DOCSLIB.ORG

The Relationship Between Animal Microbiome and Domestication

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Relationship Between Animal Microbiome and Domestication Symbiosis www.symbiosisonlinepublishing.com ISSN Online: 2381-2907 Review Article SOJ Veterinary Sciences Open Access The Relationship between Animal Microbiome and Domestication Syndrome Zahra Bolooki1*, Mohammad Reza Jafarzadeh Shirazi 1 1Shiraz University, Faculty of agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Shiraz, Iran Received: December 6, 2019; Accepted: December 12, 2019; Published: December20 , 2019 *Corresponding author: : Zahra Bolooki, Shiraz University, Faculty of agriculture, Department of Animal Science, Shiraz, Iran. Email: Z.blooki@yahoo. com Abstract Different views about traits in domesticated animals compared to wild species have always been expressed. Factors that are more obvious are always examined earlier and determined their impact. In cases like this (DS), one does not have the ability to respond to all parts of the section in the face of syndromes. Given all the physiological, genetic, and neurological factors present, it is also likely that after the domestication of the most studies of the interaction of the microbiome and the nervous system have demonstrated the role of the microbiome in various behavioral andmicrobial physiological flora the segmentsbody will beand nourished reactions, and in thecases environment seen after aroundthe complete it and the elimination whole body of microbiomegerms in the will animal cause body, changes the toamount the behavior. the extent While of social behavior and the like have been affected. Accordingly, it is likely that the secondary factor contributing to the stabilization of domestication syndrome is the microbiome and it may play a role in controlling the nervous and behavioral systems in domestic animals. Key Words: Domestication; Syndrome; Microbiome; Animal. Introduction Table 1: List of traits altered in domesticated mammals Domestication syndrome is caused by several factors. History Traits References of domestication dates back to about 15000 BC and the wolves Docility [8,9] Reproductive cycles (more frequent beings cultivated the ability of dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) [8,10,11,12,13] to(Canis confront lupus) predatory were the animals, first domesticated to protect vertebrates;their property human and estrous cycles) to secure their safety [1]. In the present century, biomass of Smaller brain or cranial capacity and [8,10,11,14,15] domesticated animal is considerable; the amount for cattle is teeth more than the total wild animal population [2]. Neotenous (juvenile) behavior [6,16,17,18] Domestication syndrome is a term used for animals that have Curly tails, Floppy ears, Reduced ears, [8,12,13,14,15,19,20] the same features (Table 1). Initially, Brown et al (2008) used this Shorter muzzles Mouse term for crop plants [3]. It is noteworthy that, animals that can Depigmentation (especially white [8,13,18,19] be domesticated must have characteristics such as: 1) variable patches, brown regions) diet, 2) rapid growth rate, 3) ability to live in a surrounded environment, 4) admirable demeanor for animal, 5) no tendency lack of knowledge of the genetics and the factors that to violence, and 6) a social hierarchy [4]. Generally, two key preventive factors are associated with animal domestication: weakening human threats and reducing Darwininfluence (1868)cited it, but with thetwo development explanations of of this living science conditions there is andstill reactions to external stimuli [5,6]. An important factor in selection intersectionalityno definitive answer in justifying to all the the traits traits, related years laterto this Belyaev syndrome. et al. pressure is applied by humans [7]. (1979) considered living conditions a factor in epigenetic and ultimately genetic change [21]. Trut et al. (2004), pointed to the Domestication syndrome is a term used for a set of similar discussion of single genetic regulatory networks, each of which traits in domesticated animals; the term was initially used for has disadvantages and does not cover all aspects of the syndrome. domesticated crops. The question of how biological inheritance Some researchers believe the role of the nervous system and occurs and how animals will produce a domesticated population changes from the beginning of pregnancy to adulthood show after domestication, what the origin of each trait is, and what the that altered traits in this syndrome are associated with the rate percentage of transmission in each is remain. There are different of neural crest cells migration [22]. Given all the genetic and theories in this regard, and hypotheses have been put forward neural factors available, it is also likely that after the animals are questions. The biggest gap in the science of the ancestors was the by scientists like Mendel and Darwin to find answers to these domesticated, the microbial flora of their bodies will undergo Symbiosis Group *Corresponding author email: [email