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Sandell2020.Pdf (2.860Mb) This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Muslim Men in the Imagination of the Medieval West, c. 1000 – c. 1250 Malin Sandell PhD History The University of Edinburgh 2018 1 Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. 4 List of Illustrations .................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction. The Saracen Man in the Present and the Past ................................................. 8 The Present .......................................................................................................................... 8 Historiography .................................................................................................................... 10 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 1. Writing about Saracen Men: Chronicles and their Contexts ............................ 36 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 36 Iberia .................................................................................................................................. 37 The Kingdom of Sicily ......................................................................................................... 47 The Holy Land ..................................................................................................................... 62 France and Germany .......................................................................................................... 68 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 2. Saracens, Pagans and Moabites ........................................................................ 79 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 79 Religious Terms .................................................................................................................. 81 Derogatory Terms .............................................................................................................. 91 Ethnic Terms .................................................................................................................... 102 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 111 Chapter 3. Saracens as Enemies: Expressions of Masculinity .......................................... 113 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 113 Saracens as an Outlet for Latin Christian Masculinity ..................................................... 117 Social Norms and the Use of Honour ............................................................................... 131 Courage, Cowardice and Displays of Emotion ................................................................ 141 The Ideal Saracen: Saladin and ‘Abd al-Mu’min ............................................................. 149 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 160 2 Chapter 4. Saracens and monstrosity, violence and cruelty ............................................. 162 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 162 Breaking of the Male Body ............................................................................................... 168 Cannibalism ...................................................................................................................... 182 Treatment of Non-Combatants ........................................................................................ 188 Sacrilege and Desecration ................................................................................................ 200 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 205 Chapter 5. Saracens as allies .............................................................................................. 208 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 208 Uneasy Alliances in the Holy Land ................................................................................... 220 Saracen Lords: El Cid and Zaragoza .................................................................................. 230 Friendship and Subjugation: Firuz and Sayf al-Dawla ..................................................... 236 Conversion as the Ultimate Sign of Friendship? ............................................................. 250 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 259 Chapter 6. Saracens as Servants: Eunuchs in the Latin world .......................................... 261 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 261 Philip of Mahdiyya ........................................................................................................... 262 Castration in the Latin World and Beyond ....................................................................... 269 Eunuchs and the Idea of Foreign Lands ........................................................................... 274 Eunuchs in the West: the Norman Kingdom of Sicily ...................................................... 281 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 294 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 297 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................... 307 3 Acknowledgements This writing of this thesis has been aided by a group of marvellous people. First, I need to thank my supervisors, Bill Aird and Cordelia Beattie. Their advice and support has been indispensable throughout this process. Tom Brown and Kirsty Day provided excellent advice during my reviews, which I am very grateful to them for. For other medieval projects that made my PhD experience more dynamic I need to thank Gianluca Raccagni for his involvement with ‘Gaming with History’. I would also like to thank Zubin Mistry and Rick Sowerby for always being encouraging and supportive members of the department. I also have many people in my personal life to thank. Jamie, Matthew, Edith, Mikko, Christoph, Calle P and Maria in particular have provided a lot of support throughout this process. There are, however, four people without whom I might not have been able to reach this far and they deserve a special thanks. My mother, for her unconditional love and support that I can always rely on. My father, particularly for his help during a difficult time during my PhD. Ben, for distracting me with food and terrible movies, and whose optimistic encouragement occasionally manages to challenge my constant pessimism. Finally, I need to thank John. You are my rock. Malin Sandell, Edinburgh, August 2018 4 5 List of Illustrations 1. Tombstone of Anna, Zisa Palace, Palermo. p. 52 2. San Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo. p. 215 3. Santa Maria dell’Ammiraglio and San Cataldo, Palermo . p. 215 4. Cappella Palatina, Palermo. p. 216 5. Cappella Palatina, ceiling, Palermo. p. 217 All photos have been taken by the author. 6 7 Introduction. The Saracen Man in the Present and the Past The Present The Muslim, or Saracen, man has been a figure in the Western imagination for a long time, his meaning and importance constantly developing. The terror attacks committed by Al- Qaida on 11 September 2001 resulted in drastic change, and the start of a longer cultural shift. They had a major impact on how the Middle East and Muslims were, and are, represented in Western culture and media, including cinema, literature and media reporting.1 It is important to note that from the very beginning medievalism was an important aspect of these developments. In an address given by former U.S. president George W. Bush, only five days after the terrorist attacks, he stated that the attacks
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