End of Sem Anatomy Master Revision
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Isaac Newton Academy Revision Booklet- Exam 1
Isaac Newton Academy Revision Booklet- Exam 1 Component 01: Physical factors affecting performance 1.1 Applied anatomy and physiology 1.2 Physical training. Functions of the skeleton Location of Major Bones Bone stores crucial nutrients, minerals, and lipids and produces blood cells that nourish the body and play a vital role in protecting the body against infection. Bones have many functions, including the following: Support: Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues. Bone Location Arm - humerus, radius and ulna. Hand - Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges. Sternum and Ribs. Femur – the thigh bone. Patella – the knee cap. Tibia – the shin bone, the larger of the two leg bones located below the knee cap. Fibula – the smaller of the two leg bones located below the knee cap. The OCR Spec expects us to know the following regarding synovial joints: The definition of a synovial joint, Articulating bones of the knee and elbow hinge joints and also the articulating bones of the shoulder and hip Ball and socket joints Hinge Joint- A hinge joint is found at the knee and the elbow, Synovial Joint- This is a freely moveable joint in thich the bones’ surfaces are covered Articulating bones of the elbow by cartilage and connected by joint are the Humerus radius fibrous connective tissue and Ulna . Articulating bones of capsule lines with synovial the knee are the Femur and fluid Tibia. Ball and socket joint- Allows a wide range of movement, they can be Articulating bones- These found at the hip and shoulder. are bones that move within a joint Articulating bones of the shoulder are Humerus and Scapula. -
38.3 Joints and Skeletal Movement.Pdf
1198 Chapter 38 | The Musculoskeletal System Decalcification of Bones Question: What effect does the removal of calcium and collagen have on bone structure? Background: Conduct a literature search on the role of calcium and collagen in maintaining bone structure. Conduct a literature search on diseases in which bone structure is compromised. Hypothesis: Develop a hypothesis that states predictions of the flexibility, strength, and mass of bones that have had the calcium and collagen components removed. Develop a hypothesis regarding the attempt to add calcium back to decalcified bones. Test the hypothesis: Test the prediction by removing calcium from chicken bones by placing them in a jar of vinegar for seven days. Test the hypothesis regarding adding calcium back to decalcified bone by placing the decalcified chicken bones into a jar of water with calcium supplements added. Test the prediction by denaturing the collagen from the bones by baking them at 250°C for three hours. Analyze the data: Create a table showing the changes in bone flexibility, strength, and mass in the three different environments. Report the results: Under which conditions was the bone most flexible? Under which conditions was the bone the strongest? Draw a conclusion: Did the results support or refute the hypothesis? How do the results observed in this experiment correspond to diseases that destroy bone tissue? 38.3 | Joints and Skeletal Movement By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following: • Classify the different types of joints on the basis of structure • Explain the role of joints in skeletal movement The point at which two or more bones meet is called a joint, or articulation. -
Morphological Characteristics of the Lateral Talocalcaneal Ligament: a Large-Scale Anatomical Study
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy (2019) 41:25–28 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-018-2128-8 ANATOMIC VARIATIONS Morphological characteristics of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament: a large-scale anatomical study Mutsuaki Edama1,2 · Ikuo Kageyama2 · Takaniri Kikumoto1 · Tomoya Takabayashi1 · Takuma Inai1 · Ryo Hirabayashi1 · Wataru Ito1 · Emi Nakamura1 · Masahiro Ikezu1 · Fumiya Kaneko1 · Akira Kumazaki3 · Hiromi Inaba4 · Go Omori3 Received: 9 August 2018 / Accepted: 4 September 2018 / Published online: 30 October 2018 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to clarify the morphological characteristics of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTCL). Methods This study examined 100 legs from 54 Japanese cadavers. The LTCL was