Akron Blue Birds Atlanta Black Crackers Atlantic City Bacharach

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Black Diamonds: Negro League Baseball Teams, 1920-1949 Akron Blue Birds Atlanta Black Crackers Atlantic City Bacharach Giants Baltimore Black Sox, Elite Giants Birmingham Black Barons Brooklyn Eagles, Royal Giants Chattanooga Black Lookouts Chicago American Giants, Columbia Giants, Giants Cincinnati Clowns, Cuban Stars, Tigers, Ethiopian Buckeyes Cleveland Bears, Bluebirds, Browns, Buckeyes, Cubs, Elite Giants, Hornets, Red Sox, Stars, Tate Stars, Tigers Columbus Blue Birds, Buckeyes, Elite Giants, Redbirds, Elites Dayton Marcos Detroit Elites, Stars, Wolves Harrisburg Giants Homestead Grays (Pittsburgh) Indianapolis ABC’s, American Giants, Athletics, Clowns, Crawfords, Cuban Stars Jacksonville Red Caps Kansas City Monarchs Knoxville Giants Louisville Red Caps, White Sox Memphis Red Sox Milwaukee Bears Monroe Monarchs Montgomery Gray Sox Nashville Elite Giants, Elites New Orleans Crescent Stars, Stars New York Bacharach Giants, Black Yankees, Cuban Stars, Cubans, Harlem Stars, Bombers, Lincoln Giants Newark Browns, Dodgers, Eagles, Stars Philadelphia Hilldale Daisies, Hilldales, Stars Pittsburgh Crawfords, Keystones St. Louis Giants, Stars Toledo Crawfords, Tigers Washington Black Senators, Elite Giants, Homestead Grays, Pilots, Potomacs Wilmington Potomacs Map Created by the GIS Research & Map Collection, Ball State University Libraries from The Complete Book of Baseball’s Negro Leagues: The Other Half of Baseball History by John Holway. Photographs from Playing America’s Game by Michael L. Cooper, Ball State University Libraries Educational Resources Collections. In association with Geralyn Strecker, Assistant Professor in the Department of English, Ball State University..

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Negro League Teams
From the Negro Leagues to the Major Leagues: How and Why Major League Baseball Integrated and the Impact of Racial Integration on Three Negro League Teams. Christopher Frakes Advisor: Dr. Jerome Gillen Thesis submitted to the Honors Program, Saint Peter's College March 28, 2011 Christopher Frakes Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: Kansas City Monarchs 6 Chapter 3: Homestead Grays 15 Chapter 4: Birmingham Black Barons 24 Chapter 5: Integration 29 Chapter 6: Conclusion 37 Appendix I: Players that played both Negro and Major Leagues 41 Appendix II: Timeline for Integration 45 Bibliography: 47 2 Chapter 1: Introduction From the late 19th century until 1947, Major League Baseball (MLB, the Majors, the Show or the Big Show) was segregated. During those years, African Americans played in the Negro Leagues and were not allowed to play in either the MLB or the minor league affiliates of the Major League teams (the Minor Leagues). The Negro Leagues existed as a separate entity from the Major Leagues and though structured similarly to MLB, the leagues were not equal. The objective of my thesis is to cover how and why MLB integrated and the impact of MLB’s racial integration on three prominent Negro League teams. The thesis will begin with a review of the three Negro League teams that produced the most future Major Leaguers. I will review the rise of those teams to the top of the Negro Leagues and then the decline of each team after its superstar(s) moved over to the Major Leagues when MLB integrated.
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Numbered Panel 1
PRIDE 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E The African-American Baseball Experience Cuban Giants season ticket, 1887 A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History Courtesy of Larry Hogan Collection National Baseball Hall of Fame Library 1 8 4 5 KNICKERBOCKER RULES The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club establishes modern baseball’s rules. Black Teams Become Professional & 1 8 5 0 s PLANTATION BASEBALL The first African-American professional teams formed in As revealed by former slaves in testimony given to the Works Progress FINDING A WAY IN HARD TIMES 1860 – 1887 the 1880s. Among the earliest was the Cuban Giants, who Administration 80 years later, many slaves play baseball on plantations in the pre-Civil War South. played baseball by day for the wealthy white patrons of the Argyle Hotel on Long Island, New York. By night, they 1 8 5 7 1 8 5 7 Following the Civil War (1861-1865), were waiters in the hotel’s restaurant. Such teams became Integrated Ball in the 1800s DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD DECISION NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BA S E BA L L PL AY E R S FO U N D E D lmost as soon as the game’s rules were codified, Americans attractions for a number of resort hotels, especially in The Supreme Court allows slave owners to reclaim slaves who An association of amateur clubs, primarily from the New York City area, organizes. R e c o n s t ruction was meant to establish Florida and Arkansas. This team, formed in 1885 by escaped to free states, stating slaves were property and not citizens.
