DOCSLIB.ORG

Impact of Copper on Filtration Rate and Microbial Communities of Oysters (Crassostrea Virginica)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Impact of Copper on Filtration Rate and Microbial Communities of Oysters (Crassostrea Virginica) Stress response of bivalves: impact of copper on filtration rate and microbial communities of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) Hannah Ryon Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201 Advisor: Anne Giblin The Ecosystems Center Marine Biological Laboratory Woods Hole, MA 02543 Semester in Environmental Science 2016 Abstract Copper can have detrimental effects for organisms in aquatic environments, especially with increasing modern inputs from industrial waste, sewage, paint, and pressure treated lumber. Although there have been many studies on the lethal implications, there is not much known about the sub-lethal effects of copper on organisms. This study looks at the impact of copper exposure on filtration rate and microbial communities of eastern oysters. To test these two parameters, I setup tanks with varying concentrations of dissolved copper and a total of 20 oysters from Little Pond, in Falmouth, MA. I then measured the change in phytoplankton in the water over time to determine filtration rate. I also extracted and sequenced the DNA in the feces, pseudofeces, and on the shell. Finally, I determined the metal content of both the body and the gut of the exposed oysters. In this study, I found that the filtration rate of the oysters decreased with increasing concentrations of copper. However, the filtration rate rapidly recovers after being removed from tanks with copper. In the microbial component of this study, I determined that eastern oysters do not have a resident gut microbial community but they do have a resident shell community. This shell community is highly diverse, and it has denitrifying genera present. In the water and on the shell the microbial diversity decreases with exposure to copper. Finally, I determined that the oysters increase the amount of copper absorbed with increasing exposure. However, at around 600ppm the oysters become saturated with copper. Additionally, the gut contained higher concentrations of copper than the body of the oysters because the gut is used to expel excess copper. This data suggests that copper can have many sub-lethal effects on the eastern oyster at concentrations below the toxic concentration. Introduction All organisms require trace amounts of copper in order to survive. Copper is a metal that can be naturally found in trace amounts in animals, soils, plants and water (Diseases and Contaminants). In aquatic systems, copper is a relatively common metal ion. However, when in excess it becomes one of the most toxic ions in aquatic systems (Solomon 2009). This is why it is so important to understand the interactions of organisms with copper in aquatic environments. Typically, natural background levels of copper enter water bodies through weathering and material blown in by the wind. However, in present day, copper concentrations in aquatic environments can be greatly increased due to inputs from air pollution, industrial waste, and sewage (Bryan 1971). In marine environments two other major sources of copper are boat bottom paint and pressure treated lumber (Schiff 2004 & Stook 2005). This increase in dissolved copper can have significant ramifications for the organisms in that environment. One way in which excess copper can be detrimental to organisms is by disrupting cellular processes. When copper is abundant in an organism it then displaces other ions by binding to metal-binding sites or other nonspecific sites in things like enzymes or DNA. This is highly disruptive to metabolic processes and can lead to the eventual death of the organism (Goldstein 1986). Additionally, excess copper in an organism can catalyze reactions, which produce oxyradicals. This is extremely dangerous to an organism because oxyradicals can cause their nervous system to shut down (Goldstein 1986). The gills of aquatic organisms can also be greatly damaged by excess copper in the body because the efficiency of respiratory mitochondria in the gills falls with increased copper concentration in oysters (Collins 2010). In this study I will be focusing on the impact of copper on eastern oysters (Crassotrea virginica). Oysters are suspension feeders, meaning they filter phytoplankton and other nutrient particles out of the water. The suspended particles that they siphon in are eventually separated into feces and pseudofeces or incorporated into the organism. The pseudofeces is the material that the oyster determines is not nutritious and it is rejected prior to digestion. The feces is excreted on the opposite end of the oyster after it is digested and the necessary material is extracted. These oysters pay a large role in maintaining ecosystems, as their consumption patterns allow nitrogen to cycle and they help to prevent eutrophication (Songsangjinda 1998). It has also been suggested that the microbes that they harbor assist in denitrification (Kellogg 2014). Another reason for the importance of the oysters in Cape Cod is because they are a large component of the shellfish industry, which boosts the economy and benefits tourism. As copper amounts increase in the environment, it is vital that we understand the implications of this on the Cape Cod oyster population (Diseases and Contaminants 2015). Many studies have shown the lethal effects of copper on organisms, however, little is known about the sub-lethal impact of copper on organisms. Previous studies have shown that reproduction can be severely