DOCSLIB.ORG

(Carcharhinus Longimanus) , Is an Oceanic Shark Found in Tropical And

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(Carcharhinus Longimanus) , Is an Oceanic Shark Found in Tropical And 24 The state of world highly migratory, straddling and other high seas fishery resources and associated species Whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus), is an oceanic shark found in tropical and warm-temperate waters of the Atlantic, possibly in the Mediterranean Sea, in the western Indian Ocean and in the Pacific. It is usually found far offshore in the open sea but it sometimes occurs in water as shallow as 37 m inshore, particularly off oceanic islands or in continental areas where the shelf is very narrow. It is regularly caught with pelagic longlines, also handlines and occasionally pelagic and even bottom trawls. It is utilized fresh, smoked and dried salted for human consumption, for hides, for fins (processed into the ingredients for shark-fin soup), and for liver oil (extracted for vitamins) and fishmeal. Although it is one of the most common oceanic FIGURE 22 sharks, recorded catches total Blue shark (Prionace glauca) only 187 tonnes in 2004. Blue shark (Prionace glauca) (Figure 22), has a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical oceanic waters. It is one of the most abundant and the most heavily fished shark in the world, often as bycatch in pelagic longlines fisheries, but also on hook-and-lines, in pelagic trawls, and even FIGURE 23 bottom trawls near the coasts. Catches of requiem sharks (family Carcharhinidae) In 2004 more than 36 000 as reported to FAO tonnes were recorded. Catches of requiem sharks 100 (Figure 23) reported to FAO Sharks - Carcharhinidae 90 were less than 10 000 tonnes Pacific Ocean 80 in the 1950s, increasing to 40– ) Indian Ocean 50 000 tonnes in the 1960s and 70 Atlantic Ocean 1970s. After a brief decline 60 in the early-1980s, reported catches have increased more 50 or less steadily to more 40 than 87 000 tonnes in 2004. h (thousand tonnes (thousand h 30 Catches are reported from the Catc Atlantic, Indian and Pacific 20 Oceans with blue shark, 10 spot-tail shark (Carcharhinus 0 sorrah, a coastal non-oceanic 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 species taken primarily within EEZs) and silky shark being the most important species. 3.2.6 Hammerhead, bonnethead and scoophead sharks (family Sphyrnidae) The family Sphyrnidae comprises nine species: the winghead shark (Eusphyra blochii), the scalloped bonnethead (Sphyrna corona), the whitefin hammerhead (Sphyrna couardi), the scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini), the scoophead (Sphyrna media), the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), the bonnethead (Sphyrna tiburo), the smalleye hammerhead (Sphyrna tudes), and the smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena). The members of the family are considered coastal; occasionally occurring in brackish water with a global distribution mostly in warm waters. Highly migratory species 25 Although all species are caught, only the scalloped hammerhead and the smooth hammerhead are reported as individual species in the FAO statistics. The smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena) was believed to be an amphitemperate species (i.e. occurs in temperate water in the northern and southern hemispheres, absent from the tropics), but it is now known to occur in the tropics. It has a circumglobal distribution. It is an active, common, coastal-pelagic and semi-oceanic species. It is caught with pelagic longlines, handlines, as well as bottom and pelagic trawls. The scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) (Figure 24) has essentially a circumglobal distribution in coastal and semi-oceanic warm temperate and tropical seas. It occurs over continental and insular shelves and in deep water adjacent to them, often approaching close inshore and entering enclosed bays and estuaries. Its depth range is from the intertidal at the surface to depths of about 275 m. It is probably the most abundant hammerhead. This species is apparently highly FIGURE 24 mobile and in part migratory, Scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) forming huge schools of small migrating individuals. Owing to its abundance, the species is common in inshore artisanal and small-scale commercial fisheries, as well as offshore operations. It is caught with pelagic longlines, fixed bottom longlines, fixed bottom nets, and even bottom and pelagic trawls. The young are easily caught FIGURE 25 on light longline gear. Given Catches of hammerhead, bonnethead and scoophead sharks its life-history characteristics, (family Sphyrnidae) as reported to FAO the scalloped hammerhead shark is expected to have very low resilience to exploitation and fisheries for the species should be managed with great caution. Although its worldwide distribution and known high abundance gives the species some protection globally, the risk of local depletions remains a serious concern. Catches of Sphyrnidae have been reported only from the Atlantic Ocean since 1991 (Figure 25). The catch was near 2 200 tonnes in 2004. 3.2.7 Mackerel sharks Mackerel sharks (currently family Lamnidae, although UNCLOS Annex 1 refers to them as Isurida) have a worldwide distribution in temperate and tropical seas. There are five species in the Lamnidae family: the great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), the shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), the longfin mako (Isurus paucus), the salmon shark (Lamna ditropis), and the porbeagle (Lamna nasus). 