protected] Copyright: The Relationship between Animal Microbiome and Domestication Syndrome. © 2019 Bolooki z, et al. changes in nutrition and the surrounding environment, leading wild species; Table 2 show that some genes have roles on NCC to changes in the appearance and stability of domestication migration [27]. to study the changes that result from differences in microbial Table 2: Some genes related to NCC migration syndrome [23,24]. With these interpretations, this paper attempts Gene Name References in the persistence of this syndrome. SOX gene flora in animals and to clarify the possible role of fluorobacteria [28,29,30,31,32,33] Selective Pressure family The purpose of domestication in any creature is to determine the [34] traits that will be evident in the future. As a result, the selection BmpWnt [35] Pax [36] on the organism, the acceptance of the pressure is different, and Dlx [37] secondly,pressure isthe not goals the samethat arein each in line creature, with the and choice firstly, will depending also be effective [25]. Snail [38] AP-2 [39] Genetic Base Behavior Changes The main gap in Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution, as Such a decrease in acute fear and long-term stress is a lack of theory of inheritance. In this edition, Darwin does not prerequisite for successful breeding in captivity [9, 40]. Like the writepresented anything in the about first edition the operation of “The Originof biological of Species” inheritance was the study of Trut et al (2009)., the basis of the tameness mechanism is [26]. Several decades before there was any science of genetics, traced to the reduction in size and function of the adrenal glands, his information relied more on data disclosed by farmers and which play a central role in the physiology of both fear and stress herbalists. Following Darwin’s suggestion that the source of response. Decreased adrenal gland activity and stress hormone changes in domesticated animals is ultimately the low-invasive levels are well documented in experimental domestication species [13]. So, in this case, there is a need to focus on HPA axis in (1979) believed that reducing stress levels in living animals in the domestication process. Researchers intent to tame is actually “living conditions” created for domesticated animals, Belyaev a process based on the HPA axis interactions process and the 5 hormone responses and these patterns reset gene expression. hydroxytryptophan system (5HT). Some of the most important Ina protected the current artificial terms, environmenthe suggested leadthat tothe numerous initial changes changes were in parts of the brain that play a key role in mood control are the hippocampus, amygdala, and the cingulate or singular limbic et al. (2004) recently suggested that there is a Genetic Regulatory region in general. These regions are sensitive to glucocorticoids Networkepigenetic, (GRN) but over based time on the DS genetic traits changes and this were syndrome fixed [21]. is Trutdue and are internalized by serotonergic projections [41]. If stress decreases as a result of cortisol levels, serotonin levels rise. downstream gene regulation involved in the development of Conversely, an increase in serotonin levels results in a decrease in differentto changes types in relativelyof tissue being “high” affected regulators, in DS leading[22]. These to impaired changes cortisol levels. Lower cortisol and higher serotonin levels in the in high-current regulators can be either constant (germ-line brain increase social behaviors, adolescent social behavior, and transmissibility) or actual (genetic) mutations. In essence, this learning ability while decreasing aggressive behavior. Therefore, explanation can account for the variety of features displayed on changes in HPAaxis and 5HTsystem interactions are of particular the DS. importance in relation to stress and domestication processes in animals [42]. Nervous system Microbiome that the development of diverse traits characteristic of the One of the main beliefs about the symbiosis of microbes domesticWilkins syndrome et al.’s (2014) is closely hypothesis related is to based NCC andon the can assumption be readily and animals is that they choose their host and it is not related understood in relation to adrenal size and function in this animal, to probabilities [23]. It is notable that mostly microbes weight which are also effectively implicated in physiology of fear and in some species is heavier than their brains and absolutely, they stress responses are essential. Adrenal function and decreased have DNA and it is observed in the different situations that it can levels of stress hormones are well known in domesticated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Fox Domestication and Pet Ownership
