I THE ECONOMI·C:S of ; ANCIENT GREECE
By H. 1\I IC HELL, 1\I.A.
A portrayal of the Greek in his economic life, in the workshop, the market-place, the counting-house, and in trade with other people. Professor ~1ichell has made use of all the main results of modern research, examining afresh such matters as Greek sea trade, agriculture, mining, the payment of citizens, and the accusation that the Greeks despised manual labour and were "work-shy"; and, though he is skilful in defending the Greeks by their own standards, his impartial analysis make5 him conclude that the whole political and economic system was essentially un· sound and wrought its own destruction. The book gives many vi\·id pictures of life as the Greeks must ha\·e lnown it, and, though learned, will be a pleasure to the udearned too.
CA.\IBRIDGE U~IVERSITY PRESS The Economics of Ancient Greece CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LON:DON: BENTLEY HOUSE NEW YORK, TORONTO, BOMBAY CALCUTTA, MADRAS: MACMILLAN TOKYO: MARUZEN COMPANY LT,!:!
All righu reserved THE ECONOMICS OF ANCIENT GREECE
Tfj CEAAaOl1TEviT) pfv cxie{ t BY H. MICHELL, M.A. PROFESSOR OF POLITICAL ECONOMY IN MCMASTER UNIVJ!RSlTY, HAMILTON, ONTARIO CAMBRIDGE AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 1940 PRJNTBD IN GREAT BRITAIN COLLEGIO · REGINAE • OXONIENS NUTRICI • ALMAE D. D. ALUMNUS · PIUS CONTENTS Preface pageix Abbreviations xi Chap. I. THE BACKGROUND OF GREEK EcoNOMics I II. AGRICULTURE I III. MINING AND MINERALS IV. LABOUR V. INDUSTRY VI. COMMERCE (I) 210 VII. CoMMERCE (II) VIII. TRADE IN VARIOUS PRODUCTS. GREEKS AND PHOENICIANS. PIRACY IX. MoNEY AND BANKING X. PUBLIC FINANCE 352 Sekct Bibliography 394 Inthx 399 PREFACE 1N c E the day when Boeckh published his Political Economy of the Athenians, now a hundred and twenty years ago, the Sstudy of Greek economic life has advanced considerably, more particularly in the epigraphical field, and much attention is now being given thereto. I have endeavoured in the following chapters to give, in short compass, the results of modem re search, and the conclusions of scholars working in this fascinating field. Many of the problems are of almost baffling complexity and have given rise to much controversy. I have not attempted to set out in detail the views, often sharply divergent, of various scholars on this or that question, but have been content to refer those who desire to go deeper to the sources where they can find a great mass of material, much of it of importance. Our knowledge on many points is lamentably imperfect, and all we can do is to make intelligent guesses. I have thought it best to end the survey at the conquests· of Alexander. The develop ments of the Hellenistic Age were so great and far-reaching that they demand a far more extended treatment than could conveniently be included in a book of this size. During the several years that I have been engaged in this work, I have had occasion to correspond with many scholars who have, without exception, responded most courteously to my inquiries and given me much help. I cannot name them all here, but I am grateful for their generous assistance. I cannot, however, fail to mention the constant help I received from my colleague in this university, Dr E. T. Salmon. Dr F. M. Heichelheim read the manuscript, and his meticulous scholar ship and profound knowledge of the subject have been in valuable to me. The acute criticisms of Dr J. H .. Clapham and Dr Max Cary have saved me from many serious mistakes in fact and method of treatment. But for such errors as have crept in, and I cannot hope that many will not be found, these scholars are assuredly not accountable. H. MICHELL McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont. ABBREVIATIONS P.W. Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, Realencyklopiidie der Klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. D.S. Daremberg-Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antiquitis Grecques et Romaines. J.H.S. Journal of Hellenic Studies. C.A.H. Cambridge Ancient History. Rhein. Mus. Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie. Klio. Klio, Beitriige zur alten Geschichte. I.G. Inscriptiones Graecae. I.G.a lnscriptiones Graecae, Editio Minor. C.I.G. Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum. Ditt. Syll. Dittenberger, Sylloge Inscriptionum Graecarum. Michel. Recueil d'Inscriptions Grecques. All dates are B.C. unless specifically marked A.D. The spelling of proper names follows the recommendation of the Council of the Hellenic Society for use in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, where all Greek proper names are transliterated into the Latin alphabet, according to the practice of educated Romans of the Augustan Age. SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY Abrahams, E. B. Greek Dress. London, 1908. Andreades, A. M. Histary of Greek Public Finance, i, Eng. trans. by C. N. Brown. Cambridge, Mass., 1933· Ardaillon, E. Les Mines de Laurion dans l'Antiquitl!. 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Les Trafiquants Italiens dans ['Orient Hellinique. Paris, 1919· . Head, B. V. Historia Numorum. Oxford, 19II. Heichelheim, F. M. Wirtschaftliche Schwankungen der Zeit von Alexander his Augustus. Jena, 1930. -- Wirtschaftsgeschichte des Altertums. Leyden, 193'8. Heitland, W. E. Agricola. Cambridge, 1921. Herfst, P. Le travail de Ia femme dans la Grece Ancienne. Utrecht, 1922. Hicks, E. C. and Hill, G. F. Manual of Greek Historical Inscriptions. Oxford, 1901. Hoffmeister, E. W. Kritische Untersuchung zur Charakterentwicklu~g der Athener. Hamburg, 1932. Homschemeyer, A. Die Pferdezucht im klasS1."schen Altertum. Giessen, 1929. Jarde, A. Les Cbiales dans r Antiquite Grecque. Paris, 1925. -- La Formation du Peuple Grecque. Paris, 1922. Jones, W. H. S. Malaria: A Neglected Factor in the History of Greece and Rome. Manchester, 1911. Kaeppel, C. H. Off the Beaten Track in the Classics. Melbourne, 1936. Keil, B. Die Solonische Verfassung in Aristoteles Verfassungsge schichte Athens. 