26 The state of world highly migratory, straddling and other high seas fishery resources and associated species FIGURE 26 The great white shark The great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) (Carcharodon carcharias) (Figure 26 and 27), is mostly amphitemperate found in coastal and offshore areas of continental and insular shelves. Its depth range goes from the surface to below 1 000 m and individuals have been observed to cross ocean basins and enter deep tropical waters during migration (Bonfil et al., 2005). The great white shark is of little interest FIGURE 27 to commercial fisheries, but Geographic distribution of the great white shark its sensitivity to harvest has (Carcharodon carcharias) (from Compagno, 2001) led to its listing on CITES Appendix II in 2004. It is also listed on Annex II to the Protocol “Endangered or Threatened Species” of the Barcelona Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea, and protected by several countries including South Africa, Australia, United States of America, Malta. The shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus) (Figures 28 and FIGURE 28 29) is a coastal and oceanic Shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) circumglobal species found in temperate and tropical waters, generally warmer than 16 °C. It occurs from the surface down to at least 150 m. The shortfin mako may be the fastest shark and one of the swiftest and most active fishes. This is an important species for longline fisheries where it occurs, because of its high quality meat. It is also a prime game fish prized by sport anglers. Given its life-history characteristics, the shortfin mako is expected to have medium resilience to exploitation (relative to other sharks). Its worldwide distribution and relatively high abundance in some areas probably means it is not currently at risk, but like all elasmobranch it can be easily overfished and localized depletion is always a risk. According to ICCAT (2005) the possibility that the biomass in the north Atlantic is below that producing Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) cannot be ruled out, but in the south Atlantic it is probably above. Highly migratory species 27 The longfin mako FIGURE 29 (Isurus paucus) (Figures 30 Geographic distribution of the shortfin mako shark and 31) is an oceanic, warm (Isurus oxyrinchus) (from Compagno, 2001) water, epipelagic species, probably circumtropical, but records are sporadic with the result that the distribution is poorly known. The species is probably often mistaken for the apparently far more common shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) or included with records for it. However, it was apparently common in the western Atlantic and possibly in the Central Pacific (whether it is FIGURE 30 still common is unknown), Longfin mako shark (Isurus paucus) but rare elsewhere. It is probably taken regularly in tropical pelagic longline fisheries for tuna and swordfish as bycatch. In addition to longlines, the species is taken with hooks and lines and with anchored gillnets. Little is known about the state of longfin mako shark populations. Without such information, management should be cautious with fisheries that FIGURE 31 catch this species. Geographic distribution of the longfin mako shark The salmon shark (Lamna (Isurus paucus) (from Compagno, 2001) ditropis) (Figures 32 and 33) is a common coastal-littoral, offshore and epipelagic shark, found in cool waters of the north Pacific, at depths from the surface to below 150 m. Salmon sharks are common in continental offshore waters but range inshore to just off beaches; they also are abundant far from land in the North Pacific Ocean basin. This species has been fished in the North Pacific in the past by oceanic longliners and offshore gillnetters. They are also caught in salmon seines, by salmon trollers towing hooks, and possibly by bottom trawlers off Alaska. They are occasionally trammel-netted by halibut fishermen off California and as bycatch in gillnets set for swordfish and thresher sharks off California. Sports anglers in Alaska and Canada catch salmon sharks using rod and reel much like porbeagle anglers 28 The state of world highly migratory, straddling and other high seas fishery resources and associated species FIGURE 32 in the North Atlantic. The Salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) species is considered heavily fished even though
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Horizontal and Vertical Movements of Longfin Makos (Isurus Paucus)
    101 Abstract—The longfin mako (Isurus paucus) is a poorly studied oceanic Horizontal and vertical movements of longfin shark taken in fisheries throughout makos (Isurus paucus) tracked with satellite- its worldwide range in temperate and tropical waters. Satellite-linked linked tags in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean tags were deployed to investigate the movements of 2 mature males, 1 one tagged in the northeastern Gulf Robert E. Hueter (contact author) of Mexico (GOM) and the other off John P. Tyminski1 northern Cuba. Horizontal tracks John J. Morris1 estimated by using likelihood meth- 2 ods were similar for these sharks; Alexei Ruiz Abierno comparable movements were docu- Jorge Angulo Valdes2,3 mented from the GOM, through the Straits of Florida and the Ba- Email address for contact author: [email protected] hamas, and into the open Atlantic Ocean where they converged on the 1 Center for Shark Research Mid-Atlantic Bight. Depth and tem- Mote Marine Laboratory perature ranges were 0–1767 m and 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway 4.0–28.8°C. A diel pattern of vertical Sarasota, Florida 34236 movement was evident for both in- 2 Centro de Investigaciones Marinas dividuals, along with regular forays Universidad de la Habana from cold daytime depths to warmer Calle 16, No. 114 e/ 1ra y 3ra near-surface waters, possibly as an Miramar, Playa, La Habana CP 11300, Cuba adaptation for thermoregulation. The vertical movements of longfin 3 School of Natural Resources and Environment makos allow them to exploit verti- University of Florida cally migrating prey but these move- P.O. Box 116455 ments increase their vulnerability to Gainesville, Florida 32611 pelagic longlining.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Community Richness Distinguishes Shark Species Microbiomes in South Florida Rachael Cassandra Karns Nova Southeastern University, [email protected]