hindered by exposure to increased copper concentrations (Hornberger 2000). This shows that organisms can have sub- lethal changes due to copper, and this experiment will aim to determine sub-lethal effects in a short-term setting. I will be using filtration rate as a test of these sub lethal effects on the organism, by showing the impact of copper on phytoplankton consumption. Additionally, I plan to examine the impact of copper on the residential microbial communities within the organism. Little is known about the species in these communities, or if the community is present at all, but any change in its composition could be an indicator of stress on the oyster. Additionally, it is important to understand the impact of copper on these communities, as they are involved in some vital processes in the environment such as denitrification. Finally, I will examine how the metal is incorporated into the organism and which parts of the body are most contaminated. This will determine if metal is actually absorbed by the organism, or if it just passes through its system. These tests can also point to the mechanism of storing or expelling the copper from the system. Methods Lab Setup This experiment was conducted entirely in a lab setting. I set up 5 different tanks with four oysters of similar size in each, as shown in Figure 1. The oysters were collected from the Little Pond oyster farm in Falmouth, MA. Each tank is filled with seawater filtered through a 20micron filter and a 1micron filter, in order to remove any phytoplankton present in the inflowing seawater. The water was also bubbled with air throughout the course of the entire experiment, to ensure uniform distribution of copper and phytoplankton. In each tank there was a different concentration of copper dissolved in the water: 0ppm, 0.05ppm, 0.1ppm, 0.2ppm, and 0.3ppm. The copper was added using a Cu (II) 1000ppm stock solution. The oysters were allowed to sit in the filtered seawater without any phytoplankton inputs or copper additions for two days. This was done in order to flush their systems of any prior food or other contaminants from their previous environments. I also predict that this will eliminate any microbiomes present due to anything they consumed prior to being moved to the lab. During test periods, the tanks were cleaned each morning and the water was replaced. Copper and algae was again added to the tanks after cleaning. The algae was obtained from the Marine Resources Center at the Marine Biological Laboratory of Woods Hole, and it was RotiGrow Plus Omega Algal Blend. Filtration Rate The first objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of copper on the filtration rate of the organisms. In order to determine filtration rate in each tank, I measured the change in chlorophyll a concentration over time. As the algae is filtered out of the water column, the amount of chlorophyll a in the water will decrease. I measured chlorophyll a in the water by taking a subsample of the water from each tank and using a Turner Designs 10A Flourometer. I was then able to determine filtration rate by utilizing the following equation: 푉1−푉2 Filtration Rate = 푡 Where V is the concentration of chlorophyll a measured in ug/L, and t is time in hours. Filtration rate was measured over 4 different trials of 1 day experiments, with fresh filtered sea water, copper, and food supply each day. There were typically approximately 2 days between each trial. During the second and third trials the oysters were placed on platforms for feces and pseudofeces collection, as shown in Figure 2. On the second day of test one of the oysters in the 0.2ppm tank died. The organisms were then starved without copper for two days and the filtration rate was measured to the organisms’ ability to recover. Microbial Communities In order to determine the diversity of microbial communities present before and after copper exposure, I focused on microbes in the feces, pseudofeces, and on the shell of the oysters. During the third day of filtration tests, in the 0ppm and 0.3ppm tanks, I collected a subsample of feces and pseudofeces from the collection tin of three of the oysters. Only three oysters in each of the tanks were sampled due to limitations on costs. Additionally, I scraped the surface of the shells of these three oysters and collected any material present. After collecting the feces, pseudofeces, and shell matter from three oysters in both 0ppm and 0.3ppm, I then completed DNA extractions for each of these.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effects of Sediment and Suspended Solids on Freshwater Mussels
    Effects of Sediment and Suspended Solids on Freshwater Mussels Jim Stoeckel School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences Auburn University Why is sediment a problem? Mussels are adapted to live in sediments Not all sediments are the same • Firm, stable sediment = GOOD • Unstable or Flocculent sediment = BAD Dislodgement Mussels sink into sediment Sediments taken in or during filtering Sediments are easily suspended activities Potential Impacts • Clearance rates tend to decrease • Pseudofeces production tends to increase • Feeding • Spawning How do Bivalves Sort Particles? Pseudofeces Sorted by: 1) inorganic vs. organic 2) Nitrogen vs Carbon rich 3) Algal species ? Site: 1) Gills – maybe 2) Palps – Yes! Feces: Passed Pseudofeces: Rejected particles bound in mucus through 1) “non-food” digestive 2) Excess food system Ingestion: Particles pass into stomach Selection Efficiency Varies Among Species and Habitat Good Poor What about unionid mussels? Payne et al. 1995 High TSS LOW TSS Palp area : Gill area = 3.78 +/- 0.95 Palp area : Gill area = 11.5 +/- 1.3 Two General Causes of High Suspended Solids Poor land use practices Eutrophication Inorganic: Organic: sand, silt, phytoplankton clay bacteria Eutrophication experiments in a semi-natural setting • Created eutrophication gradient • 6, 0.1 ha ponds South Auburn • 2 – no fertilization Fisheries • 2 – moderate fertilization Research • 2 – high fertilization Station • Monitored weekly – Secchi – Total suspended solids (TSS) • Organic and Inorganic Experimental mussel • Ligumia subrostrata