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Remembering Willie "El Diablo" Wells and Baseball's Negro Leagues - Not Even Past
Remembering Willie "El Diablo" Wells and Baseball's Negro Leagues - Not Even Past BOOKS FILMS & MEDIA THE PUBLIC HISTORIAN BLOG TEXAS OUR/STORIES STUDENTS ABOUT 15 MINUTE HISTORY "The past is never dead. It's not even past." William Faulkner NOT EVEN PAST Tweet 66 Like THE PUBLIC HISTORIAN Remembering Willie “El Diablo” Wells and Baseball’s Negro Making History: Houston’s “Spirit of the Leagues Confederacy” By Edward Shore I “discovered” Willie ‘El Diablo’ Wells two years ago on a hot spring afternoon in East Austin. I had decided to skip writing and opted for a stroll down Comal Street, but I was cooked. “Damn it!” I muttered. “It’s too early in the season for this heat!” I took shelter under the pecan trees at the Texas State Cemetery. A bronze headstone caught my eye. May 06, 2020 More from The Public Historian BOOKS America for Americans: A History of Xenophobia in the United States by Erika Lee (2019) Headstone of Willie “El Diablo” James at Texas State Cemetery. April 20, 2020 Photo courtesy of the author. “WILLIE JAMES WELLS, EL DIABLO, 1906-1989. PLAYED AND MANAGED IN THE NEGRO More Books LEAGUES, 1924-1948…BASEBALL’S FIRST POWER-HITTING SHORTSTOP…8-TIME NEGRO LEAGUE ALL-STAR…COMPILED A .392 BATTING AVERAGE AGAINST MAJOR-LEAGUE PITCHING.” DIGITAL HISTORY I was enchanted. After all, I’m a massive baseball geek. My morning ritual consists of making coffee, singing along to Mark Morrison’s “Return of the Mack,” and scouring the dark underbelly of the Internet: Más de 72: Digital Archive Review the fan blogs of my beloved Arizona Diamondbacks.
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Glenn Killinger, Service Football, and the Birth
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School School of Humanities WAR SEASONS: GLENN KILLINGER, SERVICE FOOTBALL, AND THE BIRTH OF THE AMERICAN HERO IN POSTWAR AMERICAN CULTURE A Dissertation in American Studies by Todd M. Mealy © 2018 Todd M. Mealy Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy May 2018 ii This dissertation of Todd M. Mealy was reviewed and approved by the following: Charles P. Kupfer Associate Professor of American Studies Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Simon Bronner Distinguished Professor Emeritus of American Studies and Folklore Raffy Luquis Associate Professor of Health Education, Behavioral Science and Educaiton Program Peter Kareithi Special Member, Associate Professor of Communications, The Pennsylvania State University John Haddad Professor of American Studies and Chair, American Studies Program *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT This dissertation examines Glenn Killinger’s career as a three-sport star at Penn State. The thrills and fascinations of his athletic exploits were chronicled by the mass media beginning in 1917 through the 1920s in a way that addressed the central themes of the mythic Great American Novel. Killinger’s personal and public life matched the cultural medley that defined the nation in the first quarter of the twentieth-century. His life plays outs as if it were a Horatio Alger novel, as the anxieties over turn-of-the- century immigration and urbanization, the uncertainty of commercializing formerly amateur sports, social unrest that challenged the status quo, and the resiliency of the individual confronting challenges of World War I, sport, and social alienation.
