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Phcog Mag.: Review Article Research and Medicinal Potential of The Pharmacognosy Reviews Vol 1, Issue 2, Jul-Dec, 2007 PHCOG REV. An official Publication of Phcog.Net Phcog Mag.: Review Article Research and Medicinal Potential of the genus Cestrum (Solanaceae) – A Review A. Sajeli Begum* and Madhur Goyal Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, anaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India. Author for correspondence*E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The genus Cestrum belonging to Solanaceae family comprises about 300 species. Cestrum , which was mainly distributed in South America ranges from Southern Florida and Northern Mexico to Chile is now distributed all over the world as an ornamental plant. The genus is rich in saponins and most of the species exhibit toxicity supporting their use as potential insecticide, herbicide, molluscicide, antimicrobial agent and anticancer agent. A characteristic species of this genus, Cestrum diurnum is known for its calcinogenic potential, which can be used as a source of vitamin D in poultry. The present review explores the distribution, chemical composition, pharmacological activity and traditional uses of different species of genus Cestrum. KEY WORDS : Cestrum , Solanaceae, Cestrum diurnum , calcinogenesis, vitamin D 3, saponins. INTRODUCTION Plants are considered to be promising source of medicine in used in Chilean folk medicine as antifebrile and for the the traditional health care system. The efficacy and safety of treatment of fever and inflammation (4). Chinese people use herbal medicine have turned the major pharmaceutical leaves of C. nocturnum for their pharmacological significance population towards medicinal plant’s research. In view of the in burns and swellings. It is also used for treating epilepsy and widespread interest on Solanaceous plants, this work reviews as stupefying charm medicine in West Indian Islands. The the scientific information of the genus Cestrum . The present volatile oil of the species is known to be mosquito repellent work discusses the botanical, ethnopharmacological, and hence C. nocturnum and C. diurnum are used to prevent phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological information malaria in several African nations (6). C. laevigatum is identified in the literature concerning genus Cestrum . Species traditionally applied as sedative dressings to wounds and of Cestrum range from trees and shrubs to vines with ulcers and used as antispasmodic and diuretic (7). Leaves of sympodial, polyaxial, and monochasial branching (1). Species C. auriculatum are used in Peru and Canta externally to of Cestrum are well known for their ornamental, chemical, reduce wound inflammations and kill domestic fleas. It is also and pharmacological potential (2-4). Literature survey has used for its antimicrobial, anti infective and anti revealed the presence of saponins, lignans, flavonoids, inflammatory properties (8). Community of Pamporomas uses phenolic compounds, volatile oils and trace amounts of the leaves of C. auriculatum for treatment of skin infection alkaloids. Most of the species in the genus are toxic especially and allergies. The leaves are usually rubbed with water and to livestock, some are invasive species, notably C. parqui. extract obtained is applied directly to skin. The aqueous The species Cestrum diurnum in particular possesses extract of leaves is also taken orally in small quantity for calcinogenic potential i.e., Vitamin D 3 like activity which can fever and diarrhea. Other popular uses found in literature for be used as cheap source of Vitamin D 3 . C. auriculatum are for treating hemorrhoids and head ache. It Classification (5) also possesses antirheumatic and astringent properties (9). C . Kingdom Plantae – Plants parvifolium is also reported to be used traditionally for fever, Subkingdom Tracheobionta -Vascular plants ulcers and skin disorders (10). The plants of the genus have Superdivision Spermatophyta - Seed plants further found use in perfumery, as ornamental plants, floral Division Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants scent production etc. Class Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons PHYTOCHEMISTRY Subclass Asteridae The genus Cestrum is mainly enriched with volatile oils, Order Solanales saponins and lignans. Chemistry of a few species like C. Family Solanaceae – potato family parqui, C. nocturnum, C. sendtenerianum etc. has been Genus Cestrum L. - Jessamine elaborated (Table 1). Chemical investigation report of genus Traditional uses was first of all reported by Peckolt TH. in 1909. Most of the species of Cestrum have found several applications in folk medicine (Table 2). Cestrum parqui is © 2007 Phcog.Net, All rights reserved. 