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Symposium Update Meeting Alternative Fuel Effects on Aircraft Emissions and Contrails Dr. Bruce Anderson Senior Research Scientist NASA Langley Research Center Hampton Virgi #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. What are the Environmental Impacts of Aviation? • Aerosol and gas-phase emissions effect air quality near airports • NOx emissions effect background Ozone concentrations at altitude • Aerosols affect air quality and influence cloud formation and radiative properties • Contrails, Black Carbon, Ozone and CO2 can enhance climate impacts Military accounts for >10% of U.S. Jet Fuel Consumption, is Partially Responsible for Impacts 2 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Military Aircraft have Special Emissions Problems • Still using older engine technologies, such as turbo-jet engines shown above • Aircraft designed to optimize performance over economy and emissions--i.e., low-bypass engines with augmenters used on fighters and bombers • Many military fuels have special properties to meet mission requirements 3 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Inflight Measurements Show Fuel S and Afterburners are Large Sources of PM Emissions 17 10 8 6 4 2 16 10 8 6 4 nvPM Emissions (#/kg) 2 15 10 70 80 90 100 Engine Thrust (%) • Fighter aircraft emit 5-10 times more soot than commercial aircraft • Afterburner operations increase soot emissions by 10 to 20 • Fuel sulfur increases total PM emissions by 10 to 100 4 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. CO2 emissions a major concern for commercial aviation as air travel is growing 2-3% per year CO2 and Clouds from Aviation Already Account for 5% of Anthropogenic Climate Impacts Bonus: Sustainable jet fuels should also produce lower soot and sulfate emissions ICAO goal is to reduce aircraft CO2 emissions 50% by 2050 5 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. U.S. Federal Agencies are Collaborating to Develop Alt Fuels Economic and environmental sustainability analysis across entire supply chain Feedstock Feedstock Conversion Fuel Testing/Approval Fuel Process Scale- Fuel Environment Enable End User/ Logistics Production Conversion up/Integration Performance Assmt Production Buyer USDA --- --- --- DOC --- --- --- --- --- --- --- DOE --- --- DoD --- --- FAA, DOD and EPA --- --- --- --- --- --- NASA Primarily Focusing on FAA --- --- --- --- --- Aviation Fuels NASA --- --- --- --- --- --- 6 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. NASA is Leading Effort to Assess Alternative Fuel Effects on Emissions and Contrails Year Project Location Test Article Fuels 2008 PW308 West Palm Pratt PW308 Jet A, FT, 50% FT 2009 AAFEX-1 Palmdale DC-8 Jet A, FT (gas), FT (coal), 50% blends 2011 AAFEX-2 Palmdale DC-8 Jet A, HEFA, 50% HEFA, FT (gas) 2013 *ACCESS-1 Palmdale DC-8 Jet A, 50% HEFA 2014 *ACCESS-2 Palmdale DC-8 Jet A, 50% HEFA 2015 CONEX Cleveland Honeywell APU Jet A, Alt Fuels, Blends 2015 *ECLIF-1 Manching DLR A320 2 Jet A ref fuels, 4 Blends 2018 *NDMAX ECLIF Ramstein DLR A320 Jet A ref fuels, 3 Blends * Flight Projects with Ground Measurements 7 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Alternative Fuels Studied in NASA Tests, most obtain from AFRL Coal FT Sasol Natural Gas FT Shell ~35% C10 & C11 Fuels Vary 0.4% ~60% C & C ~48% C9 & C10 12.0% 10 11 Considerably in 46.7% 87.6% i-paraffins 53.3% n-paraffins Hydrocarbon cycloparaffins i-paraffins Composition aromatics High degree branching Mild degree branching Alternative Fuels contain < 0.5% Petroleum Animal Fat or Plant Oil JP-8 HRJ Aromatics and < 20 5% 15% ppm Sulfur 18.7% 19.0% n-paraffins n-paraffins i-paraffins 31.0% 31.3% i-paraffins cycloparaffins cycloparaffins aromatics 80% 8 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Alternative Aviation Fuel Experiment (AAFEX-1) Multi-Agency Collaboration to Study Fischer-Tropsch Fuels Huge Reductions in nvPM Number, Mass and Particle Size seen when Burning Alternative Fuels Objectives • Create gaseous and particulate emission profiles as a function of fuel-type and engine power; • Investigate the factors that control volatile aerosol formation and growth • Establish aircraft APU emission characteristics and examine their dependence on fuel composition 9 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Systematic Tests with APU Show Soot Emissions Vary Directly with Fuel Aromatic Content, Inversely with %H 15 4.0x10 500 3.5 400 3.0 300 2.5 200 2.0 1.5 100 nvPM Number EI (#/kg) Red=SAK; Green=AR100; Blue=AFBlend nvPM Mass EI (mg/kg) Red=SAK; Green=AR100; Blue=AFBlend 1.0 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 Percent Aromatic Additive Percent Aromatic Additive • Added different SAKs to pure alternative fuel (Sasol) • Varied SAK percentage from 0 to 24% • nvPM (soot) number, mass and size increased directly with aromatics, inversely with %H content • nvPM emissions increase with naphthalene fraction 10 