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INDEX Abydos, Milesian colony, 219, 240 Alyattes of Lydia coins electrum, Acacia wood for wine vats, 191 323 Acarnania, grain from, 48, 277: Alybe, silver from, 214 cattle, 51 ; trade of, 244; sheep, Amasis of Egypt favours Greeks at 291 Naucratis, 238 Achaea, horses from, 64 Amber, provenance of, 216, 246; in Adcock, F. E., quoted, 266 Liguria, 123 Adeia, 382 n. 1 Ambracia, cleruchies in, 224; famine Adriatic Sea, traders in, 244 f., 348 in, 277; timber from, 280 Aegina, population of, 20; agri~ Amisus, Mi!esian cleruchy on Pro culture, 53; wealth of, 92; manu pontis, 219, 240; Athenian post at, factures, 208; Lampis of, 232; 266; timber from, 279 trade, 236, 262, 277; piracy, 309; Amitraghata of India, 284 Pheidon and Aeginetan standard, Amorgis, conjecturally silk, 187 316 f. Amorgos, lease of, Hi wool fabrics, Aelian, on Euboean cattle, 6r; on 292 fishing, 288 Amphictyones, law of, 251 Aenus, salt from, 124; wheat from, Amphipolis, capture by Brasidas, 281 265 Amphitapos, 183 Aenyra, gold deposits, 91 Amphora, liquid measure, 243 Aeschines, seller of perfumes, 13 ; Amyntas, of Macedonia, shipbuild- on interest rates, 342, 388 ing supplies from, 282 Aeschylus, Persae, 98 Anactorium, cleruchy of Corinth, Aethalia, see Elba 224 Aetolia, agriculture, 48: cattle, 61; Anatolia, wine, leather and wool timber, 197i sheep, 291 from, 218 f. Agatharchides on Nubian gold mines, Anaxibius, a pirate, 309 92 Anchialus, salt from, 124 Agis, of Sparta, attempted reforms, Andocides, orator, obtains timber 86, 261 from Archelaus, 282; on piracy, Agoranomos, 143, 358 308; trade of Piraeus, 386 Agriculture, in Greece, 38 ff.; ade Andreades, G., on taxation, 352 ff.; quacy of, 83; after Peloponnesian antidosis, 381 ; eisPhora, 382; tri war, 8 5 ; capitalistic, 86; wages of bute of allies, 388 labour in, 131 ; women workers in, Andros, iron in, 122; Athenian 137 garrison in, 262, 267 Agrigentum, 220 Animal husbandry, 59 ff. Akest..W, dressmaking, 135 Annealing, 208 Alabaster, 238 Antheia, cattle in, 6s Alcibiades, 4• 43, 96, 137, 191, 203, Anthrakes, coal, ll3 242, zs6, 282, 326, 357. 373 Arrtidosis, 107, 380 Alciphron on moneylenders, 337 Antigonus Gonatas and Athenian Alexander of Macedon, 3, 8, 95, 98, mint, 320 n. 4 239; relieves famine in Greece, Antigrapheus, 360 275 f. i demonetises silver, 325, Antipater of Macedon, timber from, 329 282 Alexander of Pherae, raid on the Antiphanes, poet, on baths, 188 Cyclades, 309 Antiphon, orator, on murder of Alexandria, banking in, 254 &lave, I 56 f. AI Mina, Attic pottery at, 295 Anytus, a tanner, 272, 293 400 Index Apidanus, river, stud fann on, 64 payments to citizens, 370; con Apodectae, 358 demns fines, 374; useless liturgies, Apoikiai, 224 376; eisphora at Potidaea, 384 Apollodorus, son of Pasion, 336 Armenia, horses and mules from, 300 Apollonia, Corinthian cleruchy, 219, Armourers, zo6 224; timber from, 280 Army, cost of upkeep of Athenian Apollonius Rhodius, quest of Argo- regular, 362 nauts, 214 Asbestos, I 15 Apples, 58; from Euboea, 233 Asemotrupai, 92 Apprenticeship, I39 Asphalt, bitumen, I I4 Apulia, grain from, 246 Asses and mules, 72 Arabia, trade with, 300 Assos, isthmic route, 247 Arcadia, grain raising, 48; cattle, 6 I ; Assyrians, iron armed, ll9 horses, 63, 65; sheep, 68, 291; Astacus, Athenian post in Propontis, asses and mules, 72 z66 Archelaus of Macedon, timber from, Astynomi, IJ8, 143, 358 282 Astypalaea, famine at, 277 Archestratus, Athenian banker, 344 Astyra, gold from, 90 Archiletes, sells gold to Hiero, 90 Asylia, 227 Architekton, 201 Asylum, right of slaves to, xs8 Archons, pay of, 359 Atameus, gold from, 91 Ardaillon, E., mines of. Laurium, Ateleia, 227 95 ff., I04i cement, 203. Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae: census Argall, sheep, 67 of Demetrius of Phalerum, zo; Arganthonius of Tartessus, 221 wheat from Thessaly, 47 n. z; Argonauts, 67, 213, 2I7 briza, 51 n. Jj vegetables, s8; Argos, wheat from, 49; cattle, 6 I ; flax ropes, 59i roasting an ox, 6z horses, 63; famine in, 277; n. I ; cheese, 6z n. 6; Attic wool, fishing, 289 68 n. 5; Milesian wool, 69; Poly Arimaspians, gold producers, 213 crates of Samos, 73 n. 8; eggs in Aristides, assesses tribute of allies, diet, 75 n. I; bantam fowls, 75 388 n. xo; geese, 76; squills, 78; Hiero Aristophanes, attacks on Cleon, I 1 ; of Syracuse, 90; women ribbon Plutus, 13; Wasps, I5, 390; pig sellers, 135; Aglais, a trumpeter, keeping, 72; price of salt, 124; 138; Phocian slaves, ISS n. z; torture of slaves, IS6; wheat from slave rebellion at Samos, 158; Euboea, 261; fish as military treatment of slaves, x6o; wall rations, 289; debased coinage, digger, 174; encaustic, 176; weav 326; silver obols, 328; detrwsia ing, I8z f.; felt, 183; trichaptos, trapeza, 350; taxation, 387, 390 x86; kalasireis, I87; Menedemus Aristotle, limitation of citizenry, 8; and Asclepiades, 194; bread, 194; gainful occupations, I I ; infanti· · Anaxarchus, 195; cookery books, _cide, 23; population of Crete, 24; 196; forty-bank ships, 199; Syra economic theory, 25 ff.; private cosiJJ, zoo, 209, z8o; hempen property, 27; money, 29 f.; poverty ropes, zoz; Glaucus, zo6; glass, and wealth, 32; slavexy, 33, I49, 209; Hermippus, 234; perfumes, 161; Thessalian oligarchy, 64; 236; Milesian wool, 24I; flour care of animals, 68; swine, 7I; from Phoenicia, 264; wheat pre poultry keeping, 74 f.; Poletae, ferred to barley, 275; Harpalus, 104; revenue from mines, zo6; 277; sycophant, 284; Amitraghata, comer in Sicilian iron, 122; silk, 284; fish, 287 f.; tapestries, 292; 186; tin, 209; sitophylakes, 273; pottery from Naucratis, 297 Cleomenes, 276; Solon's monetary Athens, cloaca, 53; trade of, 235, reforms, 317; embezzlement, 341; 252; grain trade, 271; gold coin· Athenian civil service, 357, 36I; age, 326 f.; banking in, 335 ff. "'Index Athlothetae, 359 Bohemia, tin from, u6, 246 Atimia, 350 Bombycina, silk, rS6 Atragioi, in Thessaly, famine, 277 Bora, wind, 245 Attica, fanning in, 4, 4S, so, S4, SS; Borysthenes, salt from, 124; fish, 288 grain crop, 21; land problem, 41; Bosporus, hides, 