320 Available online: http://www.phcogrev.com Pharmacognosy Reviews Vol 1, Issue 2, Jul-Dec, 2007 PHCOG REV. An official Publication of Phcog.Net Saponins Halim et al. , in 1971, reported the presence of cotinine and The occurrence of steroidal saponins in several species of myosmine (Fig. 5) in C. nocturnum for the first time from a Cestrum has been documented. Recently saponins have non-nicotiana genus, along with nicotine and nor nicotine received scientific attention because of their structural which are also reported in C. diurnum (30). Steroidal alkaloids diversity and significant biological activities. A number of like solanodine and solasodine although found to be present in species like C. nocturnum, C. parqui, C. diurnum, C. C. purpureum , were absent in both C. diurnum and C. sendtenerianum, C. kunthii, C. axillare, C. laevigatum etc. auriculatum (31-32). are reported to contain saponins. Volatile Oils Some of the earlier works on C. parqui had reported presence Many of the species of the genus are grown for ornamental of Parquinoside with a foam index of 1/4.0 and hemolytic purposes and for floral scent production in perfumery. This index from 1/5.0 to 1/10.0 (11). Fresh green berries of C. property is attributed to the presence of volatile oils in parqui have shown the presence of gitogenin and digitogenin Cestrum . Essential oils in C. nocturnum were examined by and dried leaves showed the presence of digallogenin (12-13). Gupta G N et al . in 1954 (33). Later on in 1972, Collins R. and The presence of kaurene glycoside in the leaves has been others identified trans -2-hexenal, cis -3-hexenyl acetate, cis - identified to be responsible for its toxicity in grazing animals. 3-hexenol and trans -2-hexenal as common constituent of Further research on the leaves have shown the presence of an volatile oils of C. nocturnum and C. diurnum . The oil of C. unusual steroidal sapogenin (25 R)-isonautigenin, which could nocturnum has shown the presence of benzyl alcohol, β- be used as a taxonomic marker for the species (14). The phenylethyl alcohol, eugenol and methyl anthranillate (34). presence of neotigogenin, along with two terpenoid saponins Chao li et al . identified the presence of linalool and phenyl possessing molluscicidal potential and parquisosides A and B acetaldehyde as main contributor to characterstic flower possessing anti-inflammatory property have also been fragrance of C. nocturnum (35). Further cis -jasmone, methyl identified in C. parqui (15-16). jasmonate, 1,8-cineole, borneol, linalyl acetate, citronellyl Reports on C. sendtenerianum have shown the presence of propionate were also identified from the same species (36). polyhydroxylated spirostanol saponins of two types i.e., Zhixing et al . analysed the volatile oil content of C. tetrahydroxylated and trihydroxylated (Fig. 1). The nocturnum in night time and found it to contain 1-heneicosyl trihydroxylated spirostanol saponins have hydroxyl group at C- formate, docasone, 2-monolinolein, dibutyl phthalate, 10- 1β, C-2α and C-3β positions and bear a di- or trisaccharidal heneicosane, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene, glycoside at C-3. The tetrahydroxylated derivatives are 4-ethyl 1,2-dimethylbenzene, tetracosane, 2,4-bis(1,1- additionally hydroxylated at 12β position i.e., spirosta- dimethyl) phenol and 1-ethyl 2-methyl benzene (37). 5,25(27)-diene - 1β,2α,3β,12β-tetrol 3-O- β-D- The constituents of essential oils of C. diurnum mainly galactopyranoside (17-18). included palmitic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid possessing Phytochemical studies on another species of Cestrum i.e., C. antimicrobial activity against pathogenic strains of gram nocturnum have shown the presence of spirostanol glycosides. positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram negative Nocturnoside A, a yuccagenin pentasaccharide, and Pseudomonas auereginosa (38). nocturnoside B, a diosgenin tetrasaccharide (Fig. 2) have been Terpenes reported along with sapogenin like yuccagenin and tigogenin. Different nor -isoprenoids and sesqiterpenes have also been Cesternoside A (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dihydroxyphenyl-β-D- identified from the genus. The hydroalcoholic extract of C. glucopyranoside) and its acetyl derivative cesternoside B, two parqui leaves when fractionated with dichloromethane novel glucosides have also reported from C. nocturnum (Fig. yielded C 13 nor -isoprenoids, most of which were already 3) (19-22). Several other steroidal saponins i.e., flavonoidal established from different species like (6 R,9 R) 9-hydroxy-4- saponin, furostanol saponin, pseudofurostanol saponin, megastigmen-3-one isolated from Greek tobacco, (3 S,7 E,9 R)- pregnane glycoside, cholestane glycoside, pregnane- 3,9-dihydroxy-5,7-megastigmadiene previously isolated as carboxylic acid lactone glycoside etc. have also been glucoside from Bunias orientalis leaves, (3 R,6 R,7 E)-3-hydroxy- described from the species (23). 4,7-megastigmadien-9-one, a C
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