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Shakerism and the Marriage Narrative Robert Michael Pugh University of New Hampshire, Durham

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Shakerism and the Marriage Narrative Robert Michael Pugh University of New Hampshire, Durham University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Doctoral Dissertations Student Scholarship Spring 1994 A thorn in the text: Shakerism and the marriage narrative Robert Michael Pugh University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation Recommended Citation Pugh, Robert Michael, "A thorn in the text: Shakerism and the marriage narrative" (1994). Doctoral Dissertations. 1794. https://scholars.unh.edu/dissertation/1794 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely afreet reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Order Number 9506429 A thorn in the text: Shakerism and the marriage narrative Pugh, Robert Michael, Ph.D. University of New Hampshire, 1994 Copyright ©1994 by Pugh, Robert Michael. All rightB reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. A THORN IN THE TEXT: SHAKERISM AND THE MARRIAGE NARRATIVE BY ROBERT MICHAEL PUGH B.A., Dartmouth College, 1966 M.A., William Paterson College, 1986 DISSERTATION Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English May, 1994 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED C 1994 Robert Michael Pugh Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This dissertation has been examined and approved. Dissertation Director, David H. Watters, Professor of English cyQ-CtA L*~ • Brigitte G. Bailey, J Associate Professor of English Robert M. Mennel, Professor of History Patrocinio P. Schweickart, Professor of English Sarah Way Shei Associate Profesedr of English /9f y Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. To my great-aunt Mabel Pugh Thornton (1891-1980), whose loving support and generosity have enabled two generations of my family to "dig for knowledge." iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS More people have contributed to the realization of this project than I can possibly mention here. Special thanks, however, must go to Sister Ethel Hudson and Eldresses Bertha Lindsay and Gertrude Soule for their teaching and example of consecrated work; to David Watters for his wise guidance and mentoring presence in directing this dissertation; to Brigitte Bailey, Robert Mennel, Patrocinio Schweickart, and Sarah Sherman, for their support as my doctoral committee; to Janet Aikins for her guidance throughout rny doctoral studies; to Susan Schibanoff and the members of the Dissertation Workshop for their assistance in shaping the project; to Donald Duclos at William Paterson College, who encouraged my first research in this area; to my friends and colleagues, past and present, at Canterbury Shaker Village, especially archivist Renee Fox, curator Charles 'Bud' Thompson, and chief tour guide Darryl Thompson, for their help and advice; to Holley Gene Duffield of Central Michigan University for making many hard-to-find texts available to me; to Maggie Stier of Fruitlands Museum for her advice on v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Shirley Shaker materials; to Martha Custer and Nora and Tony Nevin for providing space to spread my books out. This dissertation could not have been written without the ongoing interest and support of the entire community of the University of New Hampshire at Manchester. I received encouragement from colleagues in every capacity. Librarians Judy Romein and Mary Jean Colburn set me up as resident scholar; Rose Grenon, Pat Charron, and Cinthia Gannett and Tim Finnegan led me past my initial anxieties over word processing; and Karla Vogel and her staff headed by Pam Otis established me in the computer laboratory, where most of the writing took place, and extended themselves ceaselessly and graciously on my behalf. And loving thanks to my mother Marian Pugh for sustaining me at every stage of this endeavor. vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION...................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................... V ABSTRACT............................................. yiii CHAPTER PAGE PREFACE SHAKER HISTORY, BELIEF, AND INTERPRETATION.................. 1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPREHEND THE PLOT: SHAKERISM, MARRIAGE, AND THE NOVEL GENRE ........... 23 I. AUTHORING THE SHAKERS; OR, "A GIFT TO BE USEFUL" IN "THIS REPUBLICAN COUNTRY": NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE AND CAROLINE LEE HENTZ........... 62 II. "LOVE, ENTERTAINED ON SHAKER GROUND": SHAKERISM AND THE GOTHIC................................. 108 III. ANGELIC SPACE AND THE "IMPULSE OF THE AGE": WILLIAM DEAN HOWELLS AND SHAKER STORIES OF HOME AND MOTHER ...........................................163 IV. "SEPARATELY HAPPY EVER AFTER": HOWELLS, SHAKERISM, AND THE NOVEL OF DISENGAGEMENT . 232 V. "ALL THAT WERE LEFT OF THE COMMUNITY": CONSIGNING THE SHAKERS TO HISTORY IN THREE EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY NOVELS................... 304 AFTERWORD "THE TRUTHS BEHIND OUR TROPES"................................ 361 BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................... 382 vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT A THORN IN THE TEXT: SHAKERISM AND THE MARRIAGE NARRATIVE by Robert Michael Pugh University of New Hampshire, May, 1994 Since 1824, fiction writers have attempted to treat the celibate communalist life of the American Shakers within narrative plot patterns that privilege marriage. The resulting stories and novels show Shakerism continually resisting this appropriation. Nevertheless, unable or unwilling to accept Shakerism's subversion of the necessary centrality of marriage, most of these writers have struggled to contain Shakerism's counter-structures of family and of narrative by reducing Shakerism's complexity. Shakerism, however, remains irreducible -- a thorn in the text. This study focuses on fifteen fictions in which well- known and lesser-known writers try to bring Shakerism and marriage together. The Preface summarizes the Shakers' history and evolving doctrine and considers issues of outsider interpretation. The Introduction proposes theoretical perspectives in dialogism and constructions of sexuality — from Joseph Allen Boone, David S. Reynolds, Mikhail Bakhtin, Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, and Sally L. Kitch — which can enable us to recognize Shaker celibate gospel union as an authentic family viii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. commitment and to consider the novel genre as an apt vehicle for Shakerism's subversive and affirming potential. Chapter I considers agendas of career authorship and republican motherhood that shape the Shaker stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1833) and Caroline Lee Hentz (1839) . Chapter II examines gothic treatments of Shakers in two popular romances (both 1848) and the novelized love story in Hervey Elkins's 1853 apostate account. Chapter III explores strategies in two magazine romances (1872 and 1878) and a William Dean Howells novel (1880) that endorse the threatened
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