DOCSLIB.ORG

Dynamic and Succession of Ecosystems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dynamic and Succession of Ecosystems DynamicDynamic andand SuccessionSuccession ofof EcosystemsEcosystems Kristin Heinz, Anja Nitzsche Basics of Ecosystem Analysis 10.05.06 Structure • Ecosystem dynamics –Basics –Rhythms – Fundamental model • Ecosystem succession –Basics – Energy flow –Diversity – Examples Ecosystem dynamics • Because of the open character there is a flow between different ecosystems • It is a flow of – Energy → transformation –Stocks – Dynamics in populations –… Ecosystem dynamics • Biological rhythms – Circardian rhythm – Annual rhythm – Longer annual rhythm –Tides – Lunar rhythm –… Biological rhythms • Circardian rhythm – Production of plants – Vertical drift of limnic and marine animals – Roost fly of birds in winter • Annual rhythm – Falling down of the leaves – Hibernation – Bird migration – Diapause Ecosystem dynamics • Longer annual rhythm – In population dynamics • Tides – Along the cost side very different and complex structure of time – Characteristic vertical zoning of the animals and alga Ecosystem dynamics • Lunar rhythm – Agitation in migration by birds, tropical mammals and insects Ecosystem dynamics • Human made rhythms – Land use activities – Change of land use – Emission dynamics – Environmental policy – Global change – Continuous climate change –… Fundamental model of ecosystem dynamics Stored 4 Renewal Conservation 2 - Accessible Carbon, - k-Strategy - Nutrients ad Energy - Climax Ca - Consolidation pital (Storage) LY W R O (Miineralisation) A L (Adult Stage) P S ID L Y 1 Exploitation Creative 3 - r-Strategy Destruction - Pioneers -Fire - Opportunists -Storm -Pest - Senescence (Juvenile Stage) ( Disturbance Incorporation) Organization Connectedness (Holling 1986) A hypothetic trajectory of the adaptive cycle Maturity / Conservation Renewal / Exergy Reorganization stored Release / Creative destruction Pioneer stage / Exploitation connectedness Disturbance • Stability – Ability of an ecosystem to recover or to return to the original constitution after disturbance • Resiliency – Dimension for the ability of an ecosystem to survive a disturbance • Capacity – Intensity of resiliency factors which can be buffer in an ecosystem – Only stable ecosystems can buffer Disturbance • Difference from the original ecological factors • Direct and indirect damages Ecosystem Succession - Definition • A fundamental concept in ecology • Refers to more-or-less predictable and orderly changes in the composition or structure of an ecological community • Initiation by: ¾ Formation of a new, unoccupied habitat (e.g., a lava flow or a severe landslide) → primary succession ¾ Some form of disturbance (e.g. fire, severe windthrow) of an existing community → secondary succession Ecosystem Succession - Definition • The trajectory of ecological change can be influenced by: ¾ site conditions ¾ the interactions of the species present ¾ more stochastic factors such as availability of colonists or seeds Ecosystem Succession - Definition • Stable end-stage called climax, sometimes referred to as the 'potential vegetation' of a site, shaped primarily by the local climate • Has been largely abandoned by modern ecologists in favour of nonequilibrium ideas of how ecosystems function • Most natural ecosystems experience disturbance at a rate that makes a "climax" community unattainable Æ climate change Æ expansions and introductions Ecosystem Succession - Factors • Succession usually occurs in areas where no other species offer competition in the area • The type of organisms' that occupy areas in such circumstances depends on a number of factors • Climate → Temperature, precipitation, sunlight • Soil → pH, composition of the soil • Human Intervention → pollution, acid rain Ecosystem Succession – Energy Flow • Energy flow is fundamentally changed → demonstrated in the quantity of standing crop in the ecosystem • During early seral stages → energy inputs > outputs • Disturbance by external factors → the energy