    Nova Southeastern University NSUWorks HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations HCNSO Student Work 7-28-2017 Microbial Community Richness Distinguishes Shark Species Microbiomes in South Florida Rachael Cassandra Karns Nova Southeastern University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd Part of the Bioinformatics Commons, Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Commons, Marine Biology Commons, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology Commons, and the Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons Share Feedback About This Item NSUWorks Citation Rachael Cassandra Karns. 2017. Microbial Community Richness Distinguishes Shark Species Microbiomes in South Florida. Master's thesis. Nova Southeastern University. Retrieved from NSUWorks, . (453) https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/453. This Thesis is brought to you by the HCNSO Student Work at NSUWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in HCNSO Student Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of NSUWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. HALMOS COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND OCEANOGRAPHY Microbial Community Richness Distinguishes Shark Species Microbiomes in South Florida By Rachael Cassandra Karns Submitted to the Faculty of Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science with a specialty in: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University 08/01/2017 1 Thesis of Rachael Cassandra Karns Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Science: Marine Biology Nova Southeastern University Halmos College of Natural Sciences and Oceanography August 2017 Approved: Thesis Committee Major Professor: ______________________________ Jose Lopez, Ph.D. Committee Member: ___________________________ Cole Easson, Ph.D. Committee Member: ___________________________ Mahmood Shivji, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • NON DETRIMENT FINDINGS for SILKY SHARK Carcharhinus Falciformis
    NON DETRIMENT FINDINGS for SILKY SHARK Carcharhinus falciformis Penerbitan dokumen NDF ini dimungkinkan dengan dukungan Rakyat Amerika melalui Badan Pembangunan Internasional Amerika Serikat (USAID) dan Bank Dunia melalui Program Coremap – Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI). Isi dari dokumen ini adalah tanggung jawab Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) dan tidak mencerminkan pandangan USAID atau Pemerintah Amerika Serikat. CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background Shark and ray (Elasmobranch) fishery is one of the most important fisheries in the world. FAO data reported that the total catch of Elasmobranchs in the world in 1994 reached 731 thousand tons of which Asian countries contributed around 60%. Furthermore, four Asian countries i.e. Indonesia, India, Japan and Pakistan contributed around 75% of the total catch of sharks and rays in Asia in 2002 (Bonfil 2002). Indonesia is known as the country with the largest shark and ray fishery production in the world, with the total number of the catch over 100,000 tons per year, or about 13% of the total global catch. Since the last two decades, Indonesian total production of shark and ray (Elasmobranch) fisheries has shown a significant increasing trend. The main product of shark and ray fisheries in Indonesia is the shark fins. The high price of shark fins in the international market has triggered the increase of shark fishing activities. Present population status of some high value species of sharks in many countries including Indonesia has indicated the decreasing trend. This condition is believed to threat the sustainability of natural stocks especially when the regulation on controlling the catch is still lacking (Daley et al., 2002).
    [Show full text]
  • Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean Volume
    ISBN 0-9689167-4-x Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (Davis Strait, Southern Greenland and Flemish Cap to Cape Hatteras) Volume One Acipenseriformes through Syngnathiformes Michael P. Fahay ii Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean iii Dedication This monograph is dedicated to those highly skilled larval fish illustrators whose talents and efforts have greatly facilitated the study of fish ontogeny. The works of many of those fine illustrators grace these pages. iv Early Stages of Fishes in the Western North Atlantic Ocean v Preface The contents of this monograph are a revision and update of an earlier atlas describing the eggs and larvae of western Atlantic marine fishes occurring between the Scotian Shelf and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina (Fahay, 1983). The three-fold increase in the total num- ber of species covered in the current compilation is the result of both a larger study area and a recent increase in published ontogenetic studies of fishes by many authors and students of the morphology of early stages of marine fishes. It is a tribute to the efforts of those authors that the ontogeny of greater than 70% of species known from the western North Atlantic Ocean is now well described. Michael Fahay 241 Sabino Road West Bath, Maine 04530 U.S.A. vi Acknowledgements I greatly appreciate the help provided by a number of very knowledgeable friends and colleagues dur- ing the preparation of this monograph. Jon Hare undertook a painstakingly critical review of the entire monograph, corrected omissions, inconsistencies, and errors of fact, and made suggestions which markedly improved its organization and presentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Leather, Anyone?
    Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Aquaculture Department SEAFDEC/AQD Institutional Repository http://repository.seafdec.org.ph Journals/Magazines Aqua Farm News 1995 Fish leather, anyone? Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, Aquaculture Department (1995). Fish leather, anyone? Aqua Farm News, 13(1), 16-17, 18. http://hdl.handle.net/10862/2458 Downloaded from http://repository.seafdec.org.ph, SEAFDEC/AQD's Institutional Repository Fish leather, anyone? SHARK LEATHER a) the existing leather tannery infrastruc­ Previously regarded as a by-catch of lim­ ture is well-developed especially around Ma­ ited potential, shark is now targetted by small- dras; scale fishermen in the Bay of Bengal for leather b) operating costs are relatively low; and production. c) offshore resources of sharks are not Fish, let alone shark, does not conjure up sufficiently tapped at present. images of leather goods unlike cow, goat or An environmentally significant point is that crocodile. shark and fish leathers in general are essentially The method of obtaining the raw material food industry by-products which would otherwise and the specialized nature of the market hamper be wasted. Other exotic leathers produced from success in this field and general awareness of crocodile and snake, for example, have negative potential. connotations in this respect in spite of their Shark is a hunted resource often captured increased production through culture. by small-scale fishermen only as by-catch, and primarily landed for its meat. It may therefore be Offshore resources difficult to obtain a regular supply of raw material The offshore zone is the realm of the large for what is a totally different industry.
    [Show full text]
  • NPOA Sharks Booklet.Indd
    National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sharks (NPOA-Sharks) November 2013 South Africa Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012 Tel: 021 402 3911 Fax: +27 21 402 3364 www.daff.gov.za Design and Layout: FNP Communications and Gerald van Tonder Photographs courtesy of: Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), Craig Smith, Charlene da Silva, Rob Tarr Foreword South Africa’s Exclusive Economic Zone is endowed with a rich variety of marine living South Africa is signatory to the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries – voluntarily agreed to by members of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) – and, as such, is committed to the development and implementation of National Plans of Action (NPOAs) as adopted by the twenty-third session of the FAO Committee on Fisheries in February 1999 and endorsed by the FAO Council in June 1999. Seabirds – aimed at reducing incidental catch and promoting the conservation of seabirds Fisheries and now regularly conducts Ecological Risk Assessments for all the commercial practices. Acknowledging the importance of maintaining a healthy marine ecosystem and the possibility of major detrimental effects due to the disappearance of large predators, South from the list of harvestable species. In accordance with international recommendations, South Africa subsequently banned the landing of a number of susceptible shark species, including oceanic whitetip, silky, thresher and hammerhead sharks. improves monitoring efforts for foreign vessels discharging shark products in its ports. To ensure long-term sustainability of valuable, but biologically limited, shark resources The NPOA-Sharks presented here formalises and streamlines ongoing efforts to improve conservation and management of sharks caught in South African waters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Great White Shark Quick Questions
    The Great White Shark Quick Questions 11 Great white sharks are the top of the ocean’s food chain. 1. Why do you think that the great white shark is at 22 They are the biggest fish on our planet which eat other the top of the ocean’s food chain? 32 fish and animals. They are known to live between thirty 45 and one hundred years old and can be found in all of the 55 world’s oceans, but they are mostly found in cool water 59 close to the coast. 2. Where are most great white sharks found? 69 Even though they are mostly grey, they get their name 78 from their white underbelly. The great white shark has 89 been known to grow up to six metres long and have 99 up to three hundred sharp teeth, in seven rows. Their 3. Find and copy the adjective that the author uses 109 amazing sense of smell allows them to hunt for prey, to describe the shark’s sense of smell. 119 such as seals, rays and small whales from miles away. 4. Number these facts from 1 to 3 to show the order they appear in the text. They live between thirty and one hundred years. They can grow up to six metres long. They have up to three hundred teeth. The Great White Shark Answers 11 Great white sharks are the top of the ocean’s food chain. 1. Why do you think that the great white shark is at 22 They are the biggest fish on our planet which eat other the top of the ocean’s food chain? 32 fish and animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Forage Fish Management Plan
    Oregon Forage Fish Management Plan November 19, 2016 Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Marine Resources Program 2040 SE Marine Science Drive Newport, OR 97365 (541) 867-4741 http://www.dfw.state.or.us/MRP/ Oregon Department of Fish & Wildlife 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Purpose and Need ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Federal action to protect Forage Fish (2016)............................................................................................ 7 The Oregon Marine Fisheries Management Plan Framework .................................................................. 7 Relationship to Other State Policies ......................................................................................................... 7 Public Process Developing this Plan .......................................................................................................... 8 How this Document is Organized .............................................................................................................. 8 A. Resource Analysis ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • EU Shark Conservation
