“Employment Guarantee Policies: Theory and Practice” October 13-14, 2006
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Economic Inequality and Social Progress1
Chapter 3: Economic inequality and social progress1 Coordinating Lead Authors: Stephan Klasen, Giovanni Andrea Cornia, Rebeca Grynspan, Luis F. López-Calva, Nora Lustig2 Lead Authors: Augustin Fosu, Sripad Motiram, Flora Myamba, Andreas Peichl, Sanjay Reddy, Eldar Shafir, Ana Sojo, Ingrid Woolard3 Contributing Authors: Shai Davidai, Michael Förster, Rahul Lahoti, Judith Sutz, Rainer Thiele4 Abstract Inequality and its effects on societies have received increasing prominence in debates among economists and social scientists and in policy circles over the past thirty years. There are many, often interacting inequalities and different forms of inequality. Wide income and wealth inequality has harmful consequences for the economic welfare of societies, social cohesion, and other factors that intrinsically and instrumentally diminish social progress. While between- country income inequality has been falling recently, within-country inequality has been rising to varying degrees in most industrialized and many developing countries, though the experience of 1 Acknowledgments: Note that all authors have contributed to this chapter in their personal capacity and any views expressed here should not be attributed to the organizations the authors are affiliated to. 2 Affiliations: University of Florence, Florence; Ibero-American General Secretariat, Madrid; University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; World Bank, Washington, DC; Tulane University, New Orleans. 3 Affiliations: University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana; University of Massachusetts, Boston, and Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai; REPOA, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Center for European Economic Research, Mannheim, Germany; The New School, New York; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ; United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago, Chile; University of Cape Town, Cape Town. -
The Levy Institute Generates Effective Public Policy Responses to Economic Problems That Profoundly Affect the Quality of Life in the United States and Abroad
Biennial Report 2004–2005 The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College was founded in 1986, through the generous support of Bard College Trustee Leon Levy, as a nonprofit, nonpartisan, public policy research organization. It is independent of any political or other affiliation and encourages diversity of opinion in the examination of economic issues. The purpose of all Levy Institute research and activities is to enable scholars and leaders in business, labor, and government to work together on problems of common interest. Levy Institute findings are disseminated—via publications, conferences, workshops, seminars, congressional testimony, and other activities—to an international audience of public officials, private sector executives, academics, and the general public. Through this process of scholarship, analysis, and informed debate, the Levy Institute generates effective public policy responses to economic problems that profoundly affect the quality of life in the United States and abroad. The Levy Institute’s main conference and research facility is Blithewood Manor, on the campus of Bard College, located 90 miles north of New York City. The Levy Institute is housed in Blithewood Manor at Bard College. 2 MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT 4 NEW INITIATIVE 6 RESEARCH AND PUBLICATIONS : .. , : , - () : : : , , 26 CONFERENCES 36 THE LEVY INSTITUTE BOOK SERIES 37 BIOGRAPHIES OF INSTITUTE SCHOLARS 44 BOARD, ADMINISTRATION, AND RESEARCH STAFF MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT In the biennial reports of previous years, I described how the Levy Institute draws inspiration and guid- ance not only from its founders and scholars but from a world facing many new and daunting chal- lenges. Our efforts to redefine economics and public policy continue to attract notice and exert influ- ence, nationally and internationally. -
LETTER to G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
LETTER TO G20, IMF, WORLD BANK, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS and NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS We write to call for urgent action to address the global education emergency triggered by Covid-19. With over 1 billion children still out of school because of the lockdown, there is now a real and present danger that the public health crisis will create a COVID generation who lose out on schooling and whose opportunities are permanently damaged. While the more fortunate have had access to alternatives, the world’s poorest children have been locked out of learning, denied internet access, and with the loss of free school meals - once a lifeline for 300 million boys and girls – hunger has grown. An immediate concern, as we bring the lockdown to an end, is the fate of an estimated 30 million children who according to UNESCO may never return to school. For these, the world’s least advantaged children, education is often the only escape from poverty - a route that is in danger of closing. Many of these children are adolescent girls for whom being in school is the best defence against forced marriage and the best hope for a life of expanded opportunity. Many more are young children who risk being forced into exploitative and dangerous labour. And because education is linked to progress in virtually every area of human development – from child survival to maternal health, gender equality, job creation and inclusive economic growth – the education emergency will undermine the prospects for achieving all our 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and potentially set back progress on gender equity by years. -