loss > inputs • Accumulation of energy as biomass → high metabolic rates → high productivity which maximises the energy flow in the system Ecosystem Succession - Productivity • Increases proportional to the amount of standing crop • The percentage gross productivity is fixed as net productivity is not continuous with progression • Early seral stages: small short-living plants dominate, have a high yield and individual plants require very little energy for maintenance Æ r-selected life-histories • Later seral stages: large long-living plants dominate which use high levels of their gross productivity for respiration to maintain their bodies Æ k-selected life-histories Ecosystem Succession - Diversity • Number of species progresses rapidly as plants and animals colonise the area • In later seres the rate of increase decreases • Increasing interspecific competition → it is the intermediate seres which contain the largest number of species present at any one time during the succession Ecosystem Succession - Trophic Structure • Early seres are short, linear food chains which are easily upset if one element in the food chain is removed • As the succession progresses the ecosystem becomes more layered and species diversity increases creating a complex food web • The more complex food webs → greater stability → allows alternative energy flows when one element of the food chain is disrupted Ecosystem Succession - 1st Example • Primary Succession: colonisation of bare rock ¾ Pioneer community: lichens → provide enough nutrients to support a community of small plants such as mosses → typically replaced by ferns ¾ With erosion of rock and increasing amounts of organic material a large layer of soil is gradually built up ¾ This soil allows plants such as grasses and small flowering plants to grow followed by shrubs and trees → climax community? Ecosystem Succession - 2nd Example • Secondary succession: after forest fire ¾ Spores, seeds and vegetative organs may remain viable in the soil ¾ Influx of animals and plants through dispersal and migration from the surrounding area ¾ Succession does not begin with pioneer species but with species from intermediate seres.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Variety of Organisms in an Ecosystem Or Biome Climax Community
    Lessons for 5th Six Weeks (Weeks 4-6) 1) Copy the following vocabulary words onto a blank sheet of paper. Biodiversity – variety of organisms in an ecosystem or biome Climax community – dominant community of plants and animals that come to live in an area Ecological succession – the changing sequence of communities that live in an ecosystem during a given time period Limiting factor – a condition or resource that keeps a population at a certain size Microhabitat – a small or specialized habitat within a larger habitat Niche – the unique role or job of an organism in an ecosystem Pioneer species – first organisms to live in an area Primary succession – a process that develops a biotic community in a previously uninhabited and barren habitat with little or no soil Secondary succession – a process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem to a smaller population of species Sustainability – ability to maintain ecological processes over long periods of time; ability of an ecosystem to maintain its structure and function over time 2) Copy the following notes onto a blank sheet of paper. TEK 7.10A - Observe and describe how different environments, including microhabitats in schoolyards and biomes, support different varieties of organisms. Observe, Describe HOW DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS SUPPORT DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF ORGANISMS Including, but not limited to: • Different environments o Microhabitats in schoolyards o Biomes • Support different varieties of organisms through o Providing for basic needs . Possible examples may include: 7th Grade Science - Watson . Climate . Vegetation . Location . Water TEK 7.10B - Describe how biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem.