    EU Shark Conservation Recent Progress and Priorities for Action Species in the Spotlight European fishermen have a long history of catching a wide variety 01 of sharks and rays. Some beleaguered species finally have EU protection while others are the subject of new, unregulated fisheries. Here we profile some of Europe’s most heavily fished species. Spiny dogfish or ‘Spurdog’ Porbeagle shark Shortfin mako shark Squalus acanthias Lamna nasus Isurus oxyrinchus A changing profile The European Union (EU) remains a global shark fishing power, A slender, white-spotted shark that grows to A powerful, torpedo-shaped, highly migratory This wide-ranging shark, thought to be the world’s about 1 metre in length and travels in schools. shark closely related to great white sharks. fastest, cannot out-swim today’s vast fishing fleets. but its record on shark conservation is changing. The EU’s notorious Can live for many decades; remains pregnant for nearly two years. FOUND: Cool waters in both hemispheres, FOUND: Open-ocean waters around the world, not-so-distant past – characterised by severe population depletion, including offshore in northern Europe. including the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic unregulated fishing and exceptionally weak regulations – is now FOUND: Cool, coastal waters worldwide. DEMAND: Fins valuable and sold to Asia while Ocean. DEMAND: Smoked belly flaps popular in Germany. sought primarily for meat. DEMAND: Among the most highly sought of EU finally being balanced by recent, significant strides toward limiting Sold as ‘rock salmon’ in UK fish and chips shops. STATUS: Critically Endangered in the Northeast shark species, particularly by Spanish high seas EU shark fisheries and securing international protections for the Fins not considered high quality but still traded Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea; Vulnerable longline fishermen.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground Sharks
    click for previous page - v - TABLE OF CONTENTS Code Page 9. ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES - GROUND SHARKS ....................................................................................... 251 9.1 FAMILY SCYLIORHINIDAE - Catsharks .................................................. SCYL ........................................... 253 Apristurus....................................................................................................... SCYL Aprist ................................ 257 A. atlanticus ..................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 1 ............................... 261 A. brunneus ...................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 2 ............................... 262 A. canutus ............................................................................................ SCYL Aprist 3 ............................... 263 A. herklotsi ........................................................................................ SCYL Aprist 4 ............................... 264 A. indicus ............................................................................................. SCYL Aprist 5 ............................... 265 A. investigatoris ................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 6 ............................... 267 A. japonicus ....................................................................................... SCYL Aprist 7 ............................... 268
    [Show full text]
  • Traceability Study in Shark Products
    Traceability study in shark products Dr Heiner Lehr (Photo: © Francisco Blaha, 2015) Report commissioned by the CITES Secretariat This publication was funded by the European Union, through the CITES capacity-building project on aquatic species Contents 1 Summary.................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Structure of the remaining document ............................................................................. 9 1.2 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................... 10 2 The market chain ................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Shark Products ............................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Shark fins ............................................................................................................... 12 2.1.2 Shark meat ............................................................................................................. 12 2.1.3 Shark liver oil ......................................................................................................... 13 2.1.4 Shark cartilage ....................................................................................................... 13 2.1.5 Shark skin ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Great White Shark) on Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
    Prop. 11.48 Proposal to include Carcharodon carcharias (Great White Shark) on Appendix I of the Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) A. PROPOSAL ..............................................................................................3 B. PROPONENT............................................................................................3 C. SUPPORTING STATEMENT....................................................................3 1. Taxonomy.........................................................................................................................3 1.1 Class.................................................................................................................................... 1.2 Order................................................................................................................................... 1.3 Family ................................................................................................................................. 1.4 Species ................................................................................................................................ 1.5 Scientific Synonyms............................................................................................................. 1.6 Common Names .................................................................................................................. 2. Biological Parameters......................................................................................................3
    [Show full text]