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Republique Algerienne Democratique Et Populaire Ministere De L’Enseignement Superieur Et De La Recherche Scientifique REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE D’ORAN FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale THESE Présentée par : BELHAOUARI Benkhedda En vue de l’obtention du diplôme de : DOCTORAT Spécialité : SCIENCES DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT Etude écotoxicologique chez un Gastéropode marin, Osilinus turbinatus (Born, 1780) dans le littoral algérien occidental. Commission du jury composée de : PRESIDENT : O. KHEROUA Professeur, Université d’Oran DIRECTEUR DE THESE : Z. BOUTIBA Professeur, Université d’Oran EXAMINATEUR : A.E.K. AOUES Professeur, Université d’Oran EXAMINATEUR : M. HADJEL Professeur, Mohamed Boudiaf Oran EXAMINATEUR : A. KERFOUF Maître de conférences A, Université de Sidi Bel Abbes EXAMINATEUR : K. MEZALI Maître de conférences A, Université de Mostaganem Année académique 2011/2012 REMERCIMENTS La personne à qui je dois le plus est mon Directeur de thèse Monsieur le Professeur Z.BOUTIBA, Responsable du Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale (LRSE), Université d’Oran. Je le remercie pour l’intérêt porté à mon travail, pour son excellente pédagogie et pour sa confiance qui m’a permis d’acquérir l’autonomie nécessaire pour arriver à ce stade. Je le remercie pour ses qualités humaines plus que toute autre chose. Je lui dois presque tout sur le plan scientifique et beaucoup sur le plan humain. C’est un grand honneur que me fait le Professeur O. KHEROUA Directeur du Laboratoire de Physiologie et Sécurité Alimentaire, Université d’Oran en acceptant la présidence du jury. Je le remercie vivement. Je suis très reconnaissant envers le Professeur A.E.K. AOUES Directeur du Laboratoire de Biotoxicologie Expérimentale, de Biodépollution et de Phytoremédiation d’avoir accepté de nous honorer par sa participation au jury de cette thèse. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratitude au Professeur M. HADJEL Responsable de projet de recherche …..USTO-MB qui a accepté de juger ce travail Je suis particulièrement reconnaissante au Docteur S.M. KERFOUF Responsable de la Post- graduation Biodiversité et onservation des zones humides, Université de Sidi Bel Abbes, pour avoir bien voulu participer au jury de ce travail. J’exprime ma sincère gratitude au Docteur K. MEZALI Responsable de la Post graduation Ecosystème côtier marin et réponse au stress, Université de Mosataganem Je vous remercie d’avoir accepté de juger ce travail. Merci aux membres du LRSE qui m’ont apporté -chacun à leur manière- leurs conseils et leur soutien. Je remercier particulièrement mon ami O. ROUANE-HACENE, chercheur au LRSE qui m’a accompagné dans cette merveilleuse aventure. J’espère que nous entamerons d’autres et que nous en sortirons toujours vainqueurs. Je remercie du fond du cœur mes anciens collègues au laboratoire d’analyses biochimiques du secteur sanitaire Les amandiers. Les deux années que j’ai passées avec eux (2004-2005) m’ont beaucoup servi pour la réalisation de cette thèse. Mes remerciements s’adressent aussi au Docteur W. SANCHEZ (INERIS), Docteur B. LEBLANC (Université de Sherbrooke) et Docteur A. BELGUERMI (Université Paris 10) pour leurs aides inestimables qui m’a permis d’accomplir ce travail de recherche. Enfin, mes plus humbles remerciements vont pour ma famille et bien sûr mes parents pour tout ce qu’ils ont fait pour moi, depuis toujours. RESUME Le but de cette thèse est l’évaluation des potentialités d’un Mollusque Gastéropode Osilinus turbinatus en tant qu’espèce sentinelle utilisable pour la surveillance de la pollution métallique du milieu marin. Pour atteindre cette objectif, trois travaux ont été réalisés : (i) étude de l’écologie de l’espèce ; (ii) étude de la bioaccumulation des métaux chez l’espèce ; (iii) étude de biomarqueurs en exposition contrôlée. La densité de l’espèce a été estimée dans trois sites d’échantillonnage choisis selon un gradient de pollution croissant sur la partie ouest du littoral algérien : Cueva d’El Awa 1 (S1), Cueva d’El Awa 2 (S2), Ain Defla (S3). Les résultats ont révélé que l’espèce est moins présente dans le site le plus pollué S1 (3,4 in/m²) et plus abondante dans le site le moins pollué S3 (9,06 in/m²). L’étude des différents modes d’association de l’espèce avec la faune associée a montré que O. turbinatus fait partie d’un réseau trophique complexe composé de plusieurs chaînes alimentaires. L’analyse de la bioaccumulation des éléments métalliques (Cd, Zn et Cu) chez O. turbinatus durant deux saisons été et hiver (2010) dans les trois sites d’étude a révélé une variation saisonnière significative des degrés de contamination. Sur les trois sites, les valeurs les plus élevées ont été enregistrées en saison hivernale. Durant