    FAUX FOXES: FOX DOMESTICATION AND PET OWNERSHIP HONORS THESIS Presented to the Honors Committee of Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation in the Honors College by Noelle Marie Brooks San Marcos, Texas May 2015 FAUX FOXES: FOX DOMESTICATION AND PET OWNERSHIP Thesis Supervisor: ________________________________ Harvey Ginsburg, Ph.D. Department of Psychology Second Reader: __________________________________ Bob Fischer, Ph.D. Department of Philosophy Approved: ____________________________________ Heather C. Galloway, Ph.D. Dean, Honors College COPYRIGHT by Noelle M. Brooks 2015 FAIR USE AND AUTHOR’S PERMISSION STATEMENT Fair Use This work is protected by the Copyright Laws of the United States (Public Law 94-553, section 107). Consistent with fair use as defined in the Copyright Laws, brief questions from this material are allowed with prior acknowledgement. Use of this material for financial gain without the author’s express written permission is not allowed. Duplication Permission As the copyright holder of this work I, Noelle Marie Brooks, authorize duplication of this work, in whole or in part, for educational or scholarly purposes only. DEDICATION This study is dedicated to the memory of the companion foxes that have lost their lives due to the fear, misunderstanding, negligence, and restrictions of humans and the owners whom loved and cared for them. To Anya, Vader, Valo, and Miko, and their owners Kay, Tara and Eric, Chloe, and Anda, may this honor the bonds you shared and the lives you created together. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Harvey Ginsburg, this project would not exist without your guidance. I thank you for agreeing to mentor me as my Thesis Supervisor and for allowing me your time and thoughts.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Animal Domestication
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266740619 The Evolution of Animal Domestication Article in Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · October 2014 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091620 CITATIONS READS 179 3,162 2 authors: Greger Larson Dorian Q Fuller University of Oxford University College London 196 PUBLICATIONS 6,523 CITATIONS 322 PUBLICATIONS 12,021 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Dog Domestication View project Rwandan Archaeology View project All content following this page was uploaded by Dorian Q Fuller on 12 October 2014. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. ES45CH06-Larson ARI 16 September 2014 11:18 V I E E W R S I E N C N A D V A The Evolution of Animal Domestication Greger Larson1 and Dorian Q. Fuller2 1Durham Evolution and Ancient DNA, Department of Archaeology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; email: [email protected] 2Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London WC1H 0PY, United Kingdom Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2014. 66:115–36 Keywords The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and archaeology, genetics, livestock, introgression, selection, agriculture Systematics is online at ecolsys.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: Abstract 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091620 The domestication of plants and animals over the past 11,500 years has Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. had a significant effect not just on the domesticated taxa but also on human All rights reserved evolution and on the biosphere as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Central American Maize Genomes Suggest Ancient Gene Flow from South America
    Archaeological Central American maize genomes suggest ancient gene flow from South America Logan Kistlera,1, Heather B. Thakarb, Amber M. VanDerwarkerc, Alejandra Domicd,e, Anders Bergströmf, Richard J. Georgec, Thomas K. Harperd, Robin G. Allabyg, Kenneth Hirthd, and Douglas J. Kennettc,1 aDepartment of Anthropology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; bDepartment of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; cDepartment of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; dDepartment of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; eDepartment of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; fAncient Genomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, NW1 1AT London, United Kingdom; and gSchool of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL Coventry, United Kingdom Edited by David L. Lentz, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, and accepted by Editorial Board Member Elsa M. Redmond November 3, 2020 (received for review July 24, 2020) Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) domestication began in southwestern 16). However, precolonial backflow of divergent maize varieties Mexico ∼9,000 calendar years before present (cal. BP) and humans into Central and Mesoamerica during the last 9,000 y remains dispersed this important grain to South America by at least 7,000 understudied, and could have ramifications for the history of cal. BP as a partial domesticate. South America served as a second- maize as a staple in the region. ary improvement center where the domestication syndrome be- Morphological evidence from ancient maize found in ar- came fixed and new lineages emerged in parallel with similar chaeological sites combined with DNA data confirms a complex processes in Mesoamerica.