293 sheep, 68; honey, 73i olives, 77i Bottomry, 2zS, 242, 274, 345 ff. deforestation, 8z; loss of popula Bouturo,, 62 tion, 87; brine springs, IZ4; wax, Boxwood, 129, 300 zoz; figs, zS4; marble, 290; pottery, Brasidas, capture of Arnphipolis, z8x 296 ff. Brass, 112, uS Augeas, cattle of, 65 Bread, sellers, 136; ovens and baking, Aurichalcum, 11S 193 Autourgos, 43 Bricks, 129, 132, 173 Azov, Sea of, fishing in, 287 Britain, Phoenicians in, 115, 301 Briza, 51 Babylonia, agriculture in, 52; bank- Bromos, 51 ing in, 334 Bronze, 112 ff. Badakshan, lapis lazuli from, 215 Budget in Athenian finance, 355 Bakera, 144 Budini, furs, 293 Banausia, 13 Bug, river, 241 Banking, 254, 333 ff. Building construction, 202 Barley, 51, 84 Butades of Corinth, 236 Barrels, wooden, not used 191 Butter, 62, 285 Bashan, oak from, 300 Byblos, calkera from, 300 Baskets, 19S Byssos, 184, 202 Baths, 188 Byzantium, Greek colony, 219; Battos of Cyrene, road builder, 250 seizure of grain ships, 269, 270, Becker, W. A., Charicles, 2S9, 333 308, 336; fish, 287; banking n. 1 monopoly, 338 Bedsteads from Miletus, 233 Bees, beekeeping, honey, wax, 73 Cadmia, 103 Beloch, J., population of Greece, 21; Caicus, river, Aeolian colony, 217 Greek commerce, 224; avoidance Calamus, Cassia, 300 of Adriatic, 244 Calking,201, 300 Berard, V., Isthmic theory, 247 Call.istratus, income from harbour Bermius, Mt., gold from, 91 dues, 2S6 Bill of Exchange, 340 Calymnus, wine from, 294 Bimetallism, 329 Capital, lack of liquidity, 31, 333; Binai, coal at, 123 insecurity of, 230, 380 Bithynia, timber from, 244 Capitalism, 7, 79 Bitumen, asphalt, 201 Cappadocia, mules from, 72; bitu- Black Sea, see Euxine men from, 201 Blakeway, A., quoted, 223, 323 Caprification, 78 Bleaching, 185 Cardamom from Miletus, 233 Boeckh, A., mining laws, ro6 f.; Caria, preserved figs from, z84 cost of living, 133; upkeep of Carpentry, 196 slaves, 164; bottomry bonds, 349i Carpets, 184, 291 f.; from Carthage, fines on citizens, 374; uniko,, 375; 304 liturgies, 378 Carthage, fiax from, 202; trade, 219, Boeotia, inaccessibility to sea, 4; 2.44, 249, 303 f.; silphium, 233; market gardening, 51, uS; wheat, fiour, 233, 264;pottery, 298 ss. 26o; cattle, 61; horses, 63 f.; Carystus, famine, 2n; fish from, fowls from Tanagra, 75 f., 233; 289; marble, 290 ruin of, 87; helmets from, 207; Casting, metal, zo8 sheep, 291 Catalan furnace, 204 Ill 402 Index Cato on size of fanns, 88 Cimon, 268; suppression of piracy, Cattle, 6o ff. 308 Caulonia, timber from, 282 Cinadon of Sparta, iron weapons, Cavalry, use in war, 63 f., 66, 361 ao7 Cayster, river, 217 Cinnabar, Kinnabari, 102, II9, 190 Cedar for shipbuilding, 278 f. Cinnamon, 300 Celtiberia, iron from, 205 Circe, swine of, 71 Cement, 203 Cire perdue method of casting, 208 Ceos, miltos from, 103, 122, a62, Citizens of Athens as workers, 125 ff. 277 Cius, Milesian colony, 219, a4o Cephallenia, rainfall in, 46 Clauda, island, copper in, I 14 Cephisus, river and plain of, 48, 53 Clay products, 173 Cerameicus, 178 Clazomenae, olive oil, aSs; famine in, Cercinites, 219 270 Ceme, Attic pottery at, 297 Cleaners, garment cleaning, x88 Cersobleptes of Thrace, taxes on Cleanthes, the philosopher, prose commerce, as6 cuted for idleness, 12 Chaerophilus. a fishmonger, a89 Cleomenes of Naucratis, comer in Chalcedon, copper, II3j colony, ax9; wheat, 260, a64, 275 ff. seizure of grain ships, a69; fishing, Cleomenes of Sparta, 86 a87 Cleon, a tanner, 171, a93, 388 Chalcidice, wheat from, a6s; timber, Cleruchies, 224 a8I . Clothing, cost of slave's, 163; Chalcis, in Euboea, IIJ; helmets industry, 187 f. from, 207; vases, ao9; fishing, 288 Cnidus, seizure of Spartans, 264; Chalkeis, copper coins, 321 wine, 294 Chalkeus, chalkos, 112 Cnossus, famine, an; borrowers at, Chalybes, iron, 119, 233; fishing, 287 337 Charcoal burning, I98, 205, a44 Coa, silk, 186 Charidemus of Oreus, a pirate, 309 Coal, 122, 205 Chasing, steel, 206 Cochineal, x90 Cheese, cheesemaking, 62, 171 Cock fighting, 75 Chersonesus, Tauric, 240 Coele-Syria, forests, 278 Chersonesus, Thracian, colony, a19, Coenyra, gold, 91 a24; \;~locked exchange, a28; wheat Coins, coinage, 97, 304 ff. from, a6s Colaeus of Samos, voyage of, 221, Chesterton, G. K., definition of 301 poverty, I 7 · Colchis, cinnabar, 190; gold, 213; Childe, V. G., Minoan jewellery, 2I6 timber, 279; fiax, 291 China, silk from, 196; furs, 293; cf. Colonisation, 217 ff. also Seres Colosseni, wool, 29a Chios, vase from, 209; wine, :u8, Columella, on use of manure, 54; _294; payment for convoys, 268; poultry, 75; viticulture, 8o oil, 285; marble, ago; capture by Commagene, bitumen, aox f.listiaeus,3o8;monetarystandard, Commerce, a24 ff. 320 Communism, Greek view of, a6 Chlamys, 187 Confectionery, 195 Chlani.s, I 87 Construction industry, labour in, Choregia, I47 128 ff. Chutrew, 177 Convoys, 268 Cilicia, timber from, 279 Cooks, women, I 37; apprenticeship, Cimmerian Bosporus, in Homer, 213; 140; famous, I96 Pericles' visit to, 266; grain from, Copais Lake, spring wheat, 55; eels 269 and poultry from, 48, 289 Cimolian earth, 183 Coral, 300 Index Corcyra, Corinthian cleruchy, 22..4; Daric, gold coin, 329 fishing, 288; wine, 294 Darnel, 52 Corfu, rainfall, 46; Scheria, 212 Dates from Phoenicia, 233 Corinth, population of, zo; bronze, Daton in Thrace, shipbuilding, 201 208; colonies, 224; trade, 236, :ass, Davies, 0., quoted on mining, 89, 317; pottery, 277, 295 f.; piracy, 115 309; silver staters, 325 Dead Sea, bitumen from, 201 Corsica, Phocaeans in, 221; timber, Debt, slavery for, 41 f., 333 283, 305 Decelea, seizure by Spartans, 22, 49, Cos, dyers in, l3S; silk, r86; wheat, 76, 109, 163, 229, :a6r, 326, 373 277; sheep, 291; wine, 294; taxes, Deforestation, 8:a 387 Deinarchus, accuser of Demosthenes, Cosa, tunny fishing, 289 274 Cost of living, 132 tf. Delian League, u, IS, r8, 236, 319 Cotton, 187, 291 Delos, trade emporium, 237, 240; Courts, mining, no; commercial, banking, 254, 334i oil, 286 145; Athenian, 254 Delphi, wages at, 131; famine at, 277 Crete, rainfall, 46; sheep, 69, 292; Demades, Athenian financier, 370, 373 