    [Show full text]
  • Freshwater Mussels of the Pacific Northwest
    Freshwater Mussels of the Pacifi c Northwest Ethan Nedeau, Allan K. Smith, and Jen Stone Freshwater Mussels of the Pacifi c Northwest CONTENTS Part One: Introduction to Mussels..................1 What Are Freshwater Mussels?...................2 Life History..............................................3 Habitat..................................................5 Role in Ecosystems....................................6 Diversity and Distribution............................9 Conservation and Management................11 Searching for Mussels.............................13 Part Two: Field Guide................................15 Key Terms.............................................16 Identifi cation Key....................................17 Floaters: Genus Anodonta.......................19 California Floater...................................24 Winged Floater.....................................26 Oregon Floater......................................28 Western Floater.....................................30 Yukon Floater........................................32 Western Pearlshell.................................34 Western Ridged Mussel..........................38 Introduced Bivalves................................41 Selected Readings.................................43 www.watertenders.org AUTHORS Ethan Nedeau, biodrawversity, www.biodrawversity.com Allan K. Smith, Pacifi c Northwest Native Freshwater Mussel Workgroup Jen Stone, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Columbia River Fisheries Program Offi ce, Vancouver, WA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Illustrations,
    [Show full text]
  • Copyrighted Material
    319 Index a oral cavity 195 guanocytes 228, 231, 233 accessory sex glands 125, 316 parasites 210–11 heart 235 acidophils 209, 254 pharynx 195, 197 hemocytes 236 acinar glands 304 podocytes 203–4 hemolymph 234–5, 236 acontia 68 pseudohearts 206, 208 immune system 236 air sacs 305 reproductive system 186, 214–17 life expectancy 222 alimentary canal see digestive setae 191–2 Malpighian tubules 232, 233 system taxonomy 185 musculoskeletal system amoebocytes testis 214 226–9 Cnidaria 70, 77 typhlosole 203 nephrocytes 233 Porifera 28 antennae nervous system 237–8 ampullae 10 Decapoda 278 ocelli 240 Annelida 185–218 Insecta 301, 315 oral cavity 230 blood vessels 206–8 Myriapoda 264, 275 ovary 238 body wall 189–94 aphodus 38 pedipalps 222–3 calciferous glands 197–200 apodemes 285 pharynx 230 ciliated funnel 204–5 apophallation 87–8 reproductive system 238–40 circulatory system 205–8 apopylar cell 26 respiratory system 236–7 clitellum 192–4 apopyle 38 silk glands 226, 242–3 coelomocytes 208–10 aquiferous system 21–2, 33–8 stercoral sac 231 crop 200–1 Arachnida 221–43 sucking stomach 230 cuticle 189 biomedical applications 222 taxonomy 221 diet 186–7 body wall 226–9 testis 239–40 digestive system 194–203 book lungs 236–7 tracheal tube system 237 dissection 187–9 brain 237 traded species 222 epidermis 189–91 chelicera 222, 229 venom gland 241–2 esophagus 197–200 circulatory system 234–6 walking legs 223 excretory system 203–5 COPYRIGHTEDconnective tissue 228–9 MATERIALzoonosis 222 ganglia 211–13 coxal glands 232, 233–4 archaeocytes 28–9 giant nerve
    [Show full text]
  • PETITION to LIST the Western Ridged Mussel
    PETITION TO LIST The Western Ridged Mussel Gonidea angulata (Lea, 1838) AS AN ENDANGERED SPECIES UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Photo credit: Xerces Society/Emilie Blevins Submitted by The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation Prepared by Emilie Blevins, Sarina Jepsen, and Sharon Selvaggio August 18, 2020 The Honorable David Bernhardt Secretary, U.S. Department of Interior 1849 C Street, NW Washington, DC 20240 Dear Mr. Bernhardt: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation hereby formally petitions to list the western ridged mussel (Gonidea angulata) as an endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. This petition is filed under 5 U.S.C. 553(e) and 50 CFR 424.14(a), which grants interested parties the right to petition for issue of a rule from the Secretary of the Interior. Freshwater mussels perform critical functions in U.S. freshwater ecosystems that contribute to clean water, healthy fisheries, aquatic food webs and biodiversity, and functioning ecosystems. The richness of aquatic life promoted and supported by freshwater mussel beds is analogous to coral reefs, with mussels serving as both structure and habitat for other species, providing and concentrating food, cleaning and clearing water, and enhancing riverbed habitat. The western ridged mussel, a native freshwater mussel species in western North America, once ranged from San Diego County in California to southern British Columbia and east to Idaho. In recent years the species has been lost from 43% of its historic range, and the southern terminus of the species’ distribution has contracted northward approximately 475 miles. Live western ridged mussels were not detected at 46% of the 87 sites where it historically occurred and that have been recently revisited.