classified into three types: Type I, the LTCL branches from the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL); Type II, the LTCL is independent of the CFL and runs parallel to the calcaneus; and Type III, the LTCL is absent. The morphological features measured were fiber bundle length, fiber bundle width, and fiber bundle thickness. Results The LTCL was classified as Type I in 18 feet (18%), Type II in 24 feet (24%), and Type III in 58 feet (58%). All LTCLs were associated with the anterior talofibular ligament at the talus. There was no significant difference in morphologi- cal characteristics by Type for each ligament. Conclusions The LTCL was similar to the CFL in terms of fiber bundle width and fiber bundle thickness. Keywords Calcaneofibular · Ligament · Subtalar joint · Gross anatomy Introduction features, as well as complex three-dimensional mobility, making it a challenge to conduct quantitative evaluations. Of patients with chronic ankle instability, 42% [6] present Ligaments that are associated with the stability of the with mechanical instability of the talocrural joint, and 58% subtalar joint include the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL), have mechanical instability of the subtalar joint [3], each of the lateral talocalcaneal ligament (LTCL), the interosseous them at high percentages. -
Ankle Fusion Protocol
Phone: 574.247.9441 ● Fax: 574.247.9442 ● www.sbortho.com ANKLE FUSION PROTOCOL This is the fusion of the tibia and the talus for ankle joint arthritis. Your ankle will lose the majority of its up and down motion, but typically retain some side to side motion. Occasionally the subtalar joint (between the talus and calcaneus) also needs to be fused, which further stiffens the ankle. Bone graft (typically allograft/cadaver bone or Augment, a synthetic graft) is used, and screws, staples, plates, and/or a metal rod are inserted to hold the bones together as they heal. Below is a general outline for these fusion procedures. MD recommendations and radiographic evidence of healing can always affect the timeline. **This is a guideline for recovery, and specific changes may be indicated on an individual basis** Preoperative Physical Therapy Pre surgical Gait Training, Balance Training, Crutch Training and Knee Scooter Training Phase I- Protection (Weeks 0 to 6) GOALS: - Cast or boot for 6 weeks - Elevation, ice, and medication to control pain and swelling - Non-weight bearing x 6 weeks - Hip and knee AROM, hip strengthening - Core and upper extremity strengthening WEEK 0-2: Nonweightbearing in splint - elevate the leg above the heart to minimize swelling 23 hours/day - ice behind the knee 30 min on/30 min off (Vascutherm or ice bag) - minimize activity and focus on rest 1ST POSTOP (5-7 DAYS): Dressing changed, cast applied - continue strict elevation, ice, NWB WEEKS 2-3: Sutures removed, cast changed WEEKS 4-5: Return for another cast change -
SUBTALAR JOINT RECONSTRUCTION by George E
SUBTALAR JOINT RECONSTRUCTION By George E. Quill, Jr., M.D. The single axis subtalar joint is a hinge joining the talus and calcaneus that allows adaptation of the foot on uneven ground. This joint modifies the forces of ambulation imposed on the rest of the skeleton and influences the performance of the more distal foot articulations as well. When the structure and function of this joint are altered by trauma, instability, arthritis, infection, or tarsal coalition, subtalar reconstruction, usually in the form of arthrodesis, may prove to be a very successful procedure in treating the patient's resultant disability. The subtalar joint is, in this author's opinion, a very under appreciated joint. Even though it is estimated that up to 3 percent of the general population may have an asymptomatic talocalcaneal coalition present from a very young age and function very well, patients with a stiffened subtalar joint secondary to post-traumatic subtalar osteoarthrosis have very poor biomechanical function. Many patients presenting with "ankle " pain or who have pain from an ankle sprain that "just won't go away", may actually have subtalar pathology as an etiology for their discomfort. It is the astute orthopaedic surgeon who can recognize and successfully treat this pathology. Subtalar arthrodesis performed for the appropriate indications has proven to be one of this author's most gratifying, time-tested procedures in alleviating pain and improving function in patients so affected. Therefore, it is prudent that we understand the anatomic and functional aspects of the subtalar joint. The subtalar joint consists of three separate facets for articulation between the talus and calcaneus (Figure 1). -