iron, uo; whetstones, :ao6; cypress Demeter, rites of, 4 wood, 234 Demetrius of Phalerum, 20, 98, 203, Critias, elegy of, 233 355 Croesus, wealth of, 91, 313, 323 Demetrius Poliorcetes, 183, 283 Crop rotation, 57 Demroprata, 373 Croton, colony of Magna Graecia, Demosia tTape:ra, 350 220 Demosthenes, grain controller, 274, Cwnae, zzo, 247; pottery, 295; gold :a77; Harpalus incident, 373; coins of, 326 Cases: agst. Lacritus, 232, 242, Cupellation, 102 z87, 294, 346; agst. Eubulides, u, Customs duties, :ass. 386 127; de Corona, u, z61, 265, :a69; Cyclops, a cheesemaker, 63 agst. Zenothemis, 26o; agst. Di· Cydonia, famine at, 277 onysodorus, z6o, 276 f., 340, 346; Cyprus, copper, 113, an, 214; agst. Theocrines,z69; agst. Neaera, asbestos, us; iron, 120; ship 136, 274; agst. Timotheus, :ao:a, building, 201; gypsum, 203; trade, :a8:a; Treaty with Alexander, :a8:a; 212, 217; mustard from, 233; agst. Phonnio, 232, 293; for wheat, 262, 275; timber, z8o; Phonnio, 336, 341, 348; agst. sheep, 291; carpets, 292; Attic Pantaenetus, xoo, 1o6, 11 I; agst, pottery in, 297; Phoenicians in, Leptines, zo; agst. Phaenippus, 302 86, 107, III; agst. Aphobus, 153, Cyrenaica, Cyrene, rainfall, 46; 198; agst. Euergus and Mnesi silphium, 233; hides, 234, 293; bulus, 338; agst. Polycles, 345; road in, 250; grain from, 270, 277; agst. Androtion, 357, 382; on the oil, 285; pottery, 298 Navy Boards, 379, 383; Philippic Cythera, owned by Eurycles, 87; iv, 390 expedition of Nicias to, 264; Deposit Banking, 341 famine at, 277 Diogogi Economic theory of Greeks, 241 z68 33 Etesian winds, 6, 243 Education, cost of, 363 Ethiopia, gold mining, 93 Eels from Boeotia, 5 Etna, Mount, forests of, 280 Egibi Sons, bankers, 334 Etruria, Attic pottery in, 297 Egypt, horses from, 65; olives, 77; Etruscans, hostile to Greeks, 245; byssos, 202; trade, 212; gold, 2I4i pottery, 295 grain, 235, 263; timber trade, 278; Euboea, granary of Athens, 49; linen, 300; copper, 329 wheat, 55; hippobotae, 63; cattle Eisagogeis, 359 and horses, 64, 68; decay of, 87; EUphora, I071 352, 381 supposed copper in, 113; asbestos, Ektropai, 250 114; iron, 122; apples, 233i lost to Elba (Aethalia), copper, II3i tin, II7 Athens, 261; monetary standard, n. s ; iron, 122 317 Elea, colony of Magna Graecia, 220 . Eubulus, Athenian financier, 355, Electrum, u8; from Sardes, 233; 390 money, 312 , Euemerus, the Fortunate Isle, 29 Eleusinian Mysteries, 4 Eupatrids, 41 Eleusis, rent of farm at, 44; building Euripides, humane views on slavery, accounts, 126, 130 f.; slave labour ISO, 152 at, I6I Euripus, river, 48 Index Euthuni, 358 Gemet, L., on taxation of wheat Euxine, tunny, 6; fish, 1.¢; colonies imports, Z74 in, 240 f., J03 Ghi, clarified butter, 62 Evagoras of Cyprus, 262 Gilding, 137 Exchange, blocked, zz8; money Giro, 340 changing, 338 f. Glass, 209, 304 Ezekiel, prophet, 182; trade of Tyre Glaze on pottery, 176 and Sidon, 299 Glotz, G., size of farms, 43; manu missions, 159; iron in Homer, 121; Faience, 238 cost of living, 133 Fallow, 54 Glue, 197 Farms, size of, 43 Goats, 41, 61; goat's hair, 184 Felt, 183 Gold, 89; from Egypt, 214 Fertiliser, use of, 53 Golden Fleece, 213 Festivals, number in Athens, 364 Gomme, A. W., Isthmic theory, 248; Feudal aristocracy in Attica, 42 population, 21 f. Fiftieth, tax, 256, 274 Gortyna, famine, 277 Figs, 5, 41; sellers, 77, 136; from Grain, imports from Pontus, 20, z28; Rhodes, ZJJ; trade in, z84 raising in Greece, 47 f.; pro Firewood, 198 duction, so; price of, 132 f.; Fish, trade in, 286 ff. public distribution, 147; trade in, Fishing nets, 136 258 ff. Fishmongers, 136, 146, 289 Granicus river, 217 Flagellum, flail, 57 Gresham's Law, 329 Flax, cultivation of, 58; hackling, Grundy, G. B., on population, 21; 18 S; ropes, zoz; from Phasis and · vine and fig culture, 8z; Greek Colchis, 233; trade in, 291 farming, 83 Fleet, cost of upkeep of, 362 Guilds, trade, 140 Flour sellers, 136; milling, 193; fine, Guiraud, P., division of labour, IJOi from Carthage, Z3J, 264 cost of living, I 33 Folds, sheep, 69 f. Gyaros, iron in, I 22 Francotte, H., building in Athens, Gyges, wealth of, 91 130; pottery, 178; small-scale Gymnasimchia, 378 production, 165; industry in Gynaikonomi, 360 Corinth, 237 Gypsum, in stucco, 203 ; used in Free trade, in ancient world, 255 fulling, 183 Fulling, 135; fuller's earth, 183 Furs, Z93 Haliartus, pastures in, 64 Halonetos, a salt slave, 124 Gades, fish, z89; Phoenicians at, Hamaxia, cedar from, 279 n. S 30Z Hanno, Periplus of, 301 Gargaliani, asphalt at, 114 Hanse merchants, 2IZ, 225 Garlands, weavers of, 136 Harpalus distributes famine relief, 277 Garlic from Megara, s8, ZJJ Harvest, women workers in, 137 Gaul, fir forests, z8o; wool, 291 Hasebroek, J., use of lfliltos, 103; Gazelonitis, wool from, 291 Greek trade, 222 ff.; expedition to Gebal, or Byblos, calkers from, 300 Cythera, z64; Sardes, 313 ; Phei· Gela, colony in Sicily, 220 don, 316; management of money, Gelgopolis, 137 332 Gelon of Syracuse, 259 Haute-lisse, weaving, 181 n. 2 Geographic factor in Greek culture, a Hecatoste, 386 Geology of Greece, 45 Hectemori, 41 GeopottictJ, on poultry, 75 Heketyrioi, famine at, 277 Geraestus in Euboea, z6a Hellenistic era, 8 Geraneia, Mount, 5 Heli.etu)tawri.ae, 358 Index Hellespont, route to tunny fisheries, 137; slavery, ISO; potter, 174; 6; mackerel, 234; trade route, 244; loom, I8o; weaving, 185; hand isthmic theory, 247; command of, mills, 194; shipbuilding, 198; by Athens, 265 commerce, 210; geography of Hellesponwphylakes, 268 Odyssey, 213; siege of Troy, 213, Helmets, 207 239; fish, 286; manual labour, xo; Helots, 158 landownership, 40; Argos, 49; Hemeroskopeion, Spanish colony, gold, 89, 314; tanning and leather, 221 171; net ofHephaestus, 206; Phoe Hemitetartemorion, 328 nicians, 302; piracy, 307; money Hemp, 202, 283, 291 standards, 3I3 Heraclea, colony on Propontis, 219; Homosexuality, effect on population, grain from, 275; fish from, 287 24 Heracleides, Athenian banker, 344 Honey, 73: sellers of, 136 Heraklei.a, 185 Horses, breeding, 63 ff.; from Ar- Hermione, famine at, 277 menia, 300 Hermippus, comic