    [Show full text]
  • Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B
    Transformations of Lamarckism Vienna Series in Theoretical Biology Gerd B. M ü ller, G ü nter P. Wagner, and Werner Callebaut, editors The Evolution of Cognition , edited by Cecilia Heyes and Ludwig Huber, 2000 Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Development and Evolutionary Biology , edited by Gerd B. M ü ller and Stuart A. Newman, 2003 Environment, Development, and Evolution: Toward a Synthesis , edited by Brian K. Hall, Roy D. Pearson, and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2004 Evolution of Communication Systems: A Comparative Approach , edited by D. Kimbrough Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2004 Modularity: Understanding the Development and Evolution of Natural Complex Systems , edited by Werner Callebaut and Diego Rasskin-Gutman, 2005 Compositional Evolution: The Impact of Sex, Symbiosis, and Modularity on the Gradualist Framework of Evolution , by Richard A. Watson, 2006 Biological Emergences: Evolution by Natural Experiment , by Robert G. B. Reid, 2007 Modeling Biology: Structure, Behaviors, Evolution , edited by Manfred D. Laubichler and Gerd B. M ü ller, 2007 Evolution of Communicative Flexibility: Complexity, Creativity, and Adaptability in Human and Animal Communication , edited by Kimbrough D. Oller and Ulrike Griebel, 2008 Functions in Biological and Artifi cial Worlds: Comparative Philosophical Perspectives , edited by Ulrich Krohs and Peter Kroes, 2009 Cognitive Biology: Evolutionary and Developmental Perspectives on Mind, Brain, and Behavior , edited by Luca Tommasi, Mary A. Peterson, and Lynn Nadel, 2009 Innovation in Cultural Systems: Contributions from Evolutionary Anthropology , edited by Michael J. O ’ Brien and Stephen J. Shennan, 2010 The Major Transitions in Evolution Revisited , edited by Brett Calcott and Kim Sterelny, 2011 Transformations of Lamarckism: From Subtle Fluids to Molecular Biology , edited by Snait B.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome, Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2019)
    Please cite this article in press as: Lord et al., The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome, Trends in Ecology & Evolution (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.011 Trends in Ecology & Evolution Opinion The History of Farm Foxes Undermines the Animal Domestication Syndrome Kathryn A. Lord,1,2 Greger Larson,3,@ Raymond P. Coppinger,4,6 and Elinor K. Karlsson1,2,5,@,* The Russian Farm-Fox Experiment is the best known experimental study in animal domestication. Highlights By subjecting a population of foxes to selection for tameness alone, Dimitry Belyaev generated The ‘domestication syndrome’ has foxes that possessed a suite of characteristics that mimicked those found across domesticated been a central focus of research species. This ‘domestication syndrome’ has been a central focus of research into the biological into the biological processes un- pathways modified during domestication. Here, we chart the origins of Belyaev’s foxes in derlying domestication. The eastern Canada and critically assess the appearance of domestication syndrome traits across an- Russian Farm-Fox Experiment was imal domesticates. Our results suggest that both the conclusions of the Farm-Fox Experiment the first to test whether there is a and the ubiquity of domestication syndrome have been overstated. To understand the process causal relationship between selec- tion for tameness and the domes- of domestication requires a more comprehensive approach focused on essential adaptations to tication syndrome. human-modified environments. Historical records and genetic The Origins of Domestication Syndrome analysis show that the foxes used in The domestication syndrome describes a suite of behavioral and morphological characteristics the Farm-Fox Experiment origi- consistently observed in domesticated populations.
    [Show full text]
  • “…I Want to Have Freedom of Research; Otherwise, I Will Be Limited in My Work”
    A Good Journal for Inquisitive People Th ere is no room 1 (48) scfh.ru/en/ in ancient history 1 2018 so far for the army of stone horsemen pertifi ed SCIENCE on the slopes First Hand of the Pir Panjal THE LIFE mountain range, OF A CHEMIST Himalayas № 1 (48) 2018 RIDERS LOST IN THE HIMALAYAS SELECTION In June 2017, this was the site OF THE BEST of a Russian-Indian FRIEND archaeological expedition launched to find and describe stone horses, enigmatic statues “…I want to have A GARDEN BORN lost in these remote areas BY INSPIRATION of the western Lesser Himalayas freedom of research; otherwise, I will be limited in my work” 9 772310 3000024 78 2018 1. popular science journal IN THIS ISSUE: Vladimir Ipatieff, the inventor of technology for the production of polyethylene and high-octane gasoline, was called in 1937 the Man of the Year in the USA and deprived of academic title and citizenship in the USSR There is no room in ancient history so far for the army of stone horsemen pertified on the slopes of the Pir Panjal mountain range, Himalayas The publisher of Science will donate several thousand copies of the book about the Siberian experiment on fox domestication as a gift to the American schools Meditation prevents the shortening of the telomeres which protect the chromosomes from damage during cell division Even a trivial dandelion from the Bonsai Park has an extraordinary story to tell: the creator of this living collection found it at the other end of the world – up in the Andes! A Journal for Inquisitive People “The natural desire Editorial
    [Show full text]
  • Vulpes Vulpes) Evolved Throughout History?