The Anatomy of the Knee the Knee Is a Hinge Joint Formed by the Tibia
The Anatomy of the Knee The knee is a hinge joint formed by the tibia (shinbone), femur (thighbone) and patella (kneecap). The ends of the bones in the joint are covered with cartilage a tough lubricating tissue that helps cushion the bones during movement. Diagram 1: The Human Knee The Joints The joint mainly allows for bending (flexion) and straightening (extension) of your knee. The knee joint consists of two articulations-tibiofemoral and patellofemoral. The joint surfaces are lined with cartilage, and are enclosed within a single joint cavity. 1 Tibiofemoral (Knee joint)-medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the tibial condyles. It is the weight-bearing component of the knee joint. Patellofemoral (kneecap)-(Anterior) aspect of the femur at the knee joint articulates with the Patella. It allows the tendon of the quadriceps femoris (muscle that extends knee) to be inserted directly over the knee-increasing its efficiency. The Ligaments There are a number of ligaments related to the knee. However the main ones are the collateral and the cruciate ligaments. These ligaments work to stabilise the knee and give the knee its awareness of its position in space. The Muscles Diagram 2: The 'Knee' Muscles The main muscles of the knee joint consist of two groups that work together to extend and flex the knee joint during activities such as walking and running. The muscles at the front of the thighs are called the quadriceps. They are a group of four muscles which work to extend or straighten the knee. They attach to the shin bone by a thick tendon called the Patellar tendon. -
ISOLATED SUBTALAR JOINT ARTHRODESIS: Indications, Evaluation, and Surgical Technique
CHAPTER 22 ISOLATED SUBTALAR JOINT ARTHRODESIS: Indications, Evaluation, and Surgical Technique Thomas A. Brosky, II, DPM Michael C. McGlamry, DPM Marie-Christine Bergeron, DPM Isolated subtalar joint (STJ) fusions are performed routinely as described by Sarraffi an. The talus and calcaneus move by many foot and ankle surgeons for various hindfoot in opposite directions: as the calcaneus abducts, everts and pathologies, but were historically avoided due to their extends, the talus will adduct, invert and plantarfl ex (9). potential complications on the adjacent joints (1). Since the inception of this isolated arthrodesis, multiple studies INDICATIONS have been undertaken to demonstrate the effects on the surrounding joints. Jouveniaux et al concluded with their Isolated STJ arthrodesis is indicated for the following: retrospective study of 37 isolated fusions that radiographic Stage II fl exible fl atfoot deformity, isolated arthritis, both changes suggesting arthritis in the adjacent joints were traumatic and non-traumatic, coalition, and neuromuscular common, but were moderate and asymptomatic in the disease affecting hindfoot motion (10). The literature majority of cases (2). Additionally, this technique is preferred has reported good results for stage II posterior tendon instead of a triple arthrodesis in cases where the calcaneal- dysfunction, but patient selection is the key to success (11). cuboid joint and talo-navicular joints are intact without Forefoot varus can be a contra-indication for this isolated arthritic changes. This preserves the overall function of the procedure unless it is addressed surgically (12). Taylor and hindfoot with the perceived joint stiffness that the triple Sammarco recommend isolated STJ arthrodesis in patients arthrodesis offers (3,4). -
The Subtalar Joint Sprain Occurs Some- Stabilizing Force to the Subtalar Joint
