Digital Communication Systems ECS 452

Asst. Prof. Dr. Prapun Suksompong (ผศ.ดร.ประพันธ ์ สขสมปองุ ) [email protected] 1. Intro to Digital Communication Systems Office Hours: BKD, 6th floor of Sirindhralai building Monday 10:00-10:40 Tuesday 12:00-12:40

1 Thursday 14:20-15:30 “The fundamental problem of communication is that of reproducing at one point either exactly or approximately a message selected at another point.”

Shannon, Claude. A Mathematical Theory Of Communication. (1948)

2 Shannon: Father of the Info. Age

 Documentary  Co-produced by the Jacobs School, UCSD-TV, and the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology  Won a Gold award in the Biography category in the 2002 Aurora Awards.

3 [http://www.uctv.tv/shows/Claude-Shannon-Father-of-the-Information-Age-6090] [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2Whj_nL-x8] C. E. Shannon (1916-2001)  1938 MIT master's thesis: A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits  Insight: The binary nature of Boolean logic was analogous to the ones and zeros used by digital circuits.  The thesis became the foundation of practical digital circuit design.  The first known use of the term bit to refer to a “binary digit.”  Possibly the most important, and also the most famous, master’s thesis of the century.  It was simple, elegant, and important.

4 C. E. Shannon: Master Thesis

5 Boole/Shannon Celebration  Events in 2015 and 2016 centered around the work of  George Boole, who was born 200 years ago, and  Claude E. Shannon, born 100 years ago.  Events were scheduled both at  the University College Cork (UCC), Ireland and  the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)

 6 http://www.rle.mit.edu/booleshannon/ An Interesting Book  The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Created the Information Age  by Paul J. Nahin  ISBN: 9780691151007  http://press.princeton.edu/titles/ 9819.html

7 C. E. Shannon (Con’t)  1948: A Mathematical Theory of Communication  Bell System Technical Journal, vol. 27, pp. 379-423, July- October, 1948.  September 1949: Book published. Include a new section by Warren Weaver that applied Shannon's theory to  Invent : human communication. Simultaneously founded the subject, introduced all of the  Create the architecture and major concepts, and stated and concepts governing digital proved all the fundamental communication. theorems. 8 A Mathematical Theory of Communication  Link posted in the “references” section of the website.

9 [An offprint from the Bell System Technical Journal] C. E. Shannon

10 …with some remarks by . Claude E. Shannon Award

Claude E. Shannon (1972) Elwyn R. Berlekamp (1993) Sergio Verdu (2007) David S. Slepian (1974) Aaron D. Wyner (1994) Robert M. Gray (2008) Robert M. Fano (1976) G. David Forney, Jr. (1995) (2009) (1977) Imre Csiszár (1996) (2010) Mark S. Pinsker (1978) (1997) (Shitz) (2011) (1979) Neil J. A. Sloane (1998) (2012) W. Wesley Peterson (1981) (1999) (2013) Irving S. Reed (1982) (2000) János Körner (2014) Robert G. Gallager (1983) Jack KeilWolf (2001) Arthur (2015) Solomon W. Golomb (1985) Toby Berger (2002) Alexander S. Holevo (2016) (2017) William L. Root (1986) Lloyd R. Welch (2003) James L. Massey (1988) Robert J. McEliece (2004) Thomas M. Cover (1990) (2005) Andrew J. Viterbi (1991) (2006)

