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Spatial Pattern of Fish Assemblages Along the River-Reservoir Gradient Caused by the Three Gorge Reservoir (Tgr)

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Spatial Pattern of Fish Assemblages Along the River-Reservoir Gradient Caused by the Three Gorge Reservoir (Tgr) 第 42 卷 第 6 期 水 生 生 物 学 报 Vol. 42, No. 6 2018 年 11 月 ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Nov., 2018 doi: 10.7541/2018.138 SPATIAL PATTERN OF FISH ASSEMBLAGES ALONG THE RIVER-RESERVOIR GRADIENT CAUSED BY THE THREE GORGE RESERVOIR (TGR) LIN Peng-Cheng1, 2, LIU Fei1, 2, LI Ming-Zheng1, 2, GAO Xin1, 2 and LIU Huan-Zhang1, 2 (1. Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; 2. Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation Institute of Hydrobiology, Institute of Hydrobiology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China) Abstract: We analysed spatial pattern in the fish assemblage structure along a longitudinal gradient of the Upper Yangtze River and the Three Gorges Reservoir. We tested the hypothesis that shifts from lotic to len- tic environment affect the richness and structure of the fish assemblage. Samplings were carried out from 2005 to 2012 in four zones:(1) Hejiang reach, river upstream from the reservoir; (2) Mudong reach, upper part of the reservoir; (3) Wanzhou reach, middle part of the reservoir, and (4) Zigui reach, lower part of the reser- voir. A total of 368706 fish representing 132 native species of 17 families were collected during the study period with Cyprinidae as the dominant group. The results showed that the native species richness decreased while the non-native species increased from river (Hejiang reach) to reservoir (Zigui reach). Patterns in fish assemblage ordination evaluated by correspondence analysis reflected a clear division of the riverine and reservoir zones. Uppermost sampling stations were characterized by species characteristic of flowing waters, whereas in the lowland most lentic species were captured. Further, 22 species, three functional groups (rheo- philic, equilibrium, insectivorous) were identified for the upper reach and 16 species, three functional groups (herbivorous, planktivorous, stagnophilic) for the lowland reach by indicator species analysis (P<0.05). Therefore, it is evident that impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir is the major driving factor to struc- turing the fish assemblage structure along the longitudinal gradient from river to the reservoir. Different fishe- ries management actions should be made to conserve or rehabilitate native fish assemblages and control in- vasive non-native species. Key words: Fish assemblages; River-reservoir gradient; Indicator species; Three Gorges Reservoir CLC number: S932.4 Document code: A Article ID: 1000-3207(2018)06-1124-11 Reservoirs are managed ecosystems due to their rine zone, a transitional zone and a deep lacustrine pronounced environmental gradient; that is, they have zone close to the dam[1]. Because of this gradient, local limnological properties intermediate between those of fish assemblages can be organized across space, since rivers and lakes[1]. Reservoirs created by the dam- each species has different tolerance limits that vary ming of deep river valleys typically have an elonga- across environmental gradients[5]. ted morphology and, due to the influence of river in- The literature demonstrates that river damming flows, they often show pronounced internal longitudi- and impoundments cause habitat loss, change fish re- nal gradients in their physicochemical conditions[2—4]. productive environments, and cut off migration routes, Along such gradient, the upstream region of dams can resulting in a substantial decline of biodiversity[6—8]. be divided into three distinct zones: a upstream rive- The dominance of non-native species in the new en- Received date: 2016-12-13; Accepted date: 2018-01-12 Foundation item: Supported by the Three Gorges Project eco-environmental monitoring system (JJ[2016]-007); the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51509239) Brief introduction of author: Lin Peng-Cheng (1985−), male, born in Hubei; research assistant; major in ecology of freshwater fish. E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author: Liu Huan-Zhang, E-mail: [email protected] 6 期 林鹏程等: 三峡水库蓄水后长江上游鱼类群聚沿河流-水库梯度的空间格局 1125 vironment is another concern because reservoirs of- studies have been limited to the impact examinations ten shift from native-dominated stream fishes to non- on riverine reaches and sole region for the putative native invasive-dominated fish assemblages[9]. Thus, a changes in species composition and numbers[15—18]. detailed understanding of spatial pattern of fish as- Studies of spatial pattern of fish assemblages along semblages in a particular reservoir along the river- the river-reservoir gradient are scarce and patterns in reservoir gradient is valuable to both fishery manage- fish assemblages are rarely considered in manage- ment and native species conservation. A manager ment plans. should, based on local and regional studies, identify Therefore, the aims of the present study were to any alterations in the structure of the local fish as- demonstrate