    [Show full text]
  • ZOOLOGY Principles of Ecology Community
    Paper : 12 Principles of Ecology Module : 20 Community: Community characteristics, types of biodiversity, diversity index, abundance, species richness, vertical and horizontal stratification: Part IV Development Team Principal Investigator: Prof. Neeta Sehgal Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Co-Principal Investigator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Paper Coordinator: Prof. D.K. Singh Department of Zoology, University of Delhi Content Writer: Dr. Haren Ram Chiary and Dr. Kapinder Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi Content Reviewer: Prof. K.S. Rao Department of Botany, University of Delhi 1 Principles of Ecology ZOOLOGY Community: Community characteristics, types of biodiversity, diversity index, abundance, species richness, vertical and horizontal stratification: Part IV Description of Module Subject Name ZOOLOGY Paper Name Zool 12, Principles of Ecology Module Name/Title Community Module Id M20, Community characteristics, types of biodiversity, diversity index, abundance, species richness, vertical and horizontal stratification : Part-IV Keywords Succession, Primary succession, secondary succession, Sera, Climax community, Hydrosere, Lithosere, theories of climax community Contents 1. Learning Objective 2. Introduction 3. History of study of succession 4. Ecological succession and types: Primary and secondary succession 5. Stages of Primary and secondary succession 6. Process of succession in Hydrosere 7. Process of succession in Lithosere 8. Theories of climax community 9. Summary 2 Principles
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 6 - Evolution Living Environment Answer Key to Practice Exam- Parts a and B-1
    Unit 6 - Evolution Living Environment Answer Key to Practice Exam- Parts A and B-1 Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology. The diagram represents a food web in an ecosystem. 1. If the population of hawks in this area increases, their prey populations might decrease. Later, with fewer prey, the hawk population might decrease. The prey populations might then increase. This is an example of A) an ecosystem that is completely out of balance B) how ecosystems maintain stability over time C) interaction between biotic and abiotic factors within an ecosystem D) ecological succession in an ecosystem 2. Missing from the diagram of this ecosystem are the A) biotic factors and decomposers B) abiotic factors and decomposers C) autotrophs, only D) heterotrophs, only 3. Which row in the chart below best identifies the relationships between the mice and the wheat? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 4. All of Earth's water, land, and atmosphere within 5. The study of the interactions between organisms and which life exists is known as their interrelationships with the physical environment is known as A) a population B) a community C) a biome D) the biosphere A) ecology B) cytology C) embryology D) physiology Page 1 Unit 6 - Evolution 6. The science of ecology is best defined as the study of 8. The graph below represents some changes in the number of individuals in a particular population in a A) the classification of plants and animals stable ecosystem over a period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Hmdscience.Com EN Online Vir Onmental Science Work Ecosystems How
    DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” printcode=a Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy Flow in Ecosystems How Section 2 The Cycling of Matter Section 3 How Ecosystems Change Why It Matters Ecosystems This frog gets the energy it needs to survive by eating other organisms, such as damselflies. Frogs and damselflies are both consumers in an aquatic food chain. Work How does energy continue to be transferred in this food chain? CASESTUDY Learn how pollutants, like the pesticide DDT, are transferred through a food chain in the case study DDT in an Aquatic Food Chain on page 120. Online enVirOnmental Science HMDScience.com Go online to access additional resources, including labs, worksheets, multimedia, and resources in Spanish. Inc. Cosmos Blank/Photo Researchers, ©A. 116 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” printcode=a Section 1 Energy Flow in Objectives Describe how energy is transferred from the sun Ecosystems to producers and then to consumers. organisms need energy to survive, grow, and reproduce. Different organisms Describe one way in which get energy from different sources, but the ultimate source of energy for almost all consumers depend on producers. organisms on earth is the sun. Identify two types of consumers. Explain how energy transfer in a Life Depends on the Sun food web is more complex than Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem when organisms use sunlight energy transfer in a food chain. to make sugar in a process called photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants, algae, and some bacteria capture light energy from the sun and Explain why an energy pyramid use it to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen, as is a representation of trophic shown in Figure 1.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 15 Communities and Ecosystems Rosech15 0104043 437-474 2P 11/18/04 3:07 PM Page 439