    [Show full text]
  • Missouri's Freshwater Mussels
    Missouri mussel invaders Two exotic freshwater mussels, the Asian clam (Corbicula and can reproduce at a much faster rate than native mussels. MISSOURI’S fluminea) and the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), have Zebra mussels attach to any solid surface, including industrial found their way to Missouri. The Asian clam was introduced pipes, native mussels and snails and other zebra mussels. They into the western U.S. from Asia in the 1930s and quickly spread form dense clumps that suffocate and kill native mussels by eastward. Since 1968 it has spread rapidly throughout Missouri restricting feeding, breathing and other life functions. Freshwater and is most abundant in streams south of the Missouri River. In You can help stop the spread of these mussels by not moving the mid-1980s, zebra mussels hitched a ride in the ballast waters bait or boat well water from one stream to another; dump and of freighter ships traveling from Asia to the Great Lakes. They drain on the ground before leaving. Check all surfaces of your have rapidly moved into the Mississippi River basin and boat and trailer for zebra mussels and destroy them, along with westward to Oklahoma. vegetation caught on the boat or trailer. Wash with hot (104˚F) Asian clam and zebra mussel larvae have an advantage here water at a carwash and allow all surfaces to dry in the sun for at because they don’t require a fish host to reach a juvenile stage least five days before boating again. MusselsMusselsSue Bruenderman, Janet Sternburg and Chris Barnhart Zebra mussels attached to a native mussel JIM RATHERT ZEBRA CHRIS BARNHART ASIAN CLAM MUSSEL Shells are very common statewide in rivers, ponds and reservoirs A female can produce more than a million larvae at one time, and are often found on banks and gravel bars.
    [Show full text]
  • Quagga/Zebra Mussel Control Strategies Workshop April 2008
    QUAGGA AND ZEBRA MUSSEL CONTROL STRATEGIES WORKSHOP CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................v BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................1 OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVE ....................................................................................................4 WORKSHOP ORGANIZATION ....................................................................................................5 LOCATION ...................................................................................................................................10 WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS – THURSDAY, APRIL 3, 2008 ................................................10 AwwaRF Welcome ............................................................................................................10 Introductions, Logistics, and Workshop Objectives ..........................................................11 Expert #1 - Background on Quagga/Zebra Mussels in the West .......................................11 Expert #2 - Control and Disinfection - Optimizing Chemical Disinfections.....................12 Expert #3 - Control and Disinfection .................................................................................13 Expert #4 - Freshwater Bivalve Infestations;
    [Show full text]
  • TREATISE ONLINE Number 48
    TREATISE ONLINE Number 48 Part N, Revised, Volume 1, Chapter 31: Illustrated Glossary of the Bivalvia Joseph G. Carter, Peter J. Harries, Nikolaus Malchus, André F. Sartori, Laurie C. Anderson, Rüdiger Bieler, Arthur E. Bogan, Eugene V. Coan, John C. W. Cope, Simon M. Cragg, José R. García-March, Jørgen Hylleberg, Patricia Kelley, Karl Kleemann, Jiří Kříž, Christopher McRoberts, Paula M. Mikkelsen, John Pojeta, Jr., Peter W. Skelton, Ilya Tëmkin, Thomas Yancey, and Alexandra Zieritz 2012 Lawrence, Kansas, USA ISSN 2153-4012 (online) paleo.ku.edu/treatiseonline PART N, REVISED, VOLUME 1, CHAPTER 31: ILLUSTRATED GLOSSARY OF THE BIVALVIA JOSEPH G. CARTER,1 PETER J. HARRIES,2 NIKOLAUS MALCHUS,3 ANDRÉ F. SARTORI,4 LAURIE C. ANDERSON,5 RÜDIGER BIELER,6 ARTHUR E. BOGAN,7 EUGENE V. COAN,8 JOHN C. W. COPE,9 SIMON M. CRAgg,10 JOSÉ R. GARCÍA-MARCH,11 JØRGEN HYLLEBERG,12 PATRICIA KELLEY,13 