poet, 234 Hubris, 157 Hermon, Mount, fir from, 299, 305 Hume, David, 20, IS2 Hermus, river, 217 Hyacinth, dye, 190 Hero of Alexandria, screw press of, Hydrargyros, quicksilver, II9 192 Hymettus, honey, 73; marble, 290 Herodes, mime, I73 Hyperbius, reputed inventor of Herodotus, on manual labour, I I ; potter's wheel, 237 flax growing, s8; fat-tailed sheep, Hyrtake, famine at, 277 67; gold, 90 f.; mines of Dysorum, 95; cotton, x8s; silent trading, 2n; lambulus, Sun state, 29 Gelon of Syracuse, 259 Iberia, hemp from, 59 Hesiod, conditions in Boeotia, 40; lchthyopolis, 136 fallow, 54; sowing, 54; oreicholkos, Ida, Mount, iron, I 19; tar from, 201; u8; Hercules and Cycnus, 250 timber, 279 Hetairae, 135, 138 ldalium, Phoenician colony, 302 Heter()fflallos, 183 lmbros, crops in, so; Athenian Hides, 293 ; from Carthage, 304; sale cleruchy, 224; capture by Milti of, 172 ades, 265; occupied by Athens, 267 Hieropoei, 62, 359 Incense, sellers of, 136; from Syria, Hinges, 197 234 Hippeis, 361 India, copper, II3; iron, 205; trade Hippias, debasement of coinage, 331 with, 212 n, 1 Hippobotae of Euboea, 63 Indigo, 190 Hiram of Tyre, lumbering in Leba Infanticide, 23 non, 278 n. 4; timber transport, Inflation of coinage, 327 283 Insurance, of runaway slaves, 164; Hire, pastures in, 64 marine, 349 Histiaea, trade route round, 261 Interest on money, Aristotle on, 29; Histiaeus of Miletus, 280, 308 Plutarch, 337; rates, 342; on ship Hittites, n9, 218 ping loans, 347 Hod()jWei, 251, 359 Ionia, settlements in, 217; timber Holidays, number in Athens, 131 from, 28o; pottery trade, 297; Hollow casting, 208 revolt of Greek colonies, 303; Homer, irrigation, s6; winnowing invention of money, 311 fan, 57; cattle, 6o; cheese, 62; Ionian Islands, 2I2 horses, 64 f.; sheep, 67 f.; swine, lphicrates, a pirate, 309 71; goats, 73; poultry, 76; olives, Iris, orris root as dye, 245 76; vintage, 81; bronze, n2; tin, Iron, II9f.,204f.,315 ;asmoney,321f. us; iron, 120, 205, 212j ivory, Irrigation, s6 Index lsaeus, interest rate, 342; Sumathes Lanoline, 193 a banker, 344; liturgies, 376 Laodicea, sheep in, 292 lsatis, woad, 190 Laos, isthmic theory, 2.4 7 Ischomachus, Athenian farmer, 38 f., Lapethus, Phoenician colony, 302 79 1 86, 137, 1391 156, JOI, 378 Lapis lazuli, kuanos, 20S, :.us !socrates, orator, on craftsmen, 178; Large-scale production, lack of, 179 on Athens, 253; on Megara, 255; Larissa, famine, 277 piracy, 309; Trapeziticus, 340 f.; Larnaka, Phoenician colony, 302 fees for teaching, 364; liturgies, Latium, timber, 280 376; on Antidosis, 384, 392 Laurai, 99 lster, Istros, Milesian colony, 219, Laurium, mining district, 4, 235; 241; fisheries, 288 beekeeping, 74; silver mines, 95 ff., Isthmic theory, 247 f. revenue from, 106, 372; iron, 121; Ithaca, 6s, 214 n. 9 Metics working at, 146; slave Iton, mother of sheep, 67 revolt, 158; slave labour, 164 f.; Ivory, in Homer, 137; Libya, 234; cinnabar, 190; silver for coinage Carthage, 304 from, 319 f., 326. Law courts, revenue from, 372 Jarde, A., rye, 51; vine and fig Lead, price of, 102 culture, 8z; Greek farming, 83 Leaf, W., on Corinth, 237 Javan, 300 Leases, land, 44; mining, 104 Joel, prophet, barking of fig trees, 78; Leather working, 170 f. palmer worm, 81 Lebanon, timber from, 278, 299, Joint Stock system of finance, 31 305 Juvenal on Greeks, 9 Legumes, 54 Lemnos, grain from, 49, 224, 265, Kadopoios, potter, 176 267 f. j gphragis, IOJ Kalametrides, 137 Leptis Magna, Phoenician colony, 302 Kalasireis, 187 Lesbos, Achaean settlement, 217; Kalche, murex from, 113 wine, 218, 232, 294; famine, 277; Kapelos, 230 marble, 290 Karystos, asbestos at, 114 Leucas, Corinthian cleruchy, 224; Kassiterides, 11 s famine, 277; timber from, 280; Kermes, dye, 190 wine, 294 Kertch, Straits of, fisheries, 287 Leucon and the grain trade, 266, Kiln, pottery, r77 269 Kinnabari, cinnabar, 190 Libya, horses from, 64; copper, 113; Kittim (Cyprus), boxwood from, 300 trade, 212; furs, 293 Kothonopoios, 177 Liguria, amber, 123; coal, 123; Krenides, gold mines, 92 timber, 28o; Attic pottery in, 297 Kuanos, lapis lazuli, zos, 215 Liknon, 57 Kurdistan, copper from, 113 Linen, 184 f., 290 Lithostrotos, zso Labour, us ff.; in mines, 107; state Litra, Syracusan coin, 325 interference with, 142; forced, 144 Liturgies, r8, 107, 146, 37S ff. Laconia, early art in, 3; iron, ur; Lixus, Phoenician colony, 302 women in, 139: vases from, 2.09 Loans, security for, 342 Lade, battle of, 239 Locris,grain,48;horses,64 Laestrygonians, 2 r 3 Lodging houses for seamen, 145 Lampadarchia, 376 Logistae, 358 Lampsacus, electrum coinage, 327 Loom, weaving, 180 ff. Land, ownership problem, 7, 40; Lycaonia, asses of, 7a division of, 44; holding in Plato, Lyclmi.ta, Parian marble, 290 z8; Metics on, 147; leases of, 44; Lycurgus, Attic statesman, 97, 355, trade on, s ; transport, 249 f. 373. 390 Index Lycurgus of Sparta, 321, 357 Mentes of Taphos, 113, uo, :u2 Lydia, gold, 91; wool, 291; invention Merchant class, 231 f. of coins, 311 Merino sheep, 67 Lysander, 309 Mermnadae of Lydia, 313 Lysias, orator, case agst. Diogeiton, Meroe, island, copper in, 113 133, 265; agst. wheat dealers, 262, Mesembria, salt from, 124, 219 271 ff.; expense of liturgies, 376 Meshech, in Euxine, 300 Lysicles, a sheep dealer, 13 Mesopotamia, treeless, 278 Messana, Greek colony in Sicily, 220 Macedonia, 8; timber from, 197, Messana, Straits of, 247; tunny 202, 235, 279, 282; tai, 201; trade fisheries, 288 of, 212; flax, 291 Messenia, cattle in, 61; horses, 63; Machinery and slave la,bour, 4, 167 sheep, 68 Madder, dye, 190 Methone, 253; imports of wheat from Maeander, river, 217 Pontus, :a68 Magna Graecia, 220; grain from, Metics, 10, 17, 22, u6, 144 ff.; 259; sheep, 291 potters, 297; bankers, 336 Mago, writer on farming, 304 Metoikion, 147, 375 Mainake, Phocaean colony in Spain, Metronomi, 359 221 Mictis, unidentified, n6 Malaria, 85 Midas, reputed first to mint money, Maleia, Cape, stormy, 237, 242; JU pirates, 249 Milesian fort in Egypt, 212, 237 Malthus, Thomas R., 8, 23 Miletus, 69, 238 ff., 241, 292; viti Mantinea, grain growing, 49 culture, 