    RoseCh15_0104043_437-474_2p 11/18/04 2:32 PM Page 437 15 The feeding relationships between species can often be complicated. Communities and Ecosystems hen scientists first began studying bio- dioxide levels, which are covered in Chapter 16 logical communities, they were so fasci- (The Biosphere and the Physical Environment). Wnated with the interactions and The coordination and integration of biological dependencies between species that they saw the bi- communities has vast implications for the Earth. ological community as a superorganism. Whole For this reason, there are few biological topics as species were viewed as organs that performed spe- important for the future of life on Earth as the func- cific functions for the complete ecological superor- tioning of ecosystems. In this chapter, we survey ganism. The integration and communication how ecosystems function, from the flow of energy in between these “organs” was thought to be deliber- Module 15.1 (Energy Flow) and the recycling of nu- ate and well tuned. One way to think of this idea is trients in Module 15.15 (Ecosystems) to the porten- to imagine a stitched-together Frankenstein, each tous problem of the fragility of ecosystems. In sewn-on body part a distinct species. Modules 15.8 (Community Organization) and 15.4 Today biologists find the analogy between bio- (Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Communities), logical communities and organisms superficial. To we consider the factors that determine the number be sure, there are populations within communities of species in a community. Surprisingly, in some that are highly dependent on each other. And it is communities predation and environmental distur- also true that biological communities and their bance may promote increased species diversity.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecosystem Succession: Who/What Is Where and When
    Ecosystem Succession: Who/What is Where and When Dennis Baldocchi ESPM Un ivers ity o f Ca liforn ia, Ber ke ley ESPM 111 Ecosystem Ecology Succession • From the Latin, succedere, to follow after • Orderly process of community development that is directional and predictable • Results from the modification of physical environment by the community – Succession is community-controlled even though the physical environment determines the pattern , rate of change and limits • Culminates in a stabilized ecosystem in which biomass and symbiotic function between organisms are maintained per unity of available energy flow – Eugene P Odum, 1969, Science ESPM 111 Ecosystem Ecology Succession • Primary Succession – After severe disturbance that remove or bury products of the ecosystem • Secondary Succession – After disturbance on a vegetated site. Most above ground live biomass may be disturbed but soil organic matter and plant propagules remain • Gap Phase Succession – Mortality and Tree fall for gap in canopy for new vegetation to invade and establish itself ESPM 111 Ecosystem Ecology Dynamic Sequence of Vegetation • Initial Conditions – Equilibrium • Disturbance • Colonization/Recruitment • Recovery • Competition • Succession – Primary – Secondary – Gap Succession • Climax – New Eq uilibri u m ESPM 111 Ecosystem Ecology Disturbance • Relativelyyp Discrete event, in time and space, that alters the structure of populations, communities and ecosystems and causes changes in resource availability and the ppyhysical environment. Chapin et al. ESPM 111
    [Show full text]
  • Succession-Script.Pdf
    Succession 1. Howdy and welcome back to Wildlife Habitat Management. In this module we will discuss the definition and concept of succession. We will then go over some of the basic theories of succession and conclude with a discussion on wildlife and succession. The goal of this module is for you to understand the concept of succession and how habitat managers use succession to manage wildlife. 2. If there are only 2 things that you get out of this class this semester make it these 2 points. In order to manage wildlife you need to know your plants and you need to know how to manipulate them. Plants are the foundation of the food web. How can you properly manage wildlife without knowing what they eat or what kind of cover they prefer. Knowing your plants helps to judge plant value from a wildlife habitat perspective. Too often people equate anything green as good but this simply is not true. Different plants have different nutritional values and those values may be on a sliding scale throughout the year. Let me put it this way, a person can survive in the candy isle of the grocery store but one can thrive in the produce isle. Being able to manipulate plants is how we manage wildlife. Knowing that if I disked at this time of year, these plant species will respond favorably is a powerful tool. Knowing that if I burn during this time of year I can control this invasive species and promote these native grasses and forbs is a powerful tool.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Change During Ecological Succession