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Washington Redskins Vs. San Francisco 49Ers October 20, 2019 | Landover, Md Game Release
X WEEK 7 WASHINGTON REDSKINS VS. SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS OCTOBER 20, 2019 | LANDOVER, MD GAME RELEASE 21300 Redskin Park Drive | Ashburn, Va. 20147 | 703.726.7000 @Redskins | www.Redskins.com | media.Redskins.com REGULAR SEASON - WEEK 7 WASHINGTON REDSKINS (1-5) VS SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS (5-0) Sunday, Oct. 20 | 1:00 p.m. ET FedExField (82,000) | Landover, Md. REDSKINS HOST NFC WEST GAME CENTER LEADING SAN FRANCISCO 49ERS SERIES HISTORY: 49ers lead the all-time series, 20-11-1 The Redskins will look to win their second consecutive game 49ers lead the all-time regular season when they host the undefeated San Francisco 49ers at FedexField on series, 17-10-1 Sunday. Kickoff is schedule for 1:00 p.m. Last meeting: Oct. 15, 2017 [26-24 WAS] The Redskins will be looking to secure their first win at FedexField since defeating the Dallas Cowboys, 20-17 in Week 7 of last season. TELEVISION: FOX They will also be looking to win consecutive games for the first time Chris Myers (play-by-play) since defeating the Carolina Panthers and Dallas Cowboys in Week 6 and Week 7 of the 2018 season, respectively. Daryl Johnston (analyst) The Redskins defense is coming off of a solid performance. They Laura Okmin (sideline) held the Miami Dolphins to 16 points along with only allowing 271 net yards. It was the least amount of yards allowed by the team this sea- RADIO: Redskins Radio Network son and the fewest since Week 15 of 2018. Larry Michael (play-by-play) During his weekly press conference with the local media on Mon- Chris Cooley (analysis) day, Interim Head Coach Bill Callahan praised the defense and spe- Rick “Doc” Walker (sidelines) cifically commented on the play of S Landon Collins and CB Quinton Dunbar.
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Three Rivers Water Trail Access • Row Boats Or Sculls Points Are Available for Public Use
WHAT IS A WATER TRAIL? Is kayaking strenuous? Water trails are recreational waterways on lakes, rivers or Kayaking can be a great workout, or a relaxing day spent oceans between specific points, containing access points floating or casually paddling on the river. and day-use and camping sites (where appropriate) for the boating public. Water trails emphasize low-impact use and What should I wear? promote resource stewardship. Explore this unique Pennsylvania water trail. Whatever you’re comfortable in! You should not expect to get excessively wet, but non-cotton materials that dry quickly are Three Rivers WHAT TYPES OF PADDLE-CRAFT? best. Consider dressing in layers, and wear shoes that will stay on your feet. • Kayaks • Canoes How do I use the storage racks? • Paddle boards Water Trail The storage racks at many Three Rivers Water Trail access • Row boats or sculls points are available for public use. These are not intended for long term storage. Store “at your own risk.” Using a lock you FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS: are comfortable with is recommended. Is it safe for beginners to paddle on the river? Flat-water kayaking, canoeing, or paddle boarding is perfect for beginners. It is easy to learn with just a Map & Guide few minutes of instruction. RUL THREE RIVERS E S & Friends of the Riverfront, founded in 1991, is WATER TRAIL dedicated to the development and stewardship of the Three Rivers Heritage Trail and Three R Developed by Friends of the Riverfront Rivers Water Trail in the Pittsburgh region. This EG PENNSYLVANIA BOATING REGULATIONS guide is provided so that everyone can enjoy the natural amenities that makes the Pittsburgh • A U.S.
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Negro Leaguers in Service If They Can Fight and Die on Okinawa and Guadalcanal in the South Pacific, They Can Play Baseball in America
Issue 37 July 2015 Negro Leaguers in Service If they can fight and die on Okinawa and Guadalcanal in the South Pacific, they can play baseball in America. Baseball Commissioner AB "Happy" Chandler This edition of the Baseball in Wartime Newsletter is dedicated to all the African- American baseball players who served with the armed forces during World War II. More than 200 players from baseball’s Negro Leagues entered military service between 1941 and 1945. Some served on the home front, while others were in combat in Europe, North Africa and the Pacific. These were the days of a segregated military and life was never easy for these men, but, for some, playing baseball made the summer days a little more bearable. Willard Brown and Leon Day (the only two black players on the team) helped the OISE All-Stars win the European Theater World Series in 1945, Joe Greene helped the 92nd Infantry Division clinch the Mediterranean Theater championship the same year, Jim Zapp was on championship teams in Hawaii in 1943 and 1944, and Larry Doby, Chuck Harmon, Herb Bracken and Johnny Wright were Midwest Servicemen League all- stars in 1944. Records indicate that no professional players from the Negro Leagues lost their lives in service during WWII, but at least two semi-pro African-American ballplayers made the ultimate sacrifice. Grady Mabry died from wounds in Europe in December 1944, and Aubrey Stewart was executed by German SS troops the same month. With Brown and Day playing for the predominantly white OISE All-Stars, Calvin Medley pitching for the Fleet Marine Force team in Hawaii, and Don Smith pitching alongside former major leaguers for the Greys in England, integrated baseball made its appearance during the war years and quite possibly paved the way for the signing of Jackie Robinson.