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses Environmental Studies Program 2020 TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) EVOLVED THROUGHOUT HISTORY? Abigail Misfeldt University of Nebraska-Lincoln Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses Part of the Environmental Education Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Sustainability Commons Disclaimer: The following thesis was produced in the Environmental Studies Program as a student senior capstone project. Misfeldt, Abigail, "TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) EVOLVED THROUGHOUT HISTORY?" (2020). Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses. 283. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/envstudtheses/283 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Environmental Studies Program at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Environmental Studies Undergraduate Student Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. TO WHAT EXTENT HAS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMANS AND RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES) EVOLVED THROUGHOUT HISTORY? By Abigail Misfeldt A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The University of Nebraska-Lincoln In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Bachelor of Science Major: Environmental Studies Under the Supervision of Dr. David Gosselin Lincoln, Nebraska November 2020 Abstract Red foxes are one of the few creatures able to adapt to living alongside humans as we have evolved. All humans and wildlife have some id of relationship, be it a friendly one or one of mutual hatred, or simply a neutral one. Through a systematic research review of legends, books, and journal articles, I mapped how humans and foxes have evolved together.
    [Show full text]
  • Hered 445 Master..Hered 445 .. Page648
    Heredity 81 (1998) 648–658 Received 19 March 1998, accepted 15 June 1998 Genetic analysis of the domestication syndrome in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L., Poaceae): inheritance of the major characters V. PONCET*%, F. LAMY%, J. ENJALBERT^, H. JOLY§, A. SARR% & T. ROBERT% %Laboratoire d’Evolution et Syst´ematique, Universit´e Paris XI, Bˆat. 362, F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France, ^Station de G´en´etique V´eg´etale, Ferme du Moulon, F-91190 Gif sur Yvette, France and §CIRAD-Forˆet, campus international de Baillarguet, BP 5035, F-34032 Montpellier Cedex 1, France The inheritance of domestication traits distinguishing pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) from its wild relatives (P. mollissimum) was assessed in F2 progenies derived from a cross between a typical landrace of pearl millet and a wild ecotype. Despite a high level of recombination between the two genomes, the existence of preferential associations between some characters was demonstrated, leading, in particular, to cultivated-like phenotypes. Traits determining spikelet structure showed simple Mendelian inheritance. Moreover, the genes encoding these traits mapped in a linkage group where quantitative trait loci for spike size and tillering habit were found. This linkage group could correspond to one of the two chromosome segments that have already been shown to be involved in the variation for spikelet structure in progenies from several cultivatedÅwild crosses. A synthetic map of these two regions is given. The evolutionary significance of this genomic organization in relation to the domestication process is discussed, as well as its potential use for pearl millet genetic resources enhancement. Keywords: domestication, genetic map, pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum.
    [Show full text]
  • Paleogenomics of Animal Domestication
    Paleogenomics of Animal Domestication Evan K. Irving-Pease, Hannah Ryan, Alexandra Jamieson, Evangelos A. Dimopoulos, Greger Larson, and Laurent A. F. Frantz Abstract Starting with dogs, over 15,000 years ago, the domestication of animals has been central in the development of modern societies. Because of its importance for a range of disciplines – including archaeology, biology and the humanities – domestication has been studied extensively. This chapter reviews how the field of paleogenomics has revolutionised, and will continue to revolutionise, our under- standing of animal domestication. We discuss how the recovery of ancient DNA from archaeological remains is allowing researchers to overcome inherent shortcom- ings arising from the analysis of modern DNA alone. In particular, we show how DNA, extracted from ancient substrates, has proven to be a crucial source of information to reconstruct the geographic and temporal origin of domestic species. We also discuss how ancient DNA is being used by geneticists and archaeologists to directly observe evolutionary changes linked to artificial and natural selection to generate a richer understanding of this fascinating process. Keywords Ancient DNA · Archaeology · Domestication · Entomology · Evolution · Genomics · Zoology E. K. Irving-Pease (*) · H. Ryan · A. Jamieson · E. A. Dimopoulos · G. Larson The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK e-mail: [email protected] L. A. F. Frantz (*) The Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK e-mail: [email protected] Charlotte Lindqvist and Om P.