    Succession Biology COMMUNITY CHANGE DURING ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Primary Succession Secondary Succession ➢ Abiotic and Biotic Factors ➢ Pioneer Community ➢ Climax Community ➢ Collapse and Renewal 1 Succession Biology COMMUNITY CHANGE DURING PRIMARY SUCCESSION Primary Succession- an area without Order of Events any vegetation or soil Examples - lava flow and glaciers 1. Abiotic and Biotic Factors 2. Pioneer Species 3. Biomass 4. Soil 5. Small, then larger plants 6. Herbivores, carnivores 2 Succession Biology COMMUNITY CHANGE DURING PRIMARY SUCCESSION Primary Succession 1. Abiotic and Biotic 3. Biomass Factors (initial ● pioneer species components of an will colonize the ecosystem) habitat ● abiotic- nonliving; ● colonization water soil, air, changes the area light, minerals 2. Pioneer Species to be more (first species to ● biotic- living; sustainable for plants, protists, colonize an area) even more fungus, bacteria ● lichens species and ● fungi populations ● algae 3 Succession Biology COMMUNITY CHANGE DURING PRIMARY SUCCESSION Primary Succession 4. Soil- 6. Herbivores and Carnivores ● accumulation of sediment and ● herbivores- biomass creates increased plant life soil brings plant-eating animals to the area ● carnivores- 5. Small plants, then larger plants (animals that feed ● soil allows plants to grow on other animals) ● small plants create more biomass colonize the area allowing larger plants to colonize and feed on area plant-eating animals 4 Succession Biology COMMUNITY CHANGE DURING SECONDARY SUCCESSION Secondary Succession- occurs in areas that previously supported vegetation Order of Events 1. Abiotic and Biotic Factors 2. Pioneer Community 3. Climax Community 4. Collapse and Renewal Occurs at a higher rate than primary succession 5 Succession Biology COMMUNITY CHANGE DURING SECONDARY SUCCESSION Secondary Because these succession occurs in habitats already have habitats that soil, secondary previously supported succession usually vegetation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Student Edition CHAPTER 6 for Review Purposes Only 2
    Sample Student Edition CHAPTER 6 For Review Purposes Only 2 BiologyMiller & Levine ogy Student Edition Sampler Biol Chapter 6 Communities and Ecosystem Dynamics Miller & Levine & Miller Chapter Opener/Case Study .......................................... 4 Lesson 6.1 Habitats, Niches, and Species Interactions .................... 6 Lesson 6.2 Succession .................................................................... 14 Lesson 6.3 Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Resilience ..................... 18 Case Study Wrap-Up ................................................... .22 Study Guide .................................................................. 24 Performance-Based Assessment ................................. .26 Assessment ................................................................... 28 End-of-Course Assessment .......................................... 31 3 Communities and CHAPTER 6 Ecosystem Dynamics CASE STUDY 6.1 6.2 6.3 Habitats, Niches, and Succession Biodiversity, Ecosystems, How do species interactions shape Go Online to Species Interactions and Resilience access your digital course. ecosystems? VIDEO As dusk falls over Yellowstone National Park, elk emerge from dense woods to browse on ten- Beavers build dams that der willows along a stream. Suddenly, they freeze. An instant later, wolves dash from the forest, AUDIO shape river ecosystems. aiming for a kill. The elk react in the nick of time, bolting out of reach. This hunt, like most, has INTERACTIVITY failed. But those elk have been attacked here before. Will
    [Show full text]
  • LESSON 1 Aquatic and Marine Ecosystem Connections
