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Tilgængelighed Til Billund Airport Maja Sig Vestergaard

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Tilgængelighed Til Billund Airport Maja Sig Vestergaard TILGÆNGELIGHED TIL BILLUND AIRPORT MAJA SIG VESTERGAARD TILGÆNGELIGHED TIL BILLUND AIRPORT Forfatt er: Maja Sig Vestergaard Urban Planning and Management (Sustainable Planning), 10. semester Vejleder: Kristi an Olesen Konsulent: Claus Lassen Projektperiode: 1. februar-7. juni 2012 Oplagsantal: 5 Ophavsret: Rapportens indhold er frit ti lgængeligt, men offentliggørelse (med kildehenvisning) må kun ske eft er aft ale med forfatt eren. SYNOPSIS Udgangspunktet for dett e projekt er Billund Kommunes udsagn om, at ti lgængeligheden ti l Billund Airport er uti lstrækkelig. Denne ti lgængelighed kan udbedres på fl ere forskellige måder, men ikke alle vil være lige hensigtsmæssige – særligt ikke fra et miljøperspekti v, hvor det er standpunktet, at transportens CO2- udledning bør mindskes. I projektet ønskes mere traditi onelle ti lgængelighedsanalyser kombineret med et mobilitetssociologisk perspekti v for derigennem at vise, hvad andet og mere sidstnævnte ti lgang kan bidrage med ti l sådanne undersøgelser. På baggrund heraf opsti lles problemformuleringen: Det undersøges, hvordan ti lgængeligheden ti l Billund Airport kan forbedres igennem planlægningsmæssige ti ltag. Denne problemformulering bliver konkreti seret igennem fi re underspørgsmål, hvis besvarelser samlet set giver et svar på problemformuleringen. For at forstå casens samfundsmæssige kontekst, og hvad der gør sig gældende i forhold ti l problemsti llingen, peges der på en række forskellige strukturer og mekanismer i samfundet. Dett e udgør en baggrundsviden for de videre analyser, hvor der anlægges to parallelle spor. I det første spor analyseres ti lgængeligheden ti l Billund Airport ud fra en teoreti sk forståelsesramme skabt af teorier om netværk og relati onel geografi . Der ses nærmere på vejnett et og det kollekti ve transportnetværk inden for seks opsti llede kriterier for ti lgængelighed. I det andet spor skift er fokus ti l de rejsende og deres rati onaler og oplevelser i forbindelse med rejsen ti l Billund Airport. Dett e perspekti v ses som særligt vigti gt, når det ønskes at forstå folks transportmiddelvalg med henblik på at ændre på parametrene herfor, således at mere grønne valg af transportmiddel kan fremkaldes. Hereft er opsti lles der tre scenarier på baggrund af forskellige ti ltagspakker: et ’konventi onelt’, et ’radikalt/ grønt’ og et ’behagende’ scenarie. Fordelene og ulemperne ved det enkelte scenarie diskuteres, hvoreft er scenarierne holdes op imod hinanden og mod det samfund, hvor de tænkes ind. Det bliver klart, at der ikke er et scenarie, som ikke vil indbefatt e ulemper, og at der følgelig ikke er et ukompliceret svar på problemformuleringen. ABSTRACT The starti ng point for this project is Billund Municipality stati ng that the accessibility to Billund Airport are inadequate. The accessibility can be improved in several ways, but not all of these will be equally desirable - especially not from an environmental perspecti ve, where it is the standpoint that the CO2 emissions from transport should be reduced. With this project it is desired to combine more traditi onal accessibility analysis with a mobility sociological perspecti ve in order to show what else and more the latt er approach may contribute to such studies. Based on this moti vati on the problem formulati on is formulated: It is examined how the availability of Billund Airport can be improved through planning eff orts. This problem formulati on is elaborated through four sub-questi ons whose answers provide an overall answer to the problem formulati on. To understand the societal context of the case and what is in evidence in relati on to the problem, a number of diff erent structures and mechanisms in society is identi fi ed. This consti tutes a background for further analysis, where two parallel tracks are build. In the fi rst track the accessibility to Billund Airport is analysed from a theoreti cal framework created by theories of network and relati onal geography. In these analysis the road- and public transport networks are examined on the basis of six established criteria for accessibility. In the second track the focus switches to the travelers and their rati onales and experiences in connecti on with the trip to Billund Airport. This perspecti ve is seen as parti cularly important when one wishes to understand people’s mode choice in order to change the parameters by which greener choices of transport can be induced. Aft erward three scenarios are developed based on diff erent packages soluti ons: a ‘conventi onal’, a ‘radical/green’ and a ‘pleasing’ scenario. The benefi