11 [ http://www.itsoc.org/honors/claude-e-shannon-award ] [http://www.ieee.org/documents/hamming_rl.pdf] IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal 1988 - Richard W. Hamming 2006 -Vladimir I. Levenshtein 1989 - Irving S. Reed 2007 - 1990 - Dennis M. Ritchie and Kenneth L. Thompson 2008 - Sergio Verdú 1991 - Elwyn R. Berlekamp 2009 - Peter Franaszek 1992 - Lotfi A. Zadeh 2010 -, 1993 - Jorma J. Rissanen , 1994 - and 1995 - Jacob Ziv 2011 -Toby Berger 1996 - Mark S. Pinsker 2012 - , Amin Shokrollahi 1997 -Thomas M. Cover 2013 - Arthur Robert Calderbank 1998 - David D. Clark 2014 -Thomas Richardson 1999 - David A. Huffman and Rüdiger L. Urbanke 2000 - Solomon W. Golomb 2015 - Imre Csiszar 2001 - A. G. Fraser 2016 - Abbas El Gamal 2002 - Peter Elias 2017 - Shlomo Shamai 2003 - and 2018 - Erdal Arikan 2004 - Jack K. Wolf 2005 - Neil J.A. Sloane “For contributions to Information Theory, including 12 source coding and its applications.” [http://www.cvaieee.org/html/toby_berger.html] Information Theory The science of information theory tackles the following questions [Berger] 1. What is information, i.e., how do we measure it quantitatively? 2. What factors limit the reliability with which information generated at one point can be reproduced at another, and what are the resulting limits? 3. How should communication systems be designed in order to achieve or at least to approach these limits?

13 Elements of communication sys. (ECS 332)

Analog (continuous) Digital (discrete) Transmitted Received Message Message Signal Signal Information Transmitter Channel Receiver Destination Source Modulation Amplification Coding Demodulation Decoding Noise, Filtering Interference, Distortion + Transmission loss (attenuation)

[Shannon, 1948] 14 The Switch to Digital TV

Japan: Starting July 24, 2011, the analog broadcast has ceased and only digital broadcast is available. US: Since June 12, 2009, full- power television stations nationwide have been broadcasting exclusively in a digital format. Thailand: Use DVB-T2. Launched in 2014.

15 [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Digital_broadcast_standards.svg/800px-Digital_broadcast_standards.svg.png] News: The Switch to Digital Radio  Norway (the mountainous nation of 5 million) is the first country to shut down its national FM radio network in favor of digital radio.  Start on January 11, 2017  At which point, 99.5% of the population has access to DAB reception with almost three million receivers sold.  70% of Norwegian households regularly tune in digitally  Take place over a 12-month period, conducting changes region by region.  December 13, 2017: All national networks are DAB-only.  Local broadcasters have five years to phase out their FM stations.  New format: Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

http://gizmodo.com/norway-is-killing-fm-radio-tomorrow-1791019824 http://www.worlddab.org/country-information/norway http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/norway-killed-radio-star-180961761/ http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-norway-radio-20170114-story.html 16 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2117569-norway-is-first-country-to-turn-off-fm-radio-and-go-digital-only/ http://fortune.com/2017/12/18/norway-fm-radio-digital-audio-broadcasting/ Digital Audio Broadcasting  Initiated as a European research project in the 1980s.  The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) launched the first DAB channel in the world on 1 June 1995 (NRK Klassisk)  The BBC and Swedish Radio (SR) launched their first DAB digital radio broadcasts in September 1995.  Audio quality varies depending on the bitrate used.

17 The Switch to DAB in Norway  Co-exist with FM since 1995.  Provide a clearer and more reliable network that can better cut through the country's sparsely populated rocky terrain.  FM has always been problematic in Norway since the nation’s mountains and fjords makes getting clear FM signals difficult.  Offer more channels at a fraction of the cost.  Allow 8 times as many radio stations  Norway currently has five national FM radio stations.  With DAB, it will be able to have around 40.  The FM radio infrastructure was coming to the end of its life,  Need to either replace it or fully commit to DAB anyway  Can run at lower power levels  the infrastructure electricity bills are lower 18 The Switch to Digital Radio  Switzerland and Denmark are also interested in phasing out FM  Great Britain says it will look at making the switch  once 50 percent of listeners use digital formats  currently at 35 percent  Unlikely to happen before 2020.  and when the DAB signal reaches 90 percent of the population.  Germany had set a 2015 date for dumping FM many years ago, but lawmakers reversed that decision in 2011.  In North America,  FM radio, which has been active since the 1940s, shows no sign of being replaced any time soon, either in the United States or Canada.  There are around 4,000 stations using HD radio technology in the United States, and HD radio receivers are now common fixtures in new cars.  In Thailand, NBTC planed to start digital radio trial within 2018.

http://thaidigitalradio.com/ความคบหนื ้าล่าสดุ -วิทยุ/

19 [ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio

 Selected by the U.S. FCC in 2002 as a digital audio broadcasting method for the United States.  Embed digital signal “on-frequency” immediately above and below a station’s standard analog signal  Provide the means to listen to the same program in either HD ] (digital radio with less noise) or as a standard broadcast (analog radio with standard sound quality).