81; vases from, 209, 212, Manual labour, prejudice against, to, 248, 296; merchants at Naucratis, U7 237; oil, :aSs; fish, 288 Manure, fertiliser, 47 Milk, in diet, 62; production of, 63; Marble, 290 cream sellers, 136 Marjoram from Tenedos, 233 Mill, milling, 193; water and wind- Market, labour at Athens, t6t; mills, 194 women's, 135; slave at Sunium, Millet, 51, SS 153 n. 1; sacred, 212 Miltiades coloniser, 246, 259 Maroneans join in convoy system, 268 Miltiades fined, 373 Maroneia, silver from, 95 Miltos, 103, 176, 296 Marshall, Alfred, 1 Mining, 89 ff.; Metics, 146 Masonry, iron dowels for, 209 Minium, 102 Massalia, tin trade, u6; shipbuild- Minoan Age, commerce in, 211, 223 ing, 201; Phocaean colony, 221, Minos suppresses piracy, 306 f. 248; pottery trade, 298 Mischos, 53 Mauri, A., on cost of living, 133 Mithradates, war with Rome, 9; Mediterranean, rainfall in, 46 water mill, I 94 Megara, agrarian revolt, 40; deep Molybdena, 103 working of soil, 53; sheep, 68, Money, coined, 219, 311 ff. 291; slaves, 163; garlic and cheese, Monometallism in Greece, 323 233 ; wealth of, 255 ; famine, 277; Monthly suits, 349 fishing, 288; clothing industry, Mosaics, 203 292; return interest, 343 Mossynoeci, brass, II 8 Megarian decrees, 253 Mouflon sheep, 67 Meleagrides, poultry, 75 Mules, 6s, 72 Meliboea, famine, 277 Murassu, bankers, 334 Melic poultry, 75 Murex, purple, 189, 220, 233, 302 Melos, agriculture, so; stone from, Muslin from India, 185 rot; iron, 122; marble, 290 Mycenae, gold, go; copper, 112; Mende, wine, 294, 347 trade, 223 Index Myrcinus, on Strymon, 280 Onions, s8; from Samothrace, 233 Mynnidons, 53 Onos, 180 Mysia, mules, 72; wheat, 264; Opis, famine at, 277 timber, 279 Opous, plain of, 64 Mytilene, obtains grain from Bos Orchil, litmus, 190 porus, 267; electrum coinage, 327 Orchomenus, sheep, 68 Oreichalkos, u8 Nails, 206 Oropus, 229, 261 f. Naples, 220 Orpiment, 190 Natron, constituent of glass, 215 Orris root, perfume, 246 Naucratis, market for wine, 232; Othont, I84 trading centre, 237 f.; connection Over-population, 7 with Miletus, 241 ; grain from, Owls of Athens, 95 263; wine from, 294; pottery, Oxyrhynchus, fish glue from, 197 296 ff. Naukleros, 141, 230 Paeonia, gold in, 92 Naupactus, 281 Paerisades, Crimean king, 267 Nausinicus, Archon, 382 Pagasae, export of Thracian wheat Navigation, in summer, 242; laws, through, 47, 217, 234, 26o 253 Palestine, salt as fertiliser, 53; mid Naxos, goats, 73; emery, 206, 290 winter ploughing, 54i tla.x, 58: Nearchus, voyage of, 186 olives, 285; wheat and honey, 300 Newbigin, Miss M. 1., Geography of Palinkapelos, 230 Mediterranean Lands, 3 ff., 57 Panchaea, the fortunate isle of New Comedy, 24 Euemerus, 29 Nicias, 108, 164 Pandarus, bow of, 73 Nitre, fertiliser, 54 Pangaeus, Mt., gold from, 90, 372 Nurses, 127, 137 Panic grass, millet, 55 Nymphaeum, on Straits of Kertch, Panticspaeum, Milesian colony in 266 Crimea, 219, 240; salt fish from, 232, 287; Athenian pottery at, Oakum, Eucrates a dealer in, I 3 297 Oats, 51 Pantopolis, 137 Obeloi, 316 Paphlagonia, acorns and almonds Objets d'art, trade in, 2341 295 from, s8, 233 Ochre, yellow, 190 Papyrus for ropes, 59, 234 Octroi, diapulia, 256 Parastasis, 373 Odomanti, gold and silver from, 92 Paredri, 358 Odrysians, wheat from, 265 Paros, copper, 114; labour disputes Oetaea, famine at, 277 in, 143; wheat imports, 277; Oikodomos, 197 marble, 290; wine, 294 Oil, olive, in commerce, s, 284 f.; Parthenon, building of, 130 extraction, 192 f.; from Taras, Pasion, Athenian banker, 146, 335, zzo; imports into S. Russia, 241 339. 343 Oisupt, 193 Pastures, summer and winter, 59 Olbia, Greek colony, 219; blocked Patavium, wool from, 291 exchange, 228, 239; Milesian Patent, monopoly, 196 trade with, 241; fish, 288 Patros, rainfall, 46 Olive, cultivation of, 3, 41, 76, 218 Paul, St, on manual labour, 14 Olympia, coal at, 123; Philippeum, Pausanias, cattle in Laconia, 61; 174 mules in Elis, 72; poultry, 74f.; Olynthian war, 327 burned bricks, 173 f.; Cerameicus, Olynthus, mosaic ftoors, 203; wealth 178; byssos, 184; island of Seria, of, 255; timber from, 28a 186; trade with India, 2 u n. 1 ; 0/yra, 51 roads in Greece, 251 410 Index Pearls, 300 mand Atlantic, 220, 222; flour Peisistratus, Athenian tyrant, 63, 9S, from, 264; shipbuilding, 280 f.; 26S, 318 pottery, 297 Pelatae, 41 Phormio, Athenian banker, 146, 232, Pellene, wool from, 292 336 ff., 343 Pelles, furs and hides, 293 Pharos, 389 Peloponnesian war, effect on agri- Photius mentions silk, 186 culture, Ss Phrygia, wool from, 291 Peloponnesus, farming in, 48, 61 Phylarch, 359 Peneus, river in Thessaly, pastures Pieria, gold, 92 by, 63 Pigeons, 54, 76 Pentecoste, tax of fiftieth, 2s6, 274, Pilema, felt, 183 386 . Pilots of Tyre, 300 Pentelicus, marble, 290, 372 Pindar, Corinthian inventions, 236 Peparethus, wine, 294; capture by Pindus Mts., rainfall, 46 pirates, 309 Pine, timber for shipbuilding, 278 f. Perdiccas of Macedonia, 233, 287 Piracy, pirates, s, 90, 227, 229, 253, Perfumes, makers and sellers of, I 36, 269, 306 ff. 193. 24S Piraeus, trade of, 254 Pergamum, gold, 91 Pisa, shipbuilding, 280 Pericles, x6, 128, 234, 261, 266, 269, Pissasphaltos, I 14 373. 