spatial patterns of fish assemblages along semblage and take action to avoid irreversible losses the river-reservoir gradient and to identify indicator of regional biological diversity and/or natural resources fish species and functional group for each zone. We [10] as a consequence of river damming . However, most tested the hypothesis that shifts from lotic to lentic en- studies have focused on the direct downstream ef- vironment affect the richness and structure of the fish fects on fish assemblages, rather than the upstream assemblage. Through our study, we hope to provide [11, 12] impacts . This is because changes produced in the insights into the overall cumulative effect on fish re- former are sudden, conspicuous and frequently dra- sources of China’s massive hydroelectric develop- [13] matic . ment plans and management suggestion for the upper The Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the largest Yangtze River fish. impoundments ever created in China. With an area 2 1 Materials and Methods coverage of 1080 km , the Three Gorges Reservoir extends for over 600 km upstream on the Yangtze 1.1 Study area and sampling River, including areas with the habitat and spawning Fish sampling was conducted at four reaches in grounds of many rare, endemic, and commercial the main channel of the upper Yangtze River: He- fishes, such as Chinese sucker (Myxocyprinus asiati- jiang (28°48′N, 105°50′E), Mudong (29°34′N, cus), Coreius guichenoti, black carp (Mylopharyn- 106°50′E), Wanzhou (30°50′N, 108°22′E) and Zigui godon piceus), and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon (39°99′N, 110°69′E) (Fig. 1). Hejiang reach locates in idella)[14, 15]. Studies reporting initial ecological im- the upper Yangtze River, about 100 km upstream of pacts of the impoundment of TGR on fish assemblage the backwater of the TGR (175 m ASL). Mudong have already been published. However, many of these reach locates in the upper part of the TGR, where is a 105° E 106° 107° 108° 109° 110° 111° N 32° N 32° N Perennial backwater zone Zigui Wanzhou 31° 31° Three Gorges Dam Fluctuating backwater zone 30° 30° Mudong 29° 29° Hejiang 0 25 50 100 150 200 km 28° 28° 105° E 106° 107° 108° 109° 110° 111° Fig. 1 The Three Gorges Reservoir in the upper Yangtze River with location of sampling stations. Dotted lines represent the fluctuating backwater area and the gray lines represent the perennial backwater area 1126 水 生 生 物 学 报 42 卷 typical transitional zone. Wanzhou reach locates in Cyprinidae had the greatest number of species (77), the middle part of the TGR, where has been inunda- followed by Cobitidae (17), Bagridae (10) and ted as a lacustrine pool by the first filling in 2003, Homalopteridae (4). Among them, 109, 96, 93 and 79 while Zigui reach locates in lower part of the TGR, native species were collected from Hejiang, Mudong, just one kilometer away from the Three Gorge Dam Wanzhou and Zigui, respectively. Further, 17 non- (TGD). Both of them locate in the lacustrine zone of native species were captured: Protosalanx hyalocra- TGR. nius, Salangichthys tangkahkeii, Hemisalanx bra- The fish investigations were conducted each year chyrostralis, Acipenser schrenckii, Polyodon spatha- from 2005 to 2012 (except Mudong in 2005 and Zigui la, Huso duricus×Acipenser schrencki, Tinca tinca, from 2005 to 2007). Fish sampling methods were fol- Megalobrama amblycephala, Cirrhinus molitorella, lowed in Zhu and Chang (2008) and Yang, et al. Ictalurus punctatus, Micropterus salmoides, Tilapia [17, 19] (2012) . All the native species sampled in the four sp., Lucioperca lucioperca, Clarias leather, Colos- sites were classified into 12 functional groups based soma brachypomus, Ameiurus melas and Gambusia on habitat preference, trophic and life-history charac- affinis. The non-native species amounted to 0.04%, teristics. Flow preference and trophic characteriza- 0.02%, 0.30% and 6.07% of the total number of indi- tion was for adult stages following Ding (1994) with vidual fish in Hejiang, Mudong, Wanzhou and Zigui, [20] modifications based on unpublished data ; the life- respectively. Among them, the non-native species (P. history classification follows Cao, et al. (2007) and [21, 22] hyalocranius, I. punctatus, M. amblycephala, Tilapia Froese and Pauly (2011) . sp.) amounted to 96.8% of the total number of non- 1.2 Multivariate analyses native species when considering all sampled zones. Species abundance-by-site matrices from 2005 to The results showed that interannual number of native 2012 were analyzed by correspondence analysis (CA) species decreased while the non-native species in- using CANOCO (Version 4.5). CA is an indirect creased from river (Hejiang reach) to reservoir (Zigui gradient technique that simultaneously ordinates reach) (Fig. 2). sample and species scores obtained by reciprocal ave- [23] 2.2 Spatial pattern of fish assemblage composition raging . Species abundances were log (x + 1) trans- Ordination showed major spatial pattern of fish formed before analysis. In our analyses, we down- assemblage composition along the river-reservoir weighted rare species and selected Hill’s scaling op- gradient based on the fish abundance. The first CA tion.
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