les deux saisons, l’Indice de Condition (I.C.) de l’espèce a été évalué. Les valeurs les plus élevées ont été enregistrées en hiver. La bioaccumulation de la pollution métallique a été corrélée avec l’I.C. de l’espèce. Des individus de O. turbinatus ont été exposés à des concentrations différentes de sulfates métalliques (CdSO4, ZnSO4 et CuSO4) dans des conditions contrôlées au laboratoire. Suite à cette exposition, nous avons mesuré les changements des activités catalase (CAT) et glutathions-S-transférase (GST). La contamination par les sulfates métalliques n’a provoqué aucune augmentation significative de l’activité glutathion-S-transferase. En revanche, l’activité catalase a sensiblement augmenté chez les individus contaminés par ces polluants. Mots clefs: pollution marine, métaux lourds, Osilinus turbinatus, biosurveillance marine, biomarqueurs, catalase, glutathions-S-transférase, littoral algérien. ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of a gastropod mollusc Osilinus turbinatus as sentinel species used for monitoring metal pollution of the marine environment. To achieve this objective, we performed three works: (i) study of the ecology of the species, (ii) study the bioaccumulation of metals in the species, (iii) study of biomarkers controlled exposure. The density of the species was estimated in three sampling sites selected along a gradient of increasing pollution on the western coast of Algeria: Cueva d’El Awa 1 (S1), Cueva d’El Awa 2 (S2), Ain Defla (S3). The results revealed that the species is less present in the most polluted site S1 (3.4 in / m²) and more abundant in the less polluted site S3 (9.06 in / m²). The study of different modes of association of the species associated with wildlife showed that O. turbinatus is part of a complex food web is several food chains. We analyzed thebioaccumulation of metallic elements (Cd, Zn and Cu) at O. turbinatus during summer and winter (2010) in three sites chosen according to a different gradient of pollution along the Oran coast (Western Algeria). The results show a significant seasonal variation of the degrees of contamination. Within the three sites, the highest values were registered in wintry season. During both seasons, the condition index of the species was measured. The highest values were in winter. The bio‐accumulation of metallic pollution was correlatedwith the condition index of the species. We have determined the lethal concentrations LC50 at O. turbinatus during 96 h of exposure in CdSO4, ZnSO4 and CuSO4 in natural conditions reproduced in the laboratory to determine the limits values to meet in the discharges of wastewater. The results show that CuSO4 was the most toxic followed CdSO4 and ZnSO4. The resulting study of biomarkers have revealed the following results: in contrast to the GST activity that does not respond to metal pollution in O. turbinatus, CAT activity is a biomarker of metal pollution in the species. Keywords: marine pollution, heavy metal, Osilinus turbinatus, bio-monitoring, biomarkers, catalase, glutathions-S-transférase, Algerian coast. ــ اض ه ا ه إ ات Osilinus turbinatus "! ث ا ا '/.دن +& ا*() ا'& ا%$ا#ي و3! إ7ر 454 ا23 1 0 أس * ا7 ث +& ا*() ا>;ي : وهان : Cueva d’El Awa 1 (S1), Cueva d’El Awa 2 (S2), Ain Defla (S3). (*ب آ@+ اC+اد أBت أن اان أآ@ آ@+ +& ا/23 ا ث * 9.0IE +& ا/7 '2) وأ3) آ@+ +& ا /23 اCآ@ 3.4E 4 +& ا/7 '2). ا7) ا/# أBت أن * آ$ ا/.دن +& N* اان M. +& +>) ا7Sء وPM;Q +& +>) ا> وها +& آ) ا/ا23 اB7 /O &7 ه ا!را. آ$ ا/.دن +& N* اان آن أآ@ إر1M +& ا/ا23 اCآ@ 4. دراSQ Q7ط إ$/ N ن أس ا*Mاز GST وآ57ز CAT +& ا/; أBت Q أن إرMع W. CAT إN' إ%' 7 ث ا/7M.) '/.دن GST W1. ا /ت اB: ا7 ث اي – ا/.دن ا@ – Osilinus turbinatus – ا"! اN& – ا/OXات ا – N ن أس ا*Mاز – آ57ز. SOMMAIRE INTRODUCTION 01 PARTIE I : POLLUTION ET PROTECTION DU MILIEU AQUATIQUE I- Règlementation algérienne relative à la protection de l'environnement 04 1- Historique 04 2- Termes élémentaires 05 3- Principales lois en vigueur relatives à la protection de l’environnement 05 4- Conventions internationales 06 5- Organismes chargés de la concrétisation de la stratégie nationale pour l’environnement 07 II- Impact économique des problèmes environnementaux en Algérie 08 1- Coût de la dégradation de l’environnement 08 2- Coût de remplacement 10 III- Pollution marine 11 1- Définition de la pollution marine 11 2- Classification des polluants 11 3- Origine des polluants 12 3-1- Origine continentale 12 3-2- Origine marine 12 4- Processus d'arrivée des polluants dans le milieu marin 13 5- Pollution accidentelle et chronique 14 6- Biodisponibilité des polluants 14 7- Dégradation et biodégradation 14 8- Mode de pénétration des polluants 15 9- Bioaccumulation et bioamplification 15 10- Toxicités aiguë et chronique 16 11- Elimination des polluants 17 IV- Pollution marine par les
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