antioxidants Review Biophysical Modulation of the Mitochondrial Metabolism and Redox in Bone Homeostasis and Osteoporosis: How Biophysics Converts into Bioenergetics Feng-Sheng Wang 1,2,†, Re-Wen Wu 3,† , Yu-Shan Chen 1, Jih-Yang Ko 3, Holger Jahr 4,5 and Wei-Shiung Lian 1,2,* 1 Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostic, Department of Medical Research and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
[email protected] (F.-S.W.);
[email protected] (Y.-S.C.) 2 Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan 3 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
[email protected] (R.-W.W.);
[email protected] (J.-Y.K.) 4 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Hospital RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
[email protected] 5 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +886-7-731-7123 † F.-S.W. and R.-W.W. contribute to this article equally. Abstract: Bone-forming cells build mineralized microstructure and couple with bone-resorbing Citation: Wang, F.-S.; Wu, R.-W.; cells, harmonizing bone mineral acquisition, and remodeling to maintain bone mass homeostasis. Chen, Y.-S.; Ko, J.-Y.; Jahr, H.; Mitochondrial glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation pathways together with ROS generation Lian, W.-S. Biophysical Modulation of meet the energy requirement for bone-forming cell growth and differentiation, respectively. Moder- the Mitochondrial Metabolism and ate mechanical stimulations, such as weight loading, physical activity, ultrasound, vibration, and Redox in Bone Homeostasis and electromagnetic field stimulation, etc., are advantageous to bone-forming cell activity, promoting Osteoporosis: How Biophysics bone anabolism to compromise osteoporosis development.