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Rickwood Field, on Birmingham's West Side, Was Completed in August 1910, Just 10 Days After Old Comiskey Park Was Dedicated
During the spring of 1994, I trailed Michael Jordan during his Minor League Baseball adventure. Much more eventful was taking Negro Leaguer Lyman Bostock, Sr. to his sanctuary of memories. Since my 1994 visit, Rickwood has been restored and hosts the annual turn-back-the-clock "Rickwood Classic" featuring the Birmingham Barons. April 17, 1994---- BIRMINGHAM, Ala. Another world away from the new dreams of Michael Jordan stands the oldest ballpark in America. Construction on courtly Rickwood Field, on Birmingham's west side, was completed in August 1910, just 10 days after old Comiskey Park was dedicated. Almost every baseball legend played at Rickwood, from Babe Ruth, "Shoeless" Joe Jackson and Ty Cobb to Satchel Paige, Reggie Jackson and Hank Aaron. A few weeks ago director Ron Shelton ("Bull Durham," "White Men Can't Jump") filmed scenes for his fall release "Cobb," starring Tommy Lee Jones, at Rickwood. Rickwood is a feisty old dame in her golden years. Though the Class AA Birmingham Barons left in 1987 for the affluent suburb of Hoover, her time is far from up. Almost to underscore that point, the 33-foot center-field scoreboard is punctuated on top by a Bulova clock. The manual scoreboard has been renovated. The stadium's 9,100 seats have been scrubbed down. Period-piece outfield signs remain from the "Cobb" film. And if you're lucky, you'll walk into Rickwood during a sweet spring afternoon and find ex-Pittsburgh Pirate Bob Veale tending to the mound. A Birmingham native, Veale is the Rickwood groundskeeper a couple of times a week.
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'Black Baseball's Last Team Standing: the Birmingham Black Barons, 1919-1962'
H-Florida McMullen on Plott, 'Black Baseball's Last Team Standing: The Birmingham Black Barons, 1919-1962' Review published on Wednesday, June 10, 2020 William J. Plott. Black Baseball's Last Team Standing: The Birmingham Black Barons, 1919-1962. Jefferson: McFarland, 2019. 345 pp. $49.95 (paper), ISBN 978-1-4766-7788-0. Reviewed by David Lee McMullen (UNC Charlotte)Published on H-Florida (June, 2020) Commissioned by Jeanine A. Clark Bremer (Northern Illinois University) Printable Version: http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=54492 It was early in the 1927 season; the Birmingham Black Barons were in St. Louis. On the mound was a young pitcher who had just joined the Barons from the Chattanooga Choo Choos, a twenty-one-year- old who was said to throw “the fastest and hardest ball in the circuit.” On this particular day the young pitcher “was throwing hard, fast and wild.” When one of his pitches came too close to the batter, the batter headed for the mound, bat in hand. From the stands, someone yelled, “You have nothing to defend yourself with. Run, boy, run.” The pitcher raced for the dugout. The batter threw his bat, hitting in the young pitcher in the side. A woman in the stands screamed, “Murder, Murder!” and the crowd went wild. Policemen began manhandling the Baron players and a St. Louis fan jumped onto the field with a knife and headed toward one of the outfielders. Ultimately the pitcher was tossed out and the game called after only two innings of play (pp.