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Motivation for Flight Experiments 14 13 12 • Almost 90% of Jet fuel burned during flight 11 10 9 • Cruise-level power settings are very poorly simulated in 8 7 ground tests 6 Fuel Burn Altitude (km) 5 4 • Particle emission parameters are very temperature 3 2 dependent--ground-level tests cannot replicate the cold, dry 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 conditions present at flight altitudes % Fuel Consumption • Emission impacts on contrails cannot be assessed at ground 14 13 12 level 11 10 • Very little data available to relate ground-based PM emission Altitude (km) Altitude 9 8 7 NOx parameters to cruise altitude emissions; data for black carbon 6 Altitude (km) 5 Emissions mass/number emissions are particularly lacking 4 3 2 • Very little data available to relate aircraft PM emissions to 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 contrail formation and microphysical characteristics % NOx Emissions 11 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Sampling Platforms DLR Falcon 20 ACCESS-II, ECLIF-1 Falcons slow, but can sample up close; DC-8 fast, but has to sample >5 km NASA Falcon HU-25C ACCESS-I, ACCESS-II NASA DC-8 NDMAX/ECLIF 12 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Source Aircraft DLR A320 Advanced Technology Research Aircraft V2527-A5 engines 26,600 lbs thrust ECLIF-1, NDMAX/ECLIF NASA DC-8-72 CFM56-2C Engines 22,000 lbs thrust each AAFEX-1, AAFEX-2, ACCESS-I, ACCESS-II 13 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Sample Platforms Equipped with Probes and Inlets Gas/Aerosol Inlets Measured aerosols and trace gases CVI Inlet using cabin-mounted instruments; Cloud particles measured with open-path sensors on wings Counter-Flow Virtual Trace-Gas Impactor Inlet Inlets H2O(v) Inlet FFSSP Cloud Probe Aerosol Inlets #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for14 public release: distribution unlimited. Example Research Flight from ACCESS-2 15 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Time Series for Typical Set of ACCESS-2 Maneuvers 16 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Combined Mission Accomplishments ACCESS-II, 2014 • 8 flights, 25 hours, 3 fuels • Near-field emissions, very few contrail observations • 1 ground test, 3-hour DC-8 runtime ECLIF-1, 2015 • 9 flights, 35 hours, 6 fuels • Near-field emissions, good contrail observations • 10 ground tests, 8-hour A320 runtime NDMAX/ECLIF, 2018 • 8 flights, ~40 hours, 4 fuels • 1 Emission survey flight, 6 hrs • Very good contrail observations • 9 ground tests, 10-hour A320 runtime 17 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. ACCESS-2 Results Show that 50% Blends Reduce nvPM Emissions by 30 to 70% at Cruise Blend nvPM emissions are also smaller, and more spherical in shape Moore et al., NATURE, 2017 18 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. ECLIF A320 Ground Emissions Consistent with APU Test Results 15 500 7x10 14.6 Hydrogen Content Fuel 14.6 Hydrogen Content Fuel Engine 2 6 Number 400 14.4 14.4 5 Soot number, 14.2 14.2 300 4 mass and size 14.0 14.0 200 3 decrease with 13.8 13.8 100 2 BC Mass EI (mg/kg) increasing nvPM Number EI (#/kg) MassEngine 2 1 0 alternative- 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Thrust (N1) fuel fraction Thrust (N1) Schripp et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 4969−4978 50 100 14.6 %Hydrogen Content 14.6 % Hydrogen Content 45 90 14.4 14.4 40 14.2 14.2 80 35 14.0 14.0 70 30 13.8 13.8 Engine 2 Number-Size 60 25 MassEngine-Size 2 20 Volume Mean Diameter (nm) 50 Geometric Mean Diameter (nm) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Thrust (N1) 19 Thrust (N1) #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. NDMAX Confirms that Soot Regulates EI_ice 4E+15 4E+15 3E+15 3E+15 Data Courtesy -1 -1 of C. Voigt, DLR / kg / 2E+15 kg / 2E+15 ice ice EI EI 1E+15 1E+15 0E+00 0E+00 Blend 1 Blend 2 Ref 3 Blend 1 Blend 2 Ref 3 24/01/2018 23/01/2018 29/01/2018 24/01/2018 23/01/2018 29/01/2018 Results very preliminary Median RHi 116 % 107 % 111 % Median RHi 109 % 108 % 111 % StdDev RHi 9.9 % 7.0 % 13.1 % StdDev RHi 8.8 % 6.9 % 8.5 % Flight Level 380, Mach Number 0.76 Flight Level 380, Mach Number 0.8 20 #SerdpEstcp2018 DISTRIBUTION A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. Summary of Results So Far Aircraft performance at cruise not affected by burning 50% Alt fuel blends No discernable difference in NOx and CO emissions between fuels, even for pure Alt fuels versus standard Jet A nvPM number and mass emissions and particle size varies linearly with fuel C:H ratio, inversely with %H 50% blends reduce nvPM number and mass emissions by ~30 to 80% on ground and at cruise Contrail ice concentrations proportional to soot emissions-- may be possible to greatly reduce contrail visibility and lifetime using pure alt fuels or engines with lower PM emissions Note: U.S.
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