Women's Economic Empowerment and the SDG: COVID-19 and Beyond – Building Back Better
Social Realignment Women’s Economic Empowerment and the SDG: COVID-19 and Beyond – Building Back Better Women’s Economic Imperative Speakers: Keynote: - Rebeca Grynspan, Secretary-General, Ibero-American General Secretariat (SEGIB) Panelists: - Marieme Esther Dassanou, Manager, Affirmative Finance Action for Women in Africa, African Development Bank - Renana Jhabvala, National Coordinator, Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) - Simona Scarpaleggia, Global CEO, Edge Strategy - Luis Guillermo Solis, Interim Director, Kimberly Green Latin American Caribbean Center, Florida International University; Former President of the Republic of Costa Rica Moderator: - Margo Thomas, Founder & CEO, Women's Economic Imperative Session description: The United Nations Secretary General’s High-Level Panel (UNHLP) on Women’s Economic Empowerment (WEE) was established by then-UNSDG Ban Ki-moon in 2016 “to address the specific economic issues that affect women and to support the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its promise to leave no one behind.” His successor, António Guterres has affirmed and expanded this commitment recognizing that “Women’s economic empowerment is at the heart of the 2030 Agenda. We will not achieve the Sustainable Development Goals if there is no accelerated action to empower women economically. We know that women’s participation in all spheres of life, including in the economy, is essential to sustainable and durable peace and to the realization of human rights”. Despite progress achieved in the last years, the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat for gender equality, as it has deepened pre-existing inequalities and structural barriers that limits equal access and distribution of opportunities in the marketplace (unemployment, low wages, vulnerable jobs), as well as at home (burden of unpaid care work, violence against women). -
Phase II – Pathways to Employability
Pathways to Employability Lessons and Case Studies for Closing the Youth Skills Gap Results for Development Institute October 2013 Results for Development Institute (R4D) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to unlock solutions to tough development challenges that prevent people in low- and middle-income countries from realizing their full potential. Using multiple approaches in multiple sectors, including Global Education, Global Health, Governance and Market Dynamics, R4D supports the discovery and implementation of new ideas for reducing poverty and improving lives around the world. This paper was prepared for the Innovative Secondary Education for Skills Enhancement (ISESE) project, led by R4D with support from the Rockefeller Foundation. For more information on the ISESE project, please contact Shubha Jayaram: [email protected]. Copyright © 2013 Results for Development Institute 1100 15th Street, N.W., Suite #400, Washington, DC 20005 Foreword By 2020, the world will have a surplus of 90 million low-skilled workers, but a shortage of 45 medium- skilled workers.1 However, access to secondary education has increased steadily over the past decade, with gross enrolment ratios in the developing world rising from an average of 52% in 1999 to 62% in 2010,2 indicating that the skills imbalance may be due not to a lack of access to education but rather to a lack of adequate quality and relevance. With this in mind, we at Results for Development Institute (R4D) have in 2012-13 worked to answer two critical questions that are central to explaining these conflicting trends: (i) what skills do youth need in order to gain employment; and (ii) how can education and training models effectively deliver these skills at the secondary level, from where most youth now enter the workforce? Supported by the Rockefeller Foundation, the core of the Innovative Secondary Education for Skills Enhancement (ISESE) project was a series of 12 background studies, now publically available at our website. -
The UN Security Council and Climate Change
Research Report The UN Security Council and Climate Change Dead trees form an eerie tableau Introduction on the shores of Maubara Lake in Timor-Leste. UN Photo/Martine Perret At the outset of the Security Council’s 23 Feb- particular the major carbon-emitting states, will ruary 2021 open debate on climate and security, show the level of commitment needed to reduce world-renowned naturalist David Attenborough carbon emissions enough to stave off the more dire delivered a video message urging global coopera- predictions of climate modellers. tion to tackle the climate crisis. “If we continue on While climate mitigation and adaptation 2021, No. #2 21 June 2021 our current path, we will face the collapse of every- measures are within the purview of the UN thing that gives us our security—food production; Framework Convention on Climate Change This report is available online at securitycouncilreport.org. access to fresh water; habitable, ambient tempera- (UNFCCC) and contributions to such measures