388 . Pitch, see Tar Periplus, Maris Erythraei, ·62, 186, Pit props, 198 293; of Scylax, 297; of Hanno, Plague at Athens, 22 301 Plaster of Paris, 203 Persia, rugs and tapestries, 182; Plataea, famine at, 271 monetary system, 32S Plato, limitation of citizenry, 8; Petra, long fertility of seed at, s6 gainful occupations, I I ; payment Petrie, Sir F., quoted, 120, 212 to citizens, x6; Republic, 25 ff.; Phaeacians, 214 communism, 26; position of Phaenippus, Attic landowner, 72, women, 26, I38; acquisitive in 88, 107, III, 198 stinct, 27; land system, 28; Phalanthos, a coloniser, 220 money, 29 f. ; poverty and wealth, Phanagoria, relief from famine at, 32; slavery, 33, 49, 157 f.; Phae 219 drus, 36; irrigation, s6; deforesta Phasis, flax frOm, 202, 219; fishing tion of Attica, 82; oreichalkos, n8; nets, 287 women cooks, 137; apprentice Pheasants,' 76 ship, 140; astynomi, 143; TTU!toikion, Pheidias, the sculptor, 14S, 178 I47i shoemakers, 172; potters, Pheidon, currency system, 316, 329 178; vision of Er, x8o; traffic in Pherae, pastures in, 6s arms, 207; glass, 209; colonisation, Phiditia, payments to, 322 224; merchants, 23 I Philip of Macedon, 90, 269, 309, 327 Pliny, Nat. Hist., secale, 51; 3-year Philostephanus of Corinth, early crop rotation, S7i miltos, IOJj banker, 33S copper from India, xI 3; plumbum, Phlius, fertility of, 48; famine at, 117; aurichalcum, n8; Salpe, a 277 female doctor, 138; sheep-shear Phocaeans, 221, 248; monetary ing, 179; felt making, 183; silk, standard, 320 186; wooden barrels, 191; workers Phocis, grain in, 47; cattle, 61; in bronze, 208; pottery, 236; horses, 64; slaves, ISS Italian wheat, 259 f.; timber, Phoenicia, Phoenicians, traders, s; 279 f.; marbles, 290; pelles, 293 discoverers of Laurium, 95; bitu Plough, Greek, s6 men, 201; gypsum, 203; in Ploughing, seasons for, 54 Homeric Age, 211, 299 ff.; com- Plumbum, 117 Index Plutarch, building of Parthenon, 130; Quicksilver, 119 iron money, 321; custom of Cnossians, 337; Demades, 370; Rain system, of Greece, 46; of Lycurgus of Athens, 390 Adriatic, 245 Po, river valley, 246 Raisin, introduced by Turks, 87; Poktae, 104, 106, 358, 372 from Rhodes, 233 Police, in Athens, Scythian archers, Ratio of monetary metals, 328 161, 360 Reaping, 56 Pollux, leather working, 171; clay Red Sea, Periplus of, 62, 186, 2.93 working,175; weaving, 185 ;weight Rennet, 63 of talent, 332 Rents of farm lands in Attica, 44 Polybius, wealth of Attica, 383 Resin, 2.20, 244 Polycrates of Samos imports Attic Respondentia, 346 sheep, 69 R.hahdotos, 182 Polymitos, 182 Rhaecelus, colony on Thermaic gulf, Pompey, suppression of piracy, 229 224 Pontus, grain from, 20, 235, 261, Rhegium, sacred market at, 212, 265; honey, 74; timber from, 197, 219 279, 327; fishing, 289 Rhodes, iron working, 120; earth· Population of Attica and Greece, 19 f. quake, 198; shipbuilding, 201 f., Porcelain, 177 244, 256; piracy, 229, 310j bank• Pornikon, 375 ing, 254; revolt from Athens, 264, Porridge, sellers of, 136 2.77; seizure of grain ships, 269; Poseidonius, Spartan customs, 322 wine, 294i monetary standard, Potidaea, Corinthian cleruchy, 224 320; bottomry bonds, 349 Pottery, industry, 174ff.; women in, Rhoecus of Samos, inventor of 137 hollow casting, 208 Pottery, trade in, 5, 294 ff. Rhone, river, hemp from, 59 Poultry, 74 f. Richter, Miss G., pottery technique, Poverty, Aristotle and Plato on, 32 103, 175, 187 Precious stones, jewellery, 300, 304 Ridgeway, Sir W., Phaeacians, 212 Press, oil, 192; comer of Thales in, Roads, 249 f. z8s Rock crystal, 215 f. Proconnesus, marble from, 290 Roman Empire, slavery in, 15 1 Prodromos, Protropos, 191 Ropes, 59,202,291 Proeisphora, 385 Rose, J. Holland, quoted, 6, 305 Profit motive, 27 Roth, H. Ling, Greek looms, 180 Propylaeum, building of, 129 Rubies, 300 Prostactic, 378 Rumania, trade with, 241 Proxenos, 141, 231, 2.42 Rut roads, 250 Pruning, 81 Rye, 51 Prytaneia, 373 Psamm!'tichus of Egypt, gift of Saddle unknown in Greece, 66 wheat to Athens, 2.63 Saffron, dye, 190 Pstudargyros, zinc, n8 Sails, sailcloth, 202, 234, 300 Psilos, 183 Salamis, crops in, so; battle of, 280 f.; Ptolemies of Egypt, 8, 143; Philo· Salamis in Cyprus, 275 pator, shipbuilding, zoo; mono· Salt, as fertiliser, 53; for animals, polies, z8s 69; production of, 124; sellera of, Public finance, 37, 352 ff. 136 Pump unknown in Greece, 101 Samos, raid on Siphnos, 92; wine, Purple dye, see Mures zx8, :&.+8; sheep, 291 Pylos, wheat in, 49 Samurai of Japan, 27 Pyrrhus of Epirus, 3o6 Sand-box casting, 208 Pythian games, 6 3 Sanies, 203, 313 412 Index Sardinia, Phocaeans in, 221; Phoeni· Silk, I 86, 29 I cians in, 302, 305 Silphium, 298 Sannatia, furs from, 293 Silver, mining at Laurium, 95 ff.; Saronic Gulf, s from Damastium, 245; from Spain, Satrae, gold and silver from, 92 304 Satyrus, Bosporian chief, 266 Sinai, copper in, 113 Scamander, river, settlements by, Sindon, x8s 217 Sinope, Milesian colony, 2I9, 240; Scapte Hyle, gold from, 9I timber, 279; fish curing, 287; Scheria, identified with Corfu, 212 debasement of coins, 332 Scidros, isthmic route, 247 Sinopic earth, 103 Scione, wine from, 347 Siphnos, gold, 91; copper, 114; iron, Scironic road, 252 122; revenues from Inines, 372 Scylax, Periplus of, 297 Siphon, use of, IOI Scyros,goats in, 73; iron, I22i piracy, Sitonae, 274 267 f. Sitophylakes, 359 Scythia, hemp from, 291 Sitopolai, 271 Sea, influence on Greeks, s Sitopumpia, z68 Sea Oak, food of tunny, 289 Sitos, 51 Secale, 51 Slaves, Slavery, I4, 148 ff.; birthrate Seed, selection of, SS ·of, 24; desertion of, 27; taxes on, Seisachtheia, 42 32; Aristotle and Plato on Slavery, Seleucid dynasty of Asia, 8; 62 33, 149; for debt, 42; in agri Seltman, C. T., monetary debase- culture, 88; in mines, 108; ment of Hippias, 331 torture of, I 56; state slaves, I6l j Selymbria forbids export of wheat, price of, 162; in Homer, 314 270 Smelting, 94 Semple, Miss E. C., influence of Smith, Adam, 32 geographic environment, 2 ff.; Smyrna, rainfall, 46; roads in, 25I ancient Mediterranean agricul Soap, x88, z8s ture, 45 f.; stock-breeding, 59 f. Socrates, in the Phaedrus, 36; on Seneca, leather money of Sparta, 322 farining, 38 f. Seres, Chinese, x86, 293 Soil, study of, 52 Serika dermata, 293 Solon, laws of, xo, 12, 41 ff., 72, 152, Sesame, a summer crop, 55; sellers I93,2S8,284, 327,342 of, 136 Sophocles, Oedipus Rex, 59; Electra, Sestos, seizure of, 266 63; Triptolemus, 259 Sheep, 41, 66 ff., 213 n. 6 Sostratus, a pirate, 3 IO Sheeping-off, 52 Sowing, SS Shield-makers, 206 Spain, copper, 114; colonisation, Shingles, wooden, for roofing, 204 22 I ; trade, 248; Greek pottery in, Shipbuilding, I98; lumber used in, 298 '2.79. 