CHAPTER 26 THE SUBTAIARJOINT SPRAIN Gerard. V. Yu, D.P.M, Inversion injuries to the lateral ligamentous Rubin and \X/itten are credited as being the first complex of the ankle joint have been studied authors to suggest a clinical significance to subtalar extensively, and are readily recognized by joint instabiliry and propose a method to study the physicians treating disorders of the foot and ankle. instability.' They calculated the tibiocalcaneal angle Subtalar joint sprains, on the other hand, have been using a foot stabilizing device and stress the subject of few studies, and are a little-known tomograms. None of the 27 patients studied, and frequently undiagnosed clinical entity. It is (including 17 with symptoms of "excessive turning only over the last ten years that there has been any over") had obvious subtalar instability. serious interest in instability of the subtalar ioint as Christman and Snook, in a 1969 article a result of the "inversion ankle sprain." Some describing a modified Elmslie procedure for lateral orthopaedic literature has suggested the diagnosis ankle instability, recognized subtalar joint of subtalar joint instability as a distinct clinical instability at the time of surgery in three of their entity only after failure to achieve a "stable ankle" seven patients.'? Morbidity of the Christman-Snook following surgical reconstruction of the Lateral Procedure has been studied critically by Horstman ligamentous complex for ankle instability. Subtalar et al. as well as Snook et alj'a It has led some joint instability is estimated to occur in 1,0o/o to 25Vo authors to seek other procedures which are more percent of all patients exhibiting lateral ankle biomechanically and anatomically sound for instability. -
Synovial Fluid Synovial Joints Skeleton Hinge Ball and Socket Articulating Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Cartilage Ligaments Tendons
The Structure and Function of the Skeletal System % I can … Prove it! - 1) Evaluate the different functions of the skeleton in: - Evaluate the importance of the a) A team sport of your choice: varying functions of the skeleton in different activity areas. b) An individual sport of your choice: Evaluate the importance of varying movements at different 70%+ joints in a range of sports. 2) Evaluate the importance of flexion and extension movements at the knee joint in a sport of your choice: - 3) Evaluate the importance of circumduction and rotation of circumduction in a sport of your choice: - Apply examples of how the 1) Give a practical example from a sport of your choice of when the following functions of the skeleton skeleton is adapted to its main are important: functions. a) Support: - b) Posture: 60% c) Protection: d) Movement: e) Blood cell production: f) Storage of minerals: Apply knowledge of the 1) Give a practical example from a sport of your choice of the movements at the following joints: movements at hinge and ball & a) Extension at the knee joint: socket joints to describe practical examples of these b) Flexion at the elbow joint: movements in different sports. c) Abduction at the hip joint: 50% d) Adduction at the shoulder joint: e) Rotation at the shoulder joint: f) Circumduction at the shoulder joint: Key Terms: Synovial Fluid Synovial joints Skeleton Hinge Ball and socket Articulating Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Percentage Ladder (Year 9 PE) – Unit 1 – Structure and Function of the Skeletal System The Structure and Function of the Skeletal System % I can … Prove it! 1) Where in the body can you find? Know examples of hinge and ball & a) A hinge joint socket joints. -
At the Seashore 299 300 MRI of the Ankle: Trauma and Overuse Disclosure
William J. Weadock, M.D. of the Presents The 18 th atRadiology the Seashore Friday, March 17, 2017 South Seas Island Resort Captiva Island, Florida Educational Symposia TABLE OF CONTENTS Friday, March 17, 2017 Ankle MRI: Trauma and Overuse (Corrie M. Yablon, M.D.) ............................................................................................ 299 Challenging Abdominal CT and MR Cases (William J. Weadock, M.D., FACR) ............................................................... 315 Knee MRI: A Pattern-Based Approach to Interpretation (Corrie M. Yablon, M.D.) ......................................................... 319 Complications of Aortic Endografts (William J. Weadock, M.D., FACR) ........................................................................... 339 SAVE THE DATE - 19 th Annual Radiology at the Seashore 299 300 MRI of the Ankle: Trauma and Overuse Disclosure Corrie M. Yablon, M.D. None Associate Professor Learning Objectives Introduction • Identify key anatomy on ankle MRI focusing on ligaments • MR protocol of the ankle • Discuss common injury patterns seen on ankle MRI • Ankle anatomy on MRI • Explain causes of ankle impingement • Case-based tutorial of pathology • Describe sites of nerve compression Protocol Planes Best to Evaluate… • Sag T1, STIR Axial Coronal • Ax T1, T2FS • Ankle tendons • Deltoid ligaments • Tibiofibular ligaments • Talar dome/ankle joint • Cor PDFS • Anterior, posterior talofibular • Plantar fascia • Optional coronal GRE for talar dome ligaments • Sinus tarsi cartilage -