tures; and ocean food chains”, he said. Later, he are outlined in the Paris Agreement, many Secu- For daily insights by SCR on evolving Security Council actions please added, “Please make no mistake. Climate change rity Council members view climate change as a subscribe to our “What’s In Blue” series at securitycouncilreport.org is the biggest threat to security that humans have security threat worthy of the Council’s attention. or follow @SCRtweets on Twitter. ever faced.” Such warnings have become common. Other members do not. One of the difficulties in And while the magnitude of this challenge is widely considering whether or not the Council should accepted, it is not clear if the global community, in play a role (and a theme of this report) is that Security Council Report Research Report June 2021 securitycouncilreport.org 1 1 Introduction Introduction 2 The Climate-Security Conundrum 4 The UN Charter and Security there are different interpretations of what is on Climate and Security, among other initia- Council Practice appropriate for the Security Council to do tives. -
Realising the Demographic Dividend This Book Elaborates on Policies To
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-09172-6 - Realising the Demographic Dividend: Policies to Achieve Inclusive Growth in India Santosh Mehrotra Frontmatter More information Realising the Demographic Dividend This book elaborates on policies to achieve inclusive growth in India. It deals with various development issues like the failure to increase employment despite unprecedented industrial and services growth; failure to generate enough skilled manpower to meet the requirements of fast growing sectors; and failure to ensure human capabilities so that the poor can participate in the benefits of economic growth. The book’s theoretical framework is based on the capability approach discussed in the first chapter. The rest is empirical, and is focused on specific problems with specific policy implications. Human capital levels of the youthful workforce in India remain worrying and the largely informal workforce is not covered by social insurance. In addition, universal elementary education, despite the Right to Education Act 2009, is yet to be achieved in the country. Health outcomes over the years have improved only slowly. Sanitation still remains a very serious problem for a major part of the country. The author discusses these issues in individual chapters. Specific policy implications are also provided, beyond what is currently being practised. Finally the book deals with the governance issues that need to be addressed if growth has to be inclusive. Santosh Mehrotra is Professor of Economics at the Centre for Informal Sector and Labour Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University. He was earlier Director General, National Institute for Labour Economics Research, the only research institute of the Planning Commission of India. -
CSE Working Paper the Indian Labour Market
Centre for Sustainable Employment Azim Premji University CSE Working Paper 2018-9 The Indian Labour Market: A Fallacy, Two Looming Crises and a Tragedy Santosh Mehrotra April 2018 cse.apu.edu.in www.twitter.com/working_india www.facebook.com/centreforsustainableemployment/ The Indian Labour Market: A Fallacy, Two Looming Crises and a Silent Tragedy Santosh Mehrotra, Prof of Econ, Centre for Informal Sector and Labour, Jawaharlal Nehru University Analyses of the Indian labour market have been been characterized by the lack of recognition of one major fallacy or myth, two looming crises, and a silent tragedy resulting from unrealized expectations. The fallacy is that 12 mn join the Indian labour force every year, looking for work. The first of the two looming crisis is that millions need and wish to agriculture behind in search of non-agricultural work, but at least since 2011-12 they are not finding enough work to pull them away from agriculture. The second looming crisis is that youth are joining the age group of 14+ in growing numbers, each year with higher and higher levels of education, and are not finding non- agricultural work – despite their aspiration being only for such work. The final concern, which is simmering rather than reached the ‘ready-to-boil-over’ stage, is the sub-group of the second looming crisis of youth who are getting better educated, is for girls who have reached gender parity in secondary education, and hence aspire for non- agricultural work. All three categories of workers have plenty among them who are disheartened workers, for whom there are too few non-agricultural opportunities. -
India's Fragmented Social Protection System
Working Paper 2014-18 India’s Fragmented Social Protection System Three Rights Are in Place; Two Are Still Missing Santosh Mehrotra, Neha Kumra and Ankita Gandhi prepared for the UNRISD project on Towards Universal Social Security in Emerging Economies: Process, Institutions and Actors December 2014 UNRISD Working Papers are posted online to stimulate discussion and critical comment. The United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) is an autonomous research institute within the UN system that undertakes multidisciplinary research and policy analysis on the social dimensions of contemporary development issues. Through our work we aim to ensure that social equity, inclusion and justice are central to development thinking, policy and practice. UNRISD, Palais des Nations 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +41 (0)22 9173020 Fax: +41 (0)22 9170650 [email protected] www.unrisd.org Copyright © United Nations Research Institute for Social Development This is not a formal UNRISD publication. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed studies rests solely with their author(s), and availability on the UNRISD Web site (www.unrisd.org) does not constitute an endorsement by UNRISD of the opinions expressed in them. No publication or distribution of these papers is permitted without the prior authorization of the author(s), except for personal use. Contents Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... ii Summary ......................................................................................................................... -
