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114902270.23.Pdf A6sT."n.i°l ^ <U^r -itrA. i<lX. - L A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS BY J. LOGIE ROBERTSON, M.A. FIRST ENGLISH MASTER, EDINBURGH LADIES1 COLLEGE NEW YORK HARPER & BROTHERS PUBLISHERS 1894 Copyright, 1894, by Harper & Brothers. All rights reserved. p D>P Oj. S20*5?’FEQ- B \ 19 76/^ PREFACE This book has been written, in the first instance, to meet the requirements of my own classes in their prep- aration for the Leaving Certificate, the University Lo- cal, and other Public Examinations. I have good reason, however, for believing that the want of a new text-book of Literature is pretty generally felt, and in that belief the book is published for the use of secondary schools and private students. It embodies the practical expe- rience of nearly twenty years’ teaching of the subject with which it deals. The book is a brief review of English Literature throughout its entire extent, from 449 to 1894. This long stretch of history is taken in six convenient periods, and a survey is made of each period, first in its political, and secondly in its literary aspect. A classification of the leading authors of the period is then made, and is followed by biographical and critical sketches, contain- ing the most recent results in fact and fair criticism. In treating of the poets I have made it a special feature of the book to give specimens from their work at once characteristic of their style and illustrative of their gen- ius. Notice is taken of most, if not all, of the minor authors of established reputation ; and each period is closed with pretty full chronological lists of the various authors belonging to it, and the more important works which they produced. While mostly meant for pur- PREFACE poses of reference, these lists will also serve to show the nature and extent of the literary wealth of each succes- sive period. By an arrangement of type the book is adapted for various courses of study. It will probably be enough for beginners to keep to the larger type, and it may even be advisable for the teacher to restrict their studies to a selection of the more important authors. In a book of this kind, involving the record of thou- sands of facts, it is impossible that perfect accuracy can at once, if at last, be attained. It is as accurate, so far as it goes, as I have been able by a considerable amount of reading and study to make it. I shall be thankful to receive notes of correction, and any suggestions that I may be favored with will be carefully considered. In its preparation I have necessarily been indebted to many writers. Where my obligations are so manifold and various, it would be invidious to particularize them; but I cannot avoid expressing my indebtedness, direct or indirect, to the professorial teaching and published work of Professor Masson, of Edinburgh. Whatever of merit the book contains is largely due to him; the faults are my own. American Literature being an important branch of English Literature, I have attempted some notice, how- ever inadequate, of its producers and their work ; and in dealing with living authors, American or British, while endeavoring to omit no name of conspicuous note or promise, I am conscious of the tentative character of my selection. This part of my task, I feel, must be sup- plemented by the intelligent teacher. J. L. R. CONTENTS The Anglo-Saxon Period, 449-1066 3 From the Norman Conquest to the Death of Chaucer, 1066-1400 20 From the Death of Chaucer to the Appearance of Spenser, 1400-1580 42 From the Middle of the Reign of Elizabeth to the Restoration, 1580-1660 81 From the Restoration to the French Revolution, 1660-1789 138 From the French Revolution to the Present Time, 1789-1894 260 Index of Principal Authors 391 A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE Literature is the artistic expression in words of what is thought, felt, remembered, or imagined. It deals primarily and mainly with poetry, history, and science or philosophy—a division of its subject-matter which corresponds with the three great powers or atti- tudes of the mind—imagination, memory, and reason. Books, whether in prose or verse, are its outward and familiar aspect; and an account of the contents, style, and authorship of the books of a nation may be re- garded as a history of the literature of that nation. The history of English literature begins with the arrival of the English in England in the middle of the fifth century, and continues almost uninterruptedly through more than fourteen centuries down to the pres- ent time. It is a remarkably brilliant record, quite capable of standing comparison with the history of the literature, however valuable, of any country of ancient or modern times. It has been marked by periods of unusually rich and varied development, and periods of rest and even apparent relapse ; but, on the whole, it has been a stream of steady power and progression, and A HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE still gives promise of unabated activity and growth. Specially grand results were attained towards the close of the sixteenth century and in the earlier half of the seventeenth, in the age of Spenser, Shakespeare, Bacon, and Milton ; and again towards the end of the eigh- teenth century and at the commencement of the nine- teenth, in the age of Gibbon, Wordsworth, Scott, and Byron. English literature has been extremely sensitive to the influences of political and social circumstances, and has been besides powerfully modified by international re- lationships, and by such achievements of human en- terprise and skill as the invention of printing and the discovery of America. It reflects the character of the people as affected by permanent geographical and his- torical conditions—the conditions of scenery, climate, occupations, and mode of life, and the effects of wars, whether foreign, colonial, or domestic. It further re- flects those fleeting phases of the national character which have now and again been produced by the tran- sient influences of party, social and religious, and the changing mannerisms of fashionable life. The history of English literature may conveniently be divided into six periods : 1. From 449 to 1066. 2. From 1066 to 1400. 3. From 1400 to 1580. 4. From 1580 to 1660. 5. From 1660 to l^SO. 6. From 1789 to the present time. 449-1066 THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD The Anglo-Saxons were the progenitors of the English nation. After their settlement in Britain they called them- selves English, and the country they lived in England. They came from their original home in that part of the lowlands of Germany which stretches across the isthmus of Old Den- mark from the Elbe mouth to the Baltic shore. They were a strong, daring, and masterful race of people, consisting of various tribes—Jutes, Angles, and Saxons, but all using the same Low German tongue, with dialectic differences. Though a home-loving people, they were habituated to strife both on land and sea, and even during the Roman occupation had made marauding descents upon Britain, and indeed seem to have planted a colony there to which Roman writers refer as the Saxon coast. After the Romans left, the British Celts, unable to repress a great irruption of the Gaels, also a Celtic people, whom the Romans had walled within the northern parts of the island, invited the co-operation of the Saxons to drive them back. The invi- tation was accepted, and the arrival of a powerful horde of Anglo-Saxons in 449 marks the commencement of English history. “Deep-blooming, strong, TheyAnd yellow-hair’d,came, implored, the but blue-eyed came with Saxons other came: aim Than to protect.” They came to settle; and invited in their turn their kinsmen of low Germany to aid them in securing and extending the settlements they at once began to make. They slew, or enslaved, or drove westward across the island the Britons THE FIRST PERIOD, 449-1066 who had invited them, and whom they had the effrontery to call Welsh—that is, foreigners; and by the end of the sixth century had established themselves in the fairest parts of the south, centre, and east, from the Channel to the Firth of Forth. The lands thus appropriated they apportioned among themselves, and set up a confusion of rival states, bearing various names, from which, by-and-by, emerged the three leading kingdoms of Northumbria, Mercia, and Wessex. A struggle for mastery ended in the supremacy of Wessex. Then began the Danish inroads and settle- ment, and afterwards came the great Norman invasion. The Saxons were pagans when they came, and continued their pagan-worship of Woden and Thor for a century and a half after their coming. But they were neither without letters nor a literature, though they had hardly yet begun to commit their literature to the custody of letters. Their system of writing was by runes; it was by no means in common use, and there is no evidence that they employed it on paper or parchment. Christianity, which came to them from both north and south, from the Celtic Culdee mission- aries and the Romish mission of Augustine, gave them, with other blessings, a knowledge of Roman characters and the art of literary writing. It was after they were Christian- ized that the traditional poems and poetic fragments which they brought in memory with them from the homeland in low Germany were first intrusted to the security of manu- script.
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