Spectrum of FM broadcast station

20 without HD Radio with HD Radio Countries using DAB/DMB

21 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting 2017 hurricane season in the US

22 http://edition.cnn.com/2017/10/10/weather/hurricane-nate-maria-irma-harvey-impact-look-back-trnd/index.html https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/9/28/16362522/hurricane-maria-2017-irma-harvey-rain-flooding-climate-change Radio broadcasts are critical during a disaster  In areas hit hardest by things like hurricanes, earthquakes, fires, or even shootings:  Vulnerabilities of mobile phone infrastructure  Cell phone infrastructure is often knocked out.  Overwhelmed from everyone trying to access information.  Three weeks after Hurricane Maria pummeled Puerto Rico, more than 76 percent of cell sites still aren’t functioning.  Radio broadcast signals, which use low frequencies and can travel much further distances and penetrate through obstacles, usually remain up.

23 FM capability in modern cellphone  FM capability is baked into the Qualcomm LTE modem inside nearly every cellphone.  You can easily turn your phone into an FM radio if it has an embedded chipset and the proper circuitry to connect that chip to an FM antenna.  Need  an app like NextRadio  something to act as an antenna, such as headphones or nonwireless speakers.  Until a few years ago, device manufacturers disabled the function.  Wireless carriers wanted customers to stream music and podcasts, and consume more data.  Broadcasters and public safety officials have long urged handset manufacturers and wireless carriers to universally activate the FM chip.  ITU (International Telecommunications Union) issued an opinion in March 2017 urging all mobile phone makers to include and turn on FM radios on their devices.  Major US carriers now allow FM chips to be turned on. Manufacturers like Samsung, LG, HTC and Motorola have activated FM radio on their phones.  September 28, 2017: FCC blasted Apple for not activating FM receivers built into iPhones. Apple responded that iPhone 7 and iPhone 8, and iPhone X don’t use a chipset with an embedded FM radio.

https://www.cnet.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-fm-radio-on-your-phone/ 24 https://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/consumer-electronics/gadgets/fcc-wants-apple-to-turn-on-iphone-fm-receivers-that-may-not-exist https://www.wired.com/2016/07/phones-fm-chips-radio-smartphone/ Pokémon Communications

25 Pikachu's language

 Some of Pikachu's speech is consistent enough that it seems that some phrases actually mean something.  Pikachu always uses "Pikapi" when referring to Ash (notice that it sounds somewhat similar to "Satoshi").  Pi-Kachu: He says this during the sponsor spots in the original Japanese, Pochama (Piplup)  Pikachu-Pi: Kasumi (Misty)  Pika-Chu: Takeshi (Brock), Kibago (Axew)  Pikaka: Hikari (Dawn)  PiPiPi: Togepy (Togepi)  PikakaPika: Fushigidane (Bulbasaur)  PikaPika: Zenigame (Squirtle), Mukuhawk (Staraptor), Goukazaru (Infernape) or Gamagaru (Palpitoad)  PiPi-kachu: Rocket-dan (Team Rocket)  Pi-Pikachu: Get da ze! (He says this after Ash wins a Badge, catches a new Pokémon or anything similar.)  Pikachu may not be the only one to use this phrase, as other Pokémon do this as well. For example, when Iris caught Emolga, Axew said Ax-Axew (Ki-Kibago in the Japanese).  Pika-Pikachu: He says this when referring to himself.  Four-symbol variable-length code?

26 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XumQrRkGXck] Rate-Distortion Theory  The theory of lossy source coding

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