Vocational Education and Training Reform in India
Vocational Education and Training Reform in India Business Needs in India and Lessons to be Learned from Germany Santosh Mehrotra, Ravi Raman, Neha Kumra, Kalaiyarasan, Daniela Röß Working paper Vocational Education and Training Reform in India Business Needs in India and Lessons to be Learned from Germany Santosh Mehrotra, Ravi Raman, Neha Kumra, Kalaiyarasan, Daniela Röß Working paper This report was prepared by a team led by Dr. Santosh Mehrotra, Director General, Institute of Applied Manpower Research (IAMR). The team members were Dr. Ravi Raman, Kalaiyarasan, Neha Kumra (IAMR) and Daniela Röß from Bertelsmann Stiftung. Dr. P. K. Saxena, Dr. Kamala Devi, S. K. Yadav and Vijay K. Saxena assisted them in the primary survey. The study was commissioned by the Bertelsmann Stiftung. Table of Contents Table of Contents Preface 8 Executive Summary 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 12 Chapter 2 Skills Demand in India for German and Indian Companies 16 2.1 Skills Gaps: Present and Future 2022 16 2.2 Demographic and Structural Transformation in India 18 2.3 Survey Results 18 2.4 Skills Gaps: Theory and Practice 20 2.5 Training Strategies: In-House Training 22 2.6 Small Company Options: Cluster Training 25 2.7 Joint Funding: Willingness to Collaborate 25 2.8 Final Remarks 27 Chapter 3 The Dual VET System in Germany: A Model for India? 29 3.1 Vocational Education and Training in Germany – a Brief Overview 29 3.2 Introduction of Euler’s Approach 31 3.3 Which Elements Are Important and Why 33 3.4 Final Remarks 35 Chapter 4 Adapting the Elements of the German -
Vocational Education and Training Reform in India
Vocational Education and Training Reform in India Business Needs in India and Lessons to be Learned from Germany Santosh Mehrotra, Ravi Raman, Neha Kumra, Kalaiyarasan, Daniela Röß Working paper Vocational Education and Training Reform in India Business Needs in India and Lessons to be Learned from Germany Santosh Mehrotra, Ravi Raman, Neha Kumra, Kalaiyarasan, Daniela Röß Working paper This report was prepared by a team led by Dr. Santosh Mehrotra, Director General, Institute of Applied Manpower Research (IAMR). The team members were Dr. Ravi Raman, Kalaiyarasan, Neha Kumra (IAMR) and Daniela Röß from Bertelsmann Stiftung. Dr. P. K. Saxena, Dr. Kamala Devi, S. K. Yadav and Vijay K. Saxena assisted them in the primary survey. The study was commissioned by the Bertelsmann Stiftung. Table of Contents Table of Contents Preface 8 Executive Summary 9 Chapter 1 Introduction 12 Chapter 2 Skills Demand in India for German and Indian Companies 16 2.1 Skills Gaps: Present and Future 2022 16 2.2 Demographic and Structural Transformation in India 18 2.3 Survey Results 18 2.4 Skills Gaps: Theory and Practice 20 2.5 Training Strategies: In-House Training 22 2.6 Small Company Options: Cluster Training 25 2.7 Joint Funding: Willingness to Collaborate 25 2.8 Final Remarks 27 Chapter 3 The Dual VET System in Germany: A Model for India? 29 3.1 Vocational Education and Training in Germany – a Brief Overview 29 3.2 Introduction of Euler’s Approach 31 3.3 Which Elements Are Important and Why 33 3.4 Final Remarks 35 Chapter 4 Adapting the Elements of the German -
Executive Board of the United Nations Children's Fund
E/2006/34/Rev.1-E/ICEF/2006/5/Rev.1 United Nations Executive Board of the United Nations Children’s Fund Report on the first, second and annual sessions of 2006 Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2006 Supplement No. 14 Economic and Social Council Official Records, 2006 Supplement No. 14 Executive Board of the United Nations Children’s Fund Report on the first, second and annual sessions of 2006 United Nations • New York, 2006 E/2006/34/Rev.1 E/ICEF/2006/5/Rev.1 Note Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. ISSN 0252-3507 Contents Paragraphs Page Part one First regular session of 2006 1 I. Organization of the session 1 – 7 2 A. Election of officers 1 2 B. Opening statements 2 – 5 2 C. Adoption of the agenda 6 – 7 3 II. Deliberations of the Executive Board 8 – 129 3 A. Annual report of the Executive Director to the Economic and Social Council 8 – 21 3 B. Approval of revised country programme documents 22 – 25 5 C. Biennial support budget for 2006-2007 26 – 38 6 D. Intercountry programmes 39 – 42 8 E. Report on thematic funding in support of the medium-term strategic plan 43 – 44 8 F. UNICEF health and nutrition strategy 45 – 52 9 G. UNICEF humanitarian response to recent crises: oral report 53 – 78 10 H. UNICEF water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) strategy 79 – 89 13 I. UNICEF education strategy: oral report 90 – 103 14 J. Private Sector Division work plan and proposed budget for 2006 104 – 109 16 K.