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Revue Adjusts Content After Complaints ND Tuition to Increase
the Observer The Independent Newspaper Serving Notre Dame and Saint Mary’s ndsmcobserver.com Volume 44 : Issue 87 Tuesday, February 15, 2011 ndsmcobserver.com Revue adjusts content after complaints Campaign By LAURA McCRYSTAL News Editor infractions After the Student Activities Office (SAO) received com- delay results plaints about the content of Thursday and Friday’s Keenan Revue performances, the audience at Saturday By MEGAN DOYLE night’s third and final show Associate News Editor saw an edited version of the Revue. Students cast their votes Keenan residents began Monday for student body making adjustments to the president and vice president, Revue beginning at 5:30 p.m. but they will not learn the Saturday for the 7 p.m. show, results of the election until junior Chase Riddle, the later in the week due to an Revue’s producer, said. These alleged rule violated by one changes included the elimi- of the candidates. nation of seven skits and GRANT TOBIN/The Observer The results of Monday’s edits to several others, Riddle Raymond Gallagher, Brendan Herrmann, Patrick Mines and Zach DuBois perform a skit on election will not be released said. Five of the original 29 dining hall etiquette during this year’s Keenan Revue. until the Student Union com- acts were not changed. pletes its review of the alle- “We feel that Friday night’s contract with Keenan for the gation, Michael Thomas, vice show was the Keenan Revue use of its O’Laughlin president of elections for for 2011 and Saturday night’s Auditorium. Judicial Council, said. show was just our attempt Peggy Hnatusko, director of “The election results will be and SAO’s quick fix for some Student Activities for announced as soon as the of the inconsistencies in Programming, said SAO allegation process is com- Friday night’s show and some received specific complaints plete,” Thomas said.
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Negro Southern League Museum Research
Negro Southern League (1920-1951) It was common practice for the teams in the league to all play a different number of games during the season. Standings are presented based on winning percentage for the entire season in “league” games only. Negro Southern League (1920) Newspaper accounts differ in the final standings of the teams that played in the Negro Southern League in 1920. Part of the difference in records reported by Southern newspapers revolved around whether or not certain forfeited games were counted or not counted in a team’s won-loss record. On September 11, 1920 The Chicago Defender reported the following Negro Southern League standings: 1920 Games Record Pct. Knoxville Giants 76 55-21 .724 Montgomery Grey Sox 86 47-39 .547 Atlanta Black Crackers 84 45-39 .536 Birmingham Black Barons 82 43-39 .524 New Orleans Caulfield Ads 82 43-39 .524 Nashville White Sox 80 40-40 .500 Jacksonville Stars 44 18-26 .409 For some explained reason, the Pensacola Giants were left out of the standings. Speculation is that it was a dropped line of type when the newspaper was put together. On September 12, 1920, the Alabama Journal of Montgomery, Alabama reported the following Negro Southern League standings: 1920 Games Record Pct. Montgomery Grey Sox 98 48-40 .545 Knoxville Giants 64 34-30 .531 New Orleans Caulfield Ads 83 44-39 .530 Birmingham Black Barons 82 43-39 .524 Atlanta Black Crackers 89 45-44 .505 Nashville White Sox 80 40-40 .500 Pensacola Giants 83 40-43 .482 Jacksonville Stars 44 18-26 .409 Notes: 1.
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Numbered Panel 2
2A 2B 2C 2D 2E Broadside featuring the Belmont Colored Giants of Harlem, 1908 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History 1 8 8 7 GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT Midway through the season, International League owners agree to sign no new contracts with African-American baseball players, sparking the tradition of barring black players from pro ball. Other leagues follow and the era of integrated baseball soon ends. BARNSTORMING ON THE OPEN ROAD 1887–1919 NATIONAL COLORED BASE BALL LEAGUE With teams from Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, LINCOLN GIANTS Land of Giants Washington, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and Louisville, this league fails within three weeks of its May opener. By 1887, some black players were on organized baseball rosters, Many black barn s t o rmi ng teams took the name “Giants” arguably because 1 8 9 1 mainly in the minor leagues. But during that season, the International of the prominence of the National AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOLDS Financially weakened by long years of competition with the National L e a g u e ’s New York Giants, who were League, the American Association fails. League owners agreed to make no new contracts with African- managed by John McGraw. These American players. In unspoken agreement, other leagues adopted black teams, among them the 1 8 9 6 Mohawk Giants of Schenectady, PLESSY V. FERGUSON DECISION similar policies over the next 15 years. Black players, in response, the Union Giants of Chicago and the In a test of Jim Crow laws, the Supreme Court allows “separate Lincoln Giants of New York City, but equal” schools and public accommodations for African Americans, thereby supporting segregation of schools and started their own professional teams.
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