Gross Anatomy of the Lower Limb. Knee and Ankle Joint. Walking
Gross anatomy of the lower limb. Knee and ankle joint. Walking. Sándor Katz M.D.,Ph.D. Knee joint type: trochoginglimus (hinge and pivot) Intracapsular ligaments: • Anterior cruciate lig. • Posterior cruciate lig. • Transverse lig. • Posterior meniscofemoral .lig. Medial meniscus: C- shaped. Lateral meniscus: almost a complete ring. Knee joint Extracapsular ligaments. Tibial collateral lig. is broader and fuses with the articular capsule and medial meniscus. Fibular collateral lig. is cord-like and separates from the articular capsule. Knee joint - extracapsular ligaments Knee joint - bursae Knee joint - movements • Flexion: 120-130° • Hyperextension: 5° • Voluntary rotation: 50-60° • Terminal rotation: 10° Ankle (talocrural) joint type: hinge Talocrural joint - medial collateral ligament Medial collateral = deltoid ligament Tibionavicular part (1) (partly covers the anterior tibiotalar part) Tibiocalcaneal part (2-3) Posterior tibiotalar part (4) Medial process (6) Sustentaculum tali (7) Tendon of tibialis posterior muscles (9) Talocrural joint - lateral collateral ligament Lateral collateral ligament Anterior talofibular ligament (5, 6) Calcaneofibular ligament (10) Lateral malleolus (1) Tibia (2) Syndesmosis tibiofibularis (3, 4) Talus (7) Collum tali (8) Caput tali (9) Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (11) Cervical ligament (12) Talonavicular ligament (13) Navicular bone (14) Lateral collateral ligament Posterior talofibular ligament (5) Fibula (1) Tibia (2) Proc. tali, tuberculum laterale (3) Proc. tali, tuberculum mediale (11) Tendo, musculus felxor hallucis longus (8) Lig. calcaneofibulare (12) Tendo, musculus peroneus brevis (13) Tendo, musculus peroneus longus (14) Art. subtalaris (15) Talocrural joint - movements Dorsiflexion: 15° Plantarfelxion: 40° Talotarsal joint (lower ankle joint): talocalcaneonavicular joint and subtalar joint Bony surfaces: anterior and middle talar articular surfaces and head of the talus + anterior and middle calcaneal articular surfaces, navicular. -
Anatomical Reconstruction of the Spring Ligament Complex “Internal Brace” Augmentation
FASXXX10.1177/1938640013499404Foot & Ankle SpecialistFoot & Ankle Specialist 499404research-articleXXXX vol. 6 / no. 6 Foot & Ankle Specialist 441 〈 Evolving Techniques 〉 Anatomical Reconstruction of Jorge Acevedo, MD, and the Spring Ligament Complex Anand Vora, MD “Internal Brace” Augmentation Abstract: The calcaneonavicular the foot.1-5 Its anatomy has been well conjunction with other more commonly (spring) ligament complex is a critical defined, serving as a “hammock” to the applied procedures for extra-articular static support of the medial arch of talar head to maintain the reduced reconstructions. Furthermore, the use of the foot. Compromise of this structure position of the talus in its normal this procedure may decrease dependency has been implicated as a primary anatomical relationships with the on other nonanatomic reconstructive causative factor of talar derotation calcaneus and transverse tarsal procedures. leading to the clinical deformity of articulations.2 peritalar subluxation. Few procedures Many commonly performed extra- Preoperative Planning have been described to address articular reconstructive procedures this deficiency. The technique we attempt to correct adult flatfoot deformity Standard clinical and radiographic describe here is a simple yet effective using methods to realign bony or soft criteria are used to establish the method to reconstruct the spring tissue elements of the ligament complex that can easily foot to achieve talar be used in conjunction with other realignment.5-13 The calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament more commonly used procedures However, few for extra-articular reconstructions methods are able to complex has been well recognized as one of this deformity. We believe this directly address the “of the most critical static supporters of the procedure allows for a more powerful primary causative deformity correction and may decrease factor of talar medial arch of the foot.” dependency on other nonanatomic derotation.