KARL KLEEMAnn,14 JIřÍ KřÍž,15 CHRISTOPHER MCROBERTS,16 PAULA M. MIKKELSEN,17 JOHN POJETA, JR.,18 PETER W. SKELTON,19 ILYA TËMKIN,20 THOMAS YAncEY,21 and ALEXANDRA ZIERITZ22 [1University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA, [email protected]; 2University of South Florida, Tampa, USA, [email protected], [email protected]; 3Institut Català de Paleontologia (ICP), Catalunya, Spain, [email protected], [email protected]; 4Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 5South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, [email protected]; 6Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, USA, [email protected]; 7North
    [Show full text]
  • The Freshwater Bivalve Mollusca (Unionidae, Sphaeriidae, Corbiculidae) of the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina
    SRQ-NERp·3 The Freshwater Bivalve Mollusca (Unionidae, Sphaeriidae, Corbiculidae) of the Savannah River Plant, South Carolina by Joseph C. Britton and Samuel L. H. Fuller A Publication of the Savannah River Plant National Environmental Research Park Program United States Department of Energy ...---------NOTICE ---------, This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the United States Government. Neither the United States nor the United States Depart­ mentof Energy.nor any of theircontractors, subcontractors,or theiremploy­ ees, makes any warranty. express or implied or assumes any legalliabilityor responsibilityfor the accuracy, completenessor usefulnessofanyinformation, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. A PUBLICATION OF DOE'S SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH PARK Copies may be obtained from NOVEMBER 1980 Savannah River Ecology Laboratory SRO-NERP-3 THE FRESHWATER BIVALVE MOLLUSCA (UNIONIDAE, SPHAERIIDAE, CORBICULIDAEj OF THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT, SOUTH CAROLINA by JOSEPH C. BRITTON Department of Biology Texas Christian University Fort Worth, Texas 76129 and SAMUEL L. H. FULLER Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Prepared Under the Auspices of The Savannah River Ecology Laboratory and Edited by Michael H. Smith and I. Lehr Brisbin, Jr. 1979 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY AREA " 1 LIST OF BIVALVE MOLLUSKS AT THE SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT............................................ 1 ECOLOGICAL
    [Show full text]
  • Role of Epicellular Molecules in the Selection of Particles by the Blue Mussel, Mytilus Edulis
    Reference: Biol. Bull. 219: 50–60. (August 2010) © 2010 Marine Biological Laboratory Role of Epicellular Molecules in the Selection of Particles by the Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis EMMANUELLE PALES ESPINOSA1,*, DAHLIA HASSAN1, J. EVAN WARD2, SANDRA E. SHUMWAY2, AND BASSEM ALLAM1 1School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794; and 2Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, Connecticut 06340 Abstract. This study provides evidence that the suspen- Introduction sion-feeding blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, uses biochemical cues to recognize its food. We identified lectins in mucus In near-shore waters, suspension-feeding bivalves are from the gills and labial palps, two pallial organs involved confronted with a wide range of living and nonliving par- in the feeding process. These compounds were able to ticles. Through several processes, bivalves are able to sort agglutinate rabbit and horse erythrocytes (RBC) and several and ingest high-value particles in preference to low-value species of marine microalgae representing different fami- ones, thus enhancing the nutritive value of ingested material lies. Additionally, the agglutination of RBC and microalgae and optimizing energy gain (Allen, 1921; Fox, 1936; Shum- was inhibited by several carbohydrates (fetuin, lipopolysac- way et al., 1985; Defossez and Daguzan, 1996; Pastoureaud et al. et al. charide (LPS), and mannose-related residues), suggesting , 1996; Ward , 1997; Ward and Shumway, 2004). The process by which particles are selected is not clear, and that a suite of lectins may be present in mucus from the gills several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain and labial palps.