    [Show full text]
  • Awn Reduction and the Domestication of Asian Rice: a Syndrome Or Crop Improvement Trait? Serge Svizzero, Avik Ray, Debarati Chakraborty
    Awn Reduction and the Domestication of Asian Rice: A Syndrome or Crop Improvement Trait? Serge Svizzero, Avik Ray, Debarati Chakraborty To cite this version: Serge Svizzero, Avik Ray, Debarati Chakraborty. Awn Reduction and the Domestication of Asian Rice: A Syndrome or Crop Improvement Trait?. Economic Botany, Springer Verlag, 2019, pp.1-12. 10.1007/s12231-019-09465-0. hal-02275855 HAL Id: hal-02275855 https://hal.univ-reunion.fr/hal-02275855 Submitted on 2 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Awn Reduction and the Domestication of Asian Rice: A Syndrome or Crop Improvement Trait? Serge Svizzero1, Avik Ray2,*, Debarati Chakraborty2,3 1- Faculté de Droit et d’Economie, Université de La Réunion, 15 Avenue René Cassin. CS 92003, 97744 Saint Denis Cedex 9, France, Tel: +262 262 13 82 58; ORCID: 0000-0003- 3895-7273 2 - Center for studies in Ethnobiology, Biodiversity, and sustainability (CEiBa), B.G. Road, Mokdumpur, Malda – 732103, West Bengal, India; ORCID: 0000-0003-1662-7679 3 - Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, India; ORCID: 0000-0002-1939-9889 * [email protected] Running title: SVIZZERO, RAY AND CHAKRABORTY: RICE AWN REDUCTION Words account: 7596; Abstract: 180.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Limits of Selection Under Plant Domestication Robin G Allaby1
    The limits of selection under plant domestication Robin G Allaby1* ,Dorian Q Fuller2, James L Kitchen1, 3 1. School of Life Sciences, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL 2. Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY 3. Computational and Systems Biology, Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts. * corresponding author email: [email protected] 1 Abstract Plant domestication involved a process of selection through human agency of a series of traits collectively termed the domestication syndrome. Current debate concerns the pace at which domesticated plants emerged from cultivated wild populations and how many genes were involved. Here we present simulations that test how many genes could have been involved by considering the cost of selection. We demonstrate the selection load that can be endured by populations increases with decreasing selection coefficients and greater numbers of loci down to values of about s = 0.005, causing a driving force that increases the number of loci under selection. As the number of loci under selection increases, an effect of co-selection increases resulting in individual unlinked loci being fixed more rapidly in out-crossing populations, representing a second driving force to increase the number of loci under selection. In inbreeding systems co-selection results in interference and reduced rates of fixation but does not reduce the size of the selection load that can be endured. These driving forces result in an optimum pace of genome evolution in which 50-100 loci are the most that could be under selection in a cultivation regime. Furthermore, the simulations do not preclude the existence of selective sweeps but demonstrate that they come at a cost of the selection load that can be endured and consequently a reduction of the capacity of plants to adapt to new environments, which may contribute to the explanation of why selective sweeps have been so rarely detected in genome studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Molecular Basis of Kale Domestication: Transcription Profiling of Leaves
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.25.398347; this version posted December 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Arias et al., p. 1 1 2 Running head: Kale domestication 3 4 The molecular basis of Kale domestication: Transcription profiling of leaves 5 and meristems provides new insights into the evolution of a Brassica oleracea 6 vegetative morphotype 7 8 Tatiana Arias1,2,4*, Chad Niederhuth1,3,4, Paula McSteen1, J. Chris Pires1 9 10 11 1 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States 12 2 Current address: Tecnológico de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. 13 3 Current address: Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, 14 United States 15 4 Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript 16 17 *author for correspondence: [email protected] 18 19 Manuscript received _______; revision accepted _______. 20 Short title: Kale domestication 21 22 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.25.398347; this version posted December 2, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Arias et al., p. 2 23 ABSTRACT [237 words - 250 max] 24 Morphotypes of Brassica oleracea are the result of a dynamic interaction between genes that 25 regulate the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages and those that regulate leaf 26 morphology and plant architecture.
    [Show full text]