    4H347 Reviewed October 2017 LESSON 1 Aquatic and Marine Ecosystem Connections The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county’s UF/IFAS Extension office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension. Lesson 1: Aquatic and Marine Ecosystem Connections LESSON 1: Aquatic and Marine Ecosystem Connections OBJECTIVES: For youth to: PURPOSE: Describe and identify Florida’s aquatic/marine ecosystems. To become familiar with and differentiate between basic Describe the stages of the physical and biological factors common to all aquatic/ hydrologic cycle. marine systems. Discover the effects of abiotic factors on aquatic/marine ecosystems. Develop an understanding of energy flow and how food DO: chains function. Discover interrelationships Here are some learning activities and suggested ways to between living and nonliving implement the activities in Lesson 1. components of aquatic/marine 1.1 Discover and understand Florida's many diverse ecosystems. Identify stages of aquatic aquatic/marine ecosystems with WHAT'S AN succession. ECOSYSTEM? Describe ways in which humans 1.2 Learn how one critical factor affects different value and depend upon aquatic/marine ecosystems. ecosystem communities using SALT OR NO SALT, WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? MATERIALS: Maps of Florida: 1 per 5-6 youth (a 1.3 Identify the stages of the hydrologic cycle with state highway map will work) WATER BASICS.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 6 Review
    Unit 6 Review 7.10A: Observe and describe how different environments, including microhabitats in schoolyards and biomes, support different varieties of organisms. 1 Define microhabitat. _smaller habitat within a larger one____ 2 Give an example of a microhabitat. __a tree within a forest, a bush in a schoolyard____ 3 Identify the biome described. (Taiga, Tropical Rainforest, Deciduous Forest, Grassland, Desert, Tundra, Salt Water, Fresh Water) _Desert_____ Spines or waxy leaves Fresh Water Ducks, lillypads, catfish Tropical Rainforest Wide leaves with drip tips Taiga________ Coniferous trees Deciduous Forest Colorful leaves in fall Grassland____ Savannah, praire Tropical Rainforest Near equator, warm and humid Salt Water Ocean, Gulf of Mexico _Desert_____ Plants store large amounts of water _Desert_____ Cactus and camels Tropical Rainforest Most Biodiversity Tropical Rainforest Vines, monkeys, jaguars, toucan Salt Water__ High Biodiversity Tundra_____ Permafrost Tundra_____ Least Biodiversity Salt Water Kelp, seaweed, sharks, octopus _Desert_____ Low Biodiversity Fresh Water Lakes and rivers Deciduous Forest All seasons 7.10B: Describe how biodiversity contributes to the sustainability of an ecosystem. 4 The presences of Different/variety species and genetic variety within a species contributes to biodiversity in an ecosystem. 5 When an ecosystem remains successful even after a stress such as a drought, it is sustainable. 6 As biodiversity increases, sustainability increases. As biodiversity decreases, sustainability decreases. 7 Which ecosystem could survive if there was a disease that killed the mice? __Y___ Explain. _More biodiverse, more choices to eat; so it is more sustainable_ X Y 7.10C: Observe, record, and describe the role of ecological succession such as in a microhabitat of a garden with weeds.
    [Show full text]
  • MU Ecological Succession
    ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION Prepared by Dr. Rukhshana Parveen Assistant Professor, Department of Botany Gautum Buddha Mahila College, Gaya Magadh University, Bodhgaya Ecological Succession is also called as Plant Succession or Biotic succession. Hult (1885) used the term” succession”. The authentic studies on succession were started in America by Cowles (1899) and Clements (1907). The occurrence of relatively definite sequence of communities over a long period of time in the same area resulting in establishment of stable community is called ecological succession. It allows new areas to be colonized and damaged ecosystems to be recolonized, so organisms can adapt to the changes in the environment and continue to survive. Major types of ecological succession. 1. Primary Succession- When the succession starts from barren area such as bare rock or open water. It is called primary succession. Figure1:- Primary succession. 2. Secondary Succession- Secondary succession occurs when the primary ecosystem gets destroyed by fire or any other agent. It gets recolonized after the destruction. This is known as secondary ecological succession. Figure2:- Secondary succession. 3. Autogenic succession:- After succession has begun, Its vegetation itself cause its own replacement by new communities is called Autogenic succession 4. Cyclic Succession: - This refers to repeated occurrence of certain stages of succession. 5. Allogenic succession:- When the replacement of existing community is caused by any other external condition and not by existing vegetation itself. This is called allogenic succession. 6. Autotropoic succession:- It is characterised by early and continued dominance of autotrophic organism called green plants. 7. Heterotropic succession:- It is characterised by early dominance of heterotrophs such as bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and animal.
    [Show full text]