    [Show full text]
  • NWRRI Fall 2015 Newsletter
    NWRRI - Desert Research Institute October 5, 2015 Volume 2, Issue 1 Newsletter written and compiled by Nicole Damon Project Spotlight: Testing the Mortality and Settlement of Quagga Mussel Veliger under Various Chemical Treatments The quagga mussel (Dreissena natural predators make it a perfect bugensis) is an aquatic invasive habitat for the mussels to grow Inside this issue: species that is spreading throughout and spread. “In recent years, Lake Mead and other waterways quagga mussels have posed a in the western United States. The serious threat to the ecological Project Spotlight 1 mussels overtax the already drought- stability of the Lake Mead stressed lower Colorado River ecosystem,” explains Michael system and Lake Mead reservoir. Zhou, the student researcher for Events Listing 3 The objective of this project is to the project. “Quagga mussels understand how to control and threaten to drive native species to eventually eradicate quagga mussels extinction because of the stress PI Spotlight 4 to help stabilize Nevada’s valuable they put on the aquatic water resources. environment. Their continued presence in Lake Mead might also Quagga mussels can tolerate a wide Student Interview 5 change the lake’s water chemistry range of environmental conditions. and nutrient balance.” They also reproduce quickly and spread rapidly. Lake Mead’s year- For this project, the researchers round warm water temperatures, assessed the mortality of quagga high calcium levels, and lack of mussel veligers, which are the RFPs If you have questions about submitting a NWRRI proposal, e-mail Amy Russell ([email protected]). For current RFP information, visit the NWRRI website (www.dri.edu/nwrri).
    [Show full text]
  • Zebra Mussels in the Eastern United States
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Zebra Mussels in the Eastern United States Life History, Ecology, water) and other, suspended material. Zebra compared with that of many North Amer­ and Distribution off the mussels also produce a substance called ican rivers. Zebra Mussel pseudofeces, which consists of particles that are taken in through the inhalant siphon, Adult zebra mussels were found for the Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), .cpm-r rejected as food, wrapped in mucus, and first time in North America in Lake St Clair monly referred to as the zebra mussel, or expelled. Pseudofeces commonly contain in June 1988. It is presumed that they were the traveling mussel, is a bivalve mollusc higher concentrations of metals and other unintentionally introduced as veligers in with a 2 to 5-year life span and a maxi­ contaminants, than do ambient sediment par­ ballast water from trans-Atlantic commer­ mum adult size of about 1 inch. Females ticles because of this process of aggregation. cial vessels originating from Black Sea begin to spawn by the end of their first ports in 1985 or 1986. The spread of the year of life, at a minimum water tempera­ Zebra mussel distribution is limited by zebra mussel in North America has been ture of 54°F. A single female can release water-quality conditions/In general, they rapid. As of January 1994, it has been iden­ at least 30,000 to 40,000 eggs per year. are found at a salinity of 0 to 4 parts per tified in the Great Lakes, as well as in the The eggs are fertilized in the water and.
    [Show full text]
  • Bivalvia: Pteriidae
    ICLARM Studies and Reviews 21 The Biology and Culture of Pearl Oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae) M.H. GERVIS and N.A. SIMS ODA.. ;1"16,.' LAM,, OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (ODA) INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC OF THE UNITED KINGDOM RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LONDON, ENGLAND MANILA, PHILIPPINES The Biology and Culture of Pearl Oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae) M.H. GERVIS and N.A. SIMS 1992 VERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION (ODA) INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC OF THE UNITED KINGDOM RESOURCES MANAGEMENT LONDON, ENGLAND MANILA, PHILIPPINES The Biology and Culture of Pearl Oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae) M.H. GERVIS AND N.A. SIMS 1992 Printed in Manila, Philippines Published by the Overseas Development Administration 94 Victoria Street, London SWlE 5JL, Utiited Kingdcm and the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, MC P.O. Box 1501, Makati, Metro Manila, Philippires. ICLARM's Technical Series were developed in response to the lack of existing publishing outlets for longer papers on tropical fisheries research. The ICLARM Studies and Reviews series consists of concise documents providing thorough coverage of topics of interest to the Center, which are undertaken by staff or by external specialists on commission. Essentially, all documents in the series are carefolly peer reviewed externally and internally. A number have been rejected. Those published are thus prnimary literature. Between 1,000 and 2,000 copies of each title are disseminated - sold or provided in exchange or free of charge. Gervis, M.H. and N.A. Sims. 1992. The biology and culture of pearl oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae). ICLARM Stud. Rev. 21, 49 p. ISSN 0115-4389 ISBN 971-8709.27-4 Cover: Top: Ago Bay, Japan - Home of pearl culture.
    [Show full text]