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Getting Involved in Fleet Electrification GETTING INVOLVED IN FLEET ELECTRIFICATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR PUBLIC POWER Prepared by Patricia Taylor, Manager, Regulatory Policy and Business Programs and Jill Allen, Regulatory Affairs Specialist, with assistance from Burns & McDonnell for the American Public Power Association November 2019 The American Public Power Association thanks the external reviewers who supported the development of the report, including: Paul Brooker, University of Central Florida, on Assignment to Orlando Utilities Commission, Orlando, Florida Joe Empert, Amy Posner, Dan Raudebaugh, and Alison Smyth, Center for Transportation and the Environment, Atlanta, Georgia Thor Hinckley, Forth, Portland, Oregon Lisa Jerram, American Public Transportation Association, Washington, DC Tom Sagstetter, Elk River Municipal Utilities, Elk River, Minnesota Jennifer Wallace-Brodeur, VEIC, Burlington, Vermont Pete Westlake, Orlando Utilities Commission, Orlando, Florida Kevin Wood, Center for Sustainable Energy, San Diego, California The authors also thank the following Association staff members for their review: Sarah Czufin, Government Relations Director Alex Hofmann, Senior Director, Energy and Environmental Services Mike Hyland, Senior Vice President, Engineering Services Susan Partain, Senior Editor & Content Strategist Delia Patterson, Senior Vice President, Advocacy and Communications and General Counsel Paul Zummo, Director, Policy Research and Analysis The American Public Power Association is the voice of not-for-profit, community-owned utilities that power 2,000 towns and cities nationwide. We represent public power before the federal government to protect the interests of the more than 49 million people that public power utilities serve, and the 93,000 people they employ. Our association advocates and advises on electricity policy, technology, trends, training, and operations. Our members strengthen their communities by providing superior service, engag-ing citizens, and instilling pride in community-owned power. © 2019 American Public Power Association www.PublicPower.org Contact [email protected] or 202-467-2900 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 3 MOTIVATIONS FOR FLEET ELECTRIFICATION ....................................................................................... 4 POLICIES OR LEGISLATION .................................................................................................................. 4 LOAD GROWTH .................................................................................................................................... 5 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE SAVINGS ...................................................................................... 6 LEAD BY EXAMPLE ............................................................................................................................... 6 ENVIRONMENTAL ................................................................................................................................. 7 PUBLIC HEALTH .................................................................................................................................... 7 NOISE REDUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 7 CONSIDERATIONS FOR FLEET ELECTRIFICATION ............................................................................... 8 COORDINATION .................................................................................................................................... 8 COST ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE AVAILABILITY ................................................................................... 10 CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE TYPES .............................................................................................. 11 ROUTES AND DISTANCE TRAVELED ................................................................................................. 12 OPERATIONAL NEEDS ........................................................................................................................ 12 CLIMATE .............................................................................................................................................. 13 VEHICLE OPTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 13 AGE OF VEHICLES .............................................................................................................................. 13 POTENTIAL ROLES FOR PUBLIC POWER ............................................................................................ 14 PUBLIC POWER CASE STUDIES ............................................................................................................ 16 TRENDS AND EXAMPLES ....................................................................................................................... 21 LOCAL GOVERNMENT ....................................................................................................................... 21 SCHOOL DISTRICTS ........................................................................................................................... 22 PUBLIC TRANSIT ................................................................................................................................. 22 COMMERCIAL TRUCKING .................................................................................................................. 24 TRANSPORTATION NETWORK COMPANIES AND AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES ................................ 26 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................ 28 2 GETTING INVOLVED IN FLEET ELECTRIFICATION INTRODUCTION Electric vehicles (EVs) are poised to become the vehicle technology of choice in the coming decades. It’s not just DEFINITIONS personal vehicles that are switching to electric – the passenger vehicle an Uber driver picks riders up in and an urban n Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFV) are typically powered delivery truck transporting goods are also making the change. by ethanol, natural gas, propane, hydrogen, biodiesel, Behind these decisions are fleet operators who are increasingly or electricity. exploring and committing to vehicle electrification, ranging from light to heavy-duty vehicles.1 n Zero Emissions Vehicles (ZEV) produce zero tailpipe emissions and are powered by batteries or hydrogen As trusted energy advisors, public power utilities can fuel cells. assist other fleet operators as they transition to EVs. This n Electric Vehicles (EV) are propelled by electric motors report is intended to guide public power utilities, state/ and include battery-powered vehicles and hydrogen- regional associations, and joint action agencies as they powered fuel cell vehicles. consider electrifying their fleet and to help them assist other l community entities who wish to electrify their fleets. Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) encompass battery and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles that When public power providers electrify their fleets, they can plug into the grid for electricity to power their lead by example and gain first-hand experience with EVs and batteries. associated technology. Utilities can perform fleet assessments, m Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) plug into conduct vehicle charging studies, and evaluate options when the grid and use only batteries to power the the vehicles are near the end of their useful life. Some utilities vehicles. may set goals about the percentage of vehicles they want to be m electric by a certain timeframe, which could be tied to local Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) or statewide goals, whether those be specific to EV fleets or plug into the grid to charge batteries and have broader goals related to climate or sustainability. a conventional internal combustion engine to extend the driving range of the vehicle. As discussed in the American Public Power Association’s l Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) are powered Creating an Electric Vehicle Blueprint for Your Community: Public by hydrogen and emit water vapor through the Power Strategies, public power utilities have various options for vehicle tailpipe. The fuel cell is used to generate implementing an EV program.2 Since no two utilities are the electricity by reacting hydrogen and oxygen.3 same, EV programs should be tailored to address community n Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) feature an internal needs, interests, and goals. Key topic areas to consider including in an EV program are: charging infrastructure, combustion engine or other type of propulsion source education and awareness, fleet electrification, rate design, along with batteries. This type of vehicle does not plug vehicle-grid integration technologies, incentives, EV adoption, in to the grid. The batteries charge from the internal and grid impacts. combustion engine or another propulsion source and regenerative braking. This report explains how the elements of a public power n Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) are in most cars EV program connect to, and impact, EV fleet adoption. and generate mechanical power by burning liquid fuels Through highlighting public power examples alongside like
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