299 Sparta, isolationist policy, 2, 7, 27; Ships, size of, 243 iron money, 27, 321; army rations, Shoemaking, 172 f.; female shoe I 32; nurses from, I 37; education of maker, 137; felt shoes, 183 women, I39 Sicily, horses from, 6s; iron, 122; Spartocus, 266, 269 wheat, 2'2-I, 259; timber, 280, 305; Spearmaker, zo6 fisheries, 288; sheep, 291; Phoeni· Spelt, 49 cians in, 302 Spengler, Oswald, 36 Sicyon, 277; fish from, 288 f. Sphragis, 103 Sigeum, Athenian cleruchy, 224, Spinning, 179 26 5; isthmic theory, 24 7 Spinos, 123 Siglos, silver, ratio to gold, 325 Spodos, 103 Silent trading, 211 f. Sporades, 6 Index Stasis, 37 Tarichemporoi, Tarichegoi, Tariclw State socialism, 371 polai, 289 Stater, gold, 323 Tam, W. W., quoted, 8 n. 2, 24, Steel, Stomoma, 204 f. 168,243 Strabo, on Poseidonius, 2; Aegine Tarshish, 300 tans, 53; wool of Thessaly, 67; Tartessus, 114, 116, 221, 301 Eurycles of Sparta, 87; wealth of Tauromenium, Greek colony, 220 former days, 90; gold of Pangaeus, Taurus, silver from, 214 92; mines of Damastium, 94; of Taxation, on slaves, 153; farming, Laurium, 98; iron from Dactyli, 356; Athenian system, 371 ff. I I 9; iron in Elba and Euboea, 122; Taxiarch, 359 water mill, 194; wheat in Cyprus, Telonarches, 357 263; timber from Colchis, 279 Temesa, Tempsa, 113 Strategi, 359 Temples used as banks, 324 Strikes, absence of labour, 143 Tenant farming, 44 Strouthion, 179 Tenedos, marjoram from, 233 Strymon, river, 92, 95 Tents, 184 Stucco, 203 Teos, metal vases, 209; curse on Sugar, 73 magistrates, 270, 308; taxes, 387 Sumer, temple banks in, 334 Terra rossa, 45 Sunium, slave market, 153 n. 1; Textiles, trade in, 290 revolt of slaves, 158; fortification Thales of Miletus, 285, 313 of, 261 Thasos, gold, 91; shares in convoy, Sweden, copper coins of, 322 268; marble, 290; wine, 294; Swine, 70 f. revenues, 372 Sword-makers, 206 Themistocles, 33, 76, 96, 308, 335 Sybaris, cooks at, 196; wealth of, Theocritus, Idylls, 54, 6s, 70, 75 220, 2u; connection with Miletus, Theodosia, Milesian colony on Sea 24I, 248 f. of Azov, :n9, 240; salt fish from, Sycoph4nt, 284, 392 232, 287; Leucon remits port dues, Symbolai, 227 267 Symmories, 379, 383 Theognis, revolution at Megara, 40 Syngraphe, 346 Theophrastus, Characters: 62 D. 1 ; Syntaxeis, 389 I24D. 2j 135; I5SD. r; 172; r8z; Synteleia, 379 x88; 203; 282; 318 D. z; 325 D. r; Syntrinarchy, 379 343i 385 n. 4 Syra, iron in, 122 Theophrastus, Hist. Plant.: de Causis Syracosia, ship of Hiero, zoo, 209, z8o Plant. : degeneration of wheat into Syracuse, colony in Sicily, no; pork darnel, S2i ploughing, 54i fig and cheese from, 233; gold culture, 77 f.; viticulture, 78 ff. ; coinage, 326 tanning, 170 f.; strouthion, 179; Syria, balm, 233; timber from, 28o herakleia, 185; cotton, 187; coch Syrtes, tunny fisheries, 289 ineal, 190; timber and wood working, 196 ff.; glue, 197; char Talanton, talent, in Homer, 315 coal, 198; resin, zoz; Pontic Tamassus, Temesa, 302 wheat, 265 n. 6; timber for ship Tanagra, 277 building, 279 ff.; olives of Cyre Tanais, river Don, 219; fisheries, 288 naica, 285 Tanning, 170 Theophrastus, de Lapidibus: minium, Tapestry, loom, 181; from Persia, 102; copper from Chalcedon, 1 I 3; 182; from Carthage, 304 asphalt from Erineas, 114; quick Taphians, pirates, 212, 307 silver, ll9i coal, 123, zos; slaves Tar, pitch, 201, 244, z8z f. at Laurium, 16o; cinnabar, 190; Taras, Tarentum, lamp parts from, dyes, 196; rock crystal, zog; zo8; import of Attic vases, 297 electrum, 246 n. 2 Index Theophrastus, de Od~: goatskins, Trapelliticus, speech of !socrates, 171 n. 13; crocus, 190; lead as 340 f. salve containers, 209; perfumes Trapezus, 219; fishing, 287 from Aegina, 236 Tribute of Allies in Delian League, Theophrastus, de signis tempest., 387 f. . 76n. 9 Trichaptvs, silk, I 86 Theopompus, pirate of Miletus, 309 Trichonis, Lake, in Aetolia, 48 Theoric fund, 369 Trierarchy, 378 Thera, famine at, 277 Trieropoioi, 200 Thesmothetae, court of, 349 Trinacria, Odysseus shipwrecked on, Thessaly, farming in, 47; cattle, 6I; 286 horses, 63; sheep, 67, 291; de Troizen, famine at, 277 population,87; wheat,26o; timber, Troy, Trojan war, 247 279, 28I Truck farming, so, 57 Thetes, 43 Tubal, in Euxine, 300 Thomas Aquinas, St, 30 Tunny fisheries, 6, 219, 287 Thrace, agriculture, 23, 55, 63; gold, Turdetania, copper, 114; iron, I::a::a; 90; miners from, 95; asphalt, II4i tar, 201; sheep, 291 wheat, 264; flax, 29I; silver, J3I Turks in Greece, 87 Thranos, 170 Tyranny and money economy, 313 Threshing, s6 Tyras, Milesian colony, 219, 241 Thucydides on piracy, 307 Tyre and Sidon, sea trade, 211, 275, Thulakophoroi, Ioo 299, 302, 305 Thunniskopeia, 289 Thurii, gypsum from, 203 Underfiring in mining, 100 Tiles, 204 Ural Mts., gold in, 213 Timber, from S. Italy, 220; neces Ure, P. N., on tyranny, 9Si sary to Athens, 235; from Black Peisistratus and Phye, 319 n. 3 Sea ports, 244; trade in, 278 ff.; Usury, 30 transport, 283 Utopias, Greek, 29 Timemata, 373, 383 Timotheus of Athens, 282; issues V arro, on Greek cheese, 62; Pyrrhic copper coins, 327 sheep, 68; poultry keeping, 75 Tin, nsf.; from Bohemia, 246; tin- Vases, metal, 209 plating, 209 Vectis, u6 Tingis, Carthaginians at, 302 Vegetables, growing of, 127; sellers Tiphe, 51 of, I36 Tiryns, copper and bronze, 112 Verdigris, I 90 Tod, M. N., on guilds, 140 f. Vine, viticulture, 3, 4I, 78 ff. Togarmah, horses and mules from, Vineyards, women working in, 127, 300 137 Token coins at Athens, 328 Vitruvius, wattle and daub, 203; Tokos, use of word by Aristode, 32 dovetailing, I97 Tomi, Greek colony, 219 Volaterrae, tunny fishing, 289 Tools, shoemaker's, 172; carpenter's, I97i blacksmith's, 206 Wages, I3I f., 164 f. Torture of slaves, I s6 Wappenmiinzen, 319 Tow, ::aoi War munitions, export of, 207 Trade, balance of, 354 Water pipes, 209 Trade money, 324 Wattle and daub, in construction, Trade routes, 243 203 Trade unions, 141 Wax, in shipbuilding, 202, 283; from Transport by land, 252 Sybaris,::a:zo Transylvania, gold from, 90 Wealth, division of, 32 Trapeza, see Banking Weaving, 179 f. · Index Welding, 208 Xenophon, membership ofAssembly, Wheat, two months', 49; spring and 12; Oeconomicus, 38; farming in winter, 55; rust, s6; Achillean, 56; Attica, 48; winnowing, 57; on prices, 133; control of trade in, Horsemanship, 66; Revenues, 97, 274, 277; preferred to barley, 274 109, 389; Mem CAMBRIOOI!: PRINTED BY W. LllWIS, M.A., AT THJ! UNIVERSITY PRl!SS