 10 minutes, maximum Equipment Students must record, edit, narrate, and operate video equipment without adult help. PERFORMANCE Time Limit 10 minutes, maximum. Time starts after students state their names and project title. Sets/Costumes/ Students must design, create, set up and operate sets and equipment Sound/Equipment without adult help. Adults may help students carry sets into the building.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 44 REQUIRED WRITTEN MATERIALS

Title Page

Your title page should include ONLY the following information: Title of Your Project

• Project title • Student name/s By Perry the Platypus, • Age division Karl the Intern, and Agent • Category Monogram • Word Counts

NO school or teacher information! Senior Division Group Exhibit Process Paper

• 500 words maximum Exhibit Word Count: 498 • Required for all categories (new!) Process Paper Word Count: 485

• Answer these questions: 1. How did you choose your topic and how does it relate to the theme? 2. How did you conduct your research? Group projects can explain the way they divided the work in this section. 3. How did you create your project? 4. What is your historical argument? 5. In what ways is your topic significant in history?

Bring to the Competition • Staple or clip the Title Page, Process Paper, and Annotated Bibliography together in that order. • No report covers, plastic sleeves, or fancy artwork please! • Website students do not need to bring hard copies to the contest. • Exhibit students should place 4 copies with their project. • Performance and Documentary students should bring 3 copies for the first round, and 3 additional copies if there is a final round in their category.

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 45 HISTORY DAY LEARNING TARGETS

Self Assessment Goal Target Need Help Mastered 1 I can identify communication and understanding in my topic. 2 I can explain the changes my topic caused. 3 I can explain the historical context surrounding my topic. 4 I can accurately cite the sources I’ve used for my research. 5 I know the difference between primary and secondary sources. 6 I can identify three claims to support my thesis (historical argument). 7 I can identify 3-5 pieces of evidence to support each claim. 8 I can explain why my topic is significant in history.

9 I have read the NHD Rule Book and understand the rules for my category. 10 I have read and understand the NHD judging criteria.

Student Self-Reflective Statement

Please reflect on your experience with this unit. Describe which goals you feel confident about and which ones you are still struggling with. Please identify which topics you enjoyed and which ones you did not.

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APPENDIX

More Tools for Emerging Historians

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 47 IN THEIR OWN WORDS Historic Quotes

Copy the quote exactly as it is written in the primary source. Answer the questions below to begin analyzing the quote.

Who said this? ______When did they say it? ______Where did they say it? ______Who was their audience? ______Why did they say it? ______What type of source is this? ______What does it tell you about this person/event/time/place? ______

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 48 QUESTIONS TO ASK ABOUT YOUR TOPIC

Essential Questions • When? • Where? • Who? (include multiple perspectives!) • What? • How? • Why?

Cause and Effect • What were the causes of past events? What were the effects? • Who or what made change happen? • Who supported change? • Who did not? • Which effects were intended? • Which effects were accidental? • How did events affect people’s lives, community, and the world?

Change and Continuity • What has changed? What has remained the same? • Who benefited from this change? Why? • Who did not benefit from it? Why?

Turning Points • How did past decisions or actions affect future choices? • How did decisions or actions narrow or eliminate choices for people? • How did decisions or actions significantly transform people’s lives?

Informing the Present • How does this event help us make sense of the present? • How is the past similar to the present? • How is the past different from the present?

Through Their Eyes • How did people in the past view their world? • How did their worldview affect their choices and actions? • What values, skills, and forms of knowledge did people need to survive and succeed?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 49 HISTORICAL THINKING SKILLS By Stanford History Education Group

Sourcing •Who wrote this? •What is the author’s perspective? •When was it written / created? •Where was it written / created? •Why was it written / created? •Is it reliable or credible? Why or why not?

Corroborate Context •What do other sources about this event/issue say? •When and where was it written / created? •Do the sources agree? •What was different / the same then? •Do the sources conflict? •How might the circumstances in which the •What perspectives does each source reflect? document was created affect its content? •What sources are most reliable? Why?

Close Reading •What claims does the author / creator make? •What evidence does the author / creator use? •What language (words, phrases, symbols, images) does the author use to persuade the audience? •How does language indicate the author / creator’s perspective?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 50 HISTORICAL THINKING TEMPLATE By Stanford History Education Group You can analyze your primary and secondary sources using these prompts.

Sourcing Question the Source • Who wrote this? • What is the author’s perspective? • When was it created? • Where was it created? • Why was it created? • Is it credible? Why or why not?

Contextualization Place it in Historical Context • When and where was it created? • What was different / the same then? • How might the circumstances in which the document was created affect its content?

Close Reading Examine the Message • What claims does the author / creator make? • What evidence does the author / creator use? • What language (words, phrases, symbols, images) does the author use to persuade the audience? • How does language indicate the author / creator’s perspective?

Corroboration Compare & Contrast with Other Sources • What do other sources about this event/issue say? • Do the sources agree? • Do the sources conflict? • What perspectives does each source reflect? • What sources are most reliable? Why?

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 51 QUESTIONS FOR PRIMARY SOURCES

Document Analysis 1. What type of document is it? Newspaper, letter, memorandum, telegram, press release, report, advertisement, congressional record, government report, other. 2. When was it written? Is it a primary or secondary source? 3. Who created the document? Name, position, organization. 4. For whom was the document written/created? 5. Why was the document written/created? Cite the evidence by quoting from the document. 6. What unique physical qualities are present? Letterhead, seals, notations, typed, handwritten, other. 7. List and discuss three or four things the author said that you think are important. 8. Are there questions left unanswered by the document? What would you ask the author if you had the chance? 9. How will you use this document as part of your History Day project?

Image Analysis 1. When was the image made? Is it a primary or secondary source? 2. Who created the image and why? 3. Study the image for an overall impression and examine small details. Discuss the people, objects, and activities in the image. 4. Based on what you have observed, discuss three or four things you can learn about this time/place/event from the image. 5. Are there questions left unanswered by the image? What would you ask the artist/photographer if you had the chance? 6. How will you use this image as part of your History Day project?

Map Analysis 1. What type of map is it? Political, topographic, weather, military, satellite photo, natural resource, other 2. What qualities are present in the map? Date, scale, title, legend, notations, mapmaker’s name, etc. 3. What is the date of the map? Why is it a primary source? 4. Where was the map produced? 5. What information does the map convey? Why is that information important? 6. Why do you think the map was drawn? What evidence do you have? 7. How does the information in this map support or contradict the information that you have already read about the event? Explain. 8. What information is left unanswered by the map? What would you ask the mapmaker if you had the chance? 9. How will you use this map as part of your History Day project?

Adapted from: NHD Teacher Resources, Middle School Level

NHD Utah 2020-21 Page | 52 STRENGTHEN YOUR THESIS STATEMENT THROUGH FOCUS

Focus the language of your argument with precise words. Filter out the rest.

Omit the clutter. What is currently in your thesis that you don’t actually prove?

Connect very CLEARLY to another historical event or make an insightful connection to the modern context.

Understand at a deeper level, the different ways your topic connects to the theme ideas.

Superior analysis of the THEME is required; show your sophisticated understanding through your thesis.

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