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Laboratory and Field Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Diflubenzuron on the European Corn Borer Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah Faragalla Iowa State University

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Laboratory and Field Effects of the Insect Growth Regulator Diflubenzuron on the European Corn Borer Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah Faragalla Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1979 Laboratory and field effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron on the European corn borer Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah Faragalla Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Faragalla, Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah, "Laboratory and field effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron on the European corn borer " (1979). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 7207. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/7207 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo­ graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. Univer^ Microfilms international 300 N. ZEEB ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Ml 48106 18 BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCIR 4EJ, ENGLAND 800013Z FARAGALLA, ABDEL RAHMAN ABDEL FATTAJi LABORATORY AND FIELD EFFECTS OF THE IMSeCT GROWTH REGULATOR DIFLUBEMZURDN ON THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER. IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, PH.D., 1979 Universi^ Mk^lms International soon, zees road, ann arbor, mi 48io6 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark . 1. Glossy photographs \/^ 2. Colored illustrations 3. Photographs with dark background l/ '4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 6. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages throughout 7. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 8. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 9. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author 10. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows n. Poor carbon copy 12. Not original copy, several pages with blurred type 13. Appendix pages are poor copy 14. Original copy with light type 15. Curling and wrinkled pages 16. Other Univers^ MiCTOTlms Internaticnai 300 N 2==B AD.. ANN 4RS0A. MI "8106 '313) 761-4700 Laboratory and field effects of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron on the European corn borer by Abdel Rahman Abdel Fattah Faragalla A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Entomology Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. For the Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. For the uate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1979 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 FIELD STUDIES 21 Evaluation of Diflubenzuron Activity on the European Corn Borer 21 First generation 21 Methods and materials 21 Results and discussion 23 Second generation 29 Methods and materials 29 Results and discussion 30 LABORATORY STUDIES 32 Toxicity of Diflubenzuron Against the European Corn Borer 32 Experiment I 32 Methods and materials 32 Results and discussion 33 Experiment II 33 Methods and materials 36 Results and discussion 36 Experiment III 38 Methods and materials 38 Results and discussion 39 Experiment IV 39 Methods and materials 41 Results and discussion 43 Conclusions 55 Ovicidal Activity of Diflubenzuron on European Corn Borer Eggs 75 Experiment V 75 Methods and materials 75 Results and discussion 76 Conclusions 82 iii Page Chemosterilization of European Corn Borer Adults by Diflubenzuron (Topically Applied on the Larval Diet) 83 Experiment VI 83 Methods and materials 84 Results and discussion 87 CONCLUSIONS 97 LITERATURE CITED 98 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 108 APPENDIX 110 1 INTRODUCTION The integument is a characteristic feature of arthropods and to a large extent is responsible for the success of insects as terrestrial animals. The integument determines some characteristics of insects in a more profound way than the outer covering of other animals; it is the skin, the skeleton and the food reserve (Locke, 1964). The integument affords support and protection through its rigidity and hard­ ness and is of primary importance in restricting water loss from the body surface. One of the major limitations of the insect exoskeleton is its inability to undergo extensive expansion. Increase in size of an insect usually requires the periodic shedding and renewal of the integument through the complementary processes of apolysis (separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis) and ecdysis (shedding of the old cuticle). Since insects and other arthropods mature through a series of molting, there appears to be opportunities to interfere and interrupt these processes with chemicals specific to arthropods which have low hazards to other species in the environment. Locke (.1976) reported that, "The idea that insects may be especially vulnerable during very brief periods in their life history has not yet been exploited. Potential insecticides may have been overlooked because they 2 have only been tested for their effects during relatively nonvulnerable stages. Biocides might be 100% effective at molting but have an unimpressive I'D-q if tested on insects that are between molts.'" The major constituent of the insect cuticle is chitin, a polyacetyl glucosamine, which is the characteristic struc­ tural carbohydrate of arthropods. Locke (1975) reported that, "despite the fact that it comprises a clearly distinctive arthropod feature, the integument appears to have been largely neglected as a potentially selective insecticide target. If there are uniquely vulnerable targets for our chemicals to make them insecticides and not biocides, we may hope that an understanding of the cuticular properties can help us find them." Recently an insecticide, DU 19111, has been introduced which appears to block chitin synthesis; it emerged as a result of a program by the Dutch firm, Philips-Duphar, during their investigation of new derivatives of the herbicide dichlobenil. Diflubenzuron is a structural analogue of DU 19111. The discovery of 1-(2,6-disubstituted benzoyl)-3- phenylureas group which includes diflubenzuron is, therefore, of considerable potential importance since these represent the first group of insecticides that act upon or react with the insect integument. Since then, a lot of interest has 3 been generated and new frontiers in the cuticle chemistry have been initiated. Several compounds of this type have been evaluated to date, but only diflubenzuron (TH 6040) (l-(4- chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-urea), has been selected for commercial development. This group is considered as a new class of chemicals, having a novel mode of action and since then, a great amount of research has been conducted on chemicals that interfere with the normal insect growth processes. These compounds are called molting inhibitors and they differ from insect development inhibitors (IDI) (Schaefer and Wilder, 1972). Although chitin inhibitors exert their effect similar to juvenile hormones, they are structurally different from them. The mode of action is another difference since molting inhibitors are absorbed through the gut; none of the juvenile hormone mimics are known to be absorbed. A more common term for the Insect Growth Regulators (ICRs) is "third generation insecticides" and chitin inhibi­ tors are included in this assemblage. These are not, in the usual sense, toxic to insects. Instead of killing directly, they interfere in the normal mechanisms of developing and cause the insects to die before reaching the adult stage. Insect larvae that have ingested diflubenzuron remained seemingly unaffected until they had entered the apolytic 4 stage preceding the actual shedding of their exuviae. But the molting process stagnated somewhere on the way. Larvae treated long enough before ecdysis showed that the formation of endo- cuticle is disturbed and the newly formed cuticle consists only of epicuticular and exocuticular tissues which are not properly attached to the epidermis (Mulder and Gijswijt, 1973). Hence the newly formed cuticle is a very delicate one and cannot resist muscular traction and increased turgor during eclosion and molting.
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