Department of Veterans affairs Department of Defense VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for The Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Guideline Summary Prepared by: The Management of Post-Traumatic Stress Working Group With support from: The Office of Quality and Safety, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC and Quality Management Directorate, United States Army MEDCOM Full guideline available at: http://www.healthquality.va.gov or https://www.qmo.amedd.army.mil QUALIFYING STATEMENTS The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and The Department of Defense (DoD) guidelines are based on the best information available at the time of publication. They are designed to provide information and assist decision-making. They are not intended to define a standard of care and should not be construed as one. Neither should they be interpreted as prescribing an exclusive course of management. Variations in practice will inevitably and appropriately occur when providers take into account the needs of individual patients, available resources, and limitations unique to an institution or type of practice. Every healthcare professional making use of these guidelines is responsible for evaluating the appropriateness of applying them in the setting of any particular clinical situation. Version 2.0 — 2010 Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Core Module: Initial Evaluation and Triage ............................................................................13 Module A: Acute Stress Reaction and Prevention of PTSD .............................................16 Module B: management of PTSD ......................................................................................................28 Module I: Interventions ......................................................................................................................41 Acronym List .................................................................................................................................54 2 | Guideline Summary – 2010 Introduction This 2010 VA/DoD Post-Traumatic Stress Guideline Update builds on the VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress published in 2004. The goal of this update is to integrate the results of recent research and update the recommendations of the original guideline to reflect the current knowledge of effective treatment interventions. Target Population: This guideline applies to adult patients with traumatic stress reaction treated in any VA or DoD clinical setting. Audiences: The guideline is relevant to all health care professionals providing or directing treatment services to patients with post-traumatic stress at any VA/DoD health care setting. The Working Group developed a list of questions that focused on the main issues of the guideline. An extensive literature search of relevant studies has been conducted and selected studies that met inclusion criteria have been reviewed. The group had three face-to-face meetings and a series of conference calls in which the evidence was reviewed and specific recommendations were discussed. Review of Literature and Evidence: Recommendations for the performance or inclusion of specific procedures or services in this guideline were derived through a rigorous methodological approach that included the following: ✪ Determining appropriate criteria, such as effectiveness, efficacy, population benefit, and patient satisfaction ✪ Performing a comprehensive literature search and selection of relevant studies from January 2002 to August 2009 to identify the best available evidence and ensure maximum coverage of studies at the top of the hierarchy of study types ✪ Reviewing the selected studies to determine the strength of the evidence in relation to these criteria ✪ Formulating the recommendations and grading the level of evidence supporting each recommendation This 2010 update builds on the 2004 version of the guideline and incorporates information from the following existing evidence-based guidelines/reports identified by the Working Group as appropriate seed documents: ✪ International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. (2009). Effective treatments for PTSD: Practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. Foa, E.B., Keane, T.M., Friedman, M.J., & Cohen, J. (Eds). New York: Guilford Press. ✪ Institute of Medicine. (2007). Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder: An assessment of the evidence. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. ✪ American Psychological Association. (2009). Guideline watch (March 2009): Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Management of Post-Traumatic Stress | INTRODUCTION | 3 Literature searches were conducted, covering the period from January 2002 through August 2009, that combined terms for post-traumatic stress, acute stress reaction (ASR), acute stress disorder (ASD), acute post- traumatic stress disorder, and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Electronic searches were supplemented by reference lists, and additional citations were suggested by experts. The identified and selected studies on those issues were critically analyzed, and the evidence was graded using a standardized format, based on the system used by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF, 2007). If evidence exists, the discussion following the recommendations for each annotation includes an evidence table identifying the studies that have been considered, the quality of the evidence, and the rating of the strength of the recommendation [SR]. The Strength of Recommendation, based on the level of the evidence and graded using the USPSTF rating system (see Table: Evidence Rating System), is presented in brackets following each guideline recommendation. Evidence Rating System Strength of Recommendation (SR) A A strong recommendation that clinicians provide the intervention to eligible patients. Good evidence was found that the intervention improves important health outcomes and concludes that benefits substantially outweigh harm. B A recommendation that clinicians provide (the service) to eligible patients. At least fair evidence was found that the intervention improves health outcomes and concludes that benefits outweigh harm. C No recommendation for or against the routine provision of the intervention is made. At least fair evidence was found that the intervention can improve health outcomes, but concludes that the balance of benefits and harms is too close to justify a general recommendation. D A recommendation is made against routinely providing the intervention to asymptomatic patients. At least fair evidence was found that the intervention is ineffective or that harms outweigh benefits. I The conclusion is that the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against routinely providing the intervention. Evidence that the intervention is effective is lacking, or poor quality, or conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. *SR = Strength of Recommendation Where existing literature was ambiguous or conflicting, or where scientific data were lacking on an issue, recommendations were based on the clinical experience of the members of the Working Group. Post-Traumatic Stress: Post-traumatic stress consists of a spectrum of traumatic stress disorders—hence, this Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Post-Traumatic Stress. These disorders can be arranged along a temporal axis, from Acute Stress Reaction, to Acute Stress Disorder, Acute PTSD, and Chronic PTSD. Each of these may be associated with serious mental and physical co-morbidities. Some survivors will experience only a part of this spectrum, while others will progress through the entire range. Acute Stress Reaction (ASR) is not a DSM IV diagnosis and is used in this guideline to refer to a range of transient conditions that develop in response to a traumatic event. Onset of at least some signs and symptoms may be simultaneous with the trauma itself or within minutes of the traumatic event and may follow the trauma after an interval of hours or days. In most cases symptoms will disappear within days (even hours). 4 | Guideline Summary – 2010 Combat and Operational Stress Reaction (COSR) reflects acute reactions to a high-stress or combat-related event. ASR/COSR can present with a broad group of physical, mental, and emotional symptoms and signs (e.g., depression, fatigue, anxiety, decreased concentration/memory, hyperarousal, and others) that have not resolved within 4 days after the event, and after other disorders have been ruled out. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), a diagnosis defined by DSM IV, occurs when the individual has experienced trauma(s) as described above, has symptoms lasting more than two days, but less than one month after exposure to the trauma (may progress to PTSD if symptoms last >one month), and exhibits re-experiencing, avoidance, increased arousal, and at least three out of five dissociative symptoms. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a clinically significant condition with symptoms continuing more than 1 month after exposure to a trauma that has caused significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. Patients with PTSD may exhibit persistent re- experiencing of the traumatic event(s),