ts and drawbacks of each scenario are discussed, aft er which the scenarios are compared with each other and to the society in which they might enter. It is clear that there is no scenario which would not involve drawbacks, and therefore there is no straightf orward answer to the problem formulati on. FORORD Dett e er min afslutt ende opgave ved civilingeniøruddannelsen Urban Planning and Management, Aalborg Universitet. Projektet behandler, hvordan ti lgængelighed ti l Billund Airport kan øges, og ti l at belyse dett e kombineres en mere konventi onel trafi kal ti lgængelighedsanalyse med et mobilitetssociologisk perspekti v. Projektet udformes i samarbejde med COWI og Billund Kommune, mens COWI sideløbende hermed udarbejder en trafi kplan for kommunen i løbet af 2012. Resultaterne præsenteres for samarbejdsparterne samt for Billund Airport i juni 2012. Rapporten falder i tre dele indeholdende i alt ni kapitler, hvorunder der fi ndes en række afsnit, tekstbokse, tabeller og fi gurer. Disse angives alle med kapitelnummeret samt egne fortløbende nummerering. I rapporten benytt es Harvard systemet som referencemetode. I forbindelse med projektet vil jeg gerne rett e en stor tak ti l en lang række mennesker, som på hver deres måde har hjulpet mig med at komme i mål. En tak skal gå ti l Frank Studstrup ved COWI for sparring og gode diskussioner samt ti l Anders Nielsen ved Billund Airport for at bidrage med vigti g baggrundsviden om luft havnen. Derti l kommer, at en række medarbejdere ved Billund Kommune skal have tak for deres imødekommenhed og lydhørhed og for at have bidraget med en dybere forståelse af Billund Kommunes udfordringer og muligheder. Endvidere skal der også lyde en tak ti l de interviewede rejsende; Katrine, Runa, Tommy, Leah og Hans Ole, fordi de var villige ti l at sti lle op ti l interview og bidrage med deres synspunkter. Derudover skal Birgit Krogh Alminde have tak for faglig sparring og gode råd undervejs i processen. Sidst, men ikke mindst, vil jeg gerne takke Morten Kjær Andersen for støtt e, opmuntring og stor tålmodighed i projektperioden og Nanna for utallige smil, der har smitt et på selv den mest grå mandag. God læselyst. INDHOLDSFORTEGNELSE 1. INDLEDNING 1 1.1 Infrastrukturel indsats som led i oplevelsesstrategi 1 1.2 Dilemmaer i problemsti llingen 4 1.3 Problemformulering og underspørgsmål 8 1.4 Rapportens struktur 9 2. VIDENSKABSTEORETISK TILGANG OG METODOLOGI 15 2.1 Videnskabsteoreti sk ti lgang 15 2.2 Undersøgelsesdesign 18 2.3 Anvendte metoder 20 3. CASENS KONTEKST: EN SAMFUNDSBESKRIVELSE 27 3.1 Globalisering – et mangefacett eret begreb 28 3.2 Tid som dyrebar ressource og rums svindende betydning 32 3.3 Accelerati onens menneskelige konsekvenser 38 4. BILLUND AIRPORT I BILLUND KOMMUNE 43 4.1 Billund kort og historisk fortalt 43 4.2 Kort præsentati on af Billund Kommune 45 4.3 Bag om Billund Airport 48 4.4. Opsamling og besvarelse af underspørgsmål 1 51 5. ANALYSE AF TILGÆNGELIGHEDEN 53 5.1 Netværk og relati onel geografi som teoreti sk forståelsesramme 54 5.2 Billund Airports opkobling på netværk 62 5.3 Rejseti d og pris for at komme ti l Billund Airport 69 5.4 Besvarelse af underspørgsmål 2 77 6. FRA DE REJSENDES SYNSPUNKT 79 6.1 Beskrivelse af desti nati onen: en luft havn 86 6.2 Øjnene, der ser 92 6.3 Parametre i transportmiddelvalget 101 6.4 At komme ti l luft havnen 110 6.5 Besvarelse af underspørgsmål 3 117 7. SCENARIER TIL DISKUSSION 119 7.1 Scenarie nr. 1: den konventi onelle trafi kplanlægning 120 7.2 Scenarie nr. 2: Den radikale/grønne ti lgang 129 7.3 Scenarie nr. 3: den behagende ti lgang 137 7.4 Diskussion af scenarier 141 8. REFLEKSIONER OG EVALUERING 149 8.1 Paradoks i problemsti llingen 149 8.2 Diskussion af udvalgte teorier 153 8.3 Refl eksioner over de anvendte metoder 155 8.4 Vurdering af reliabilitet og validitet 157 9. KONKLUSION 161 REFERENCELISTE 168 BILAG 1 Guide ti l interview med Anders Nielsen, repræsentant fra Billund Airport 181 BILAG 2 Guide ti l interview med de rejsende 182 OPSLAG MED INTERVIEWPERSONER 81 CD-ROM med bilag 3 og appendiks A 183 1. INDLEDNING As people, capital and companies have become more footloose, it is vital for places, in all scales, to provide in all these areas an environment capable not only to att ract new acti vity and place-users but also, and perhaps more importantly, to keep existi ng ones sati sfi ed with their place. Mihalis Kavaratzis, forsker i place marketi ng og -branding (2005, p. 329) European citi es have to fi nd their place in an extremely competi ti ve global scenario, without undermining the acti ons required to secure a sustainable future. This means that economic growth must be balanced by more social inclusion and more effi cient energy use and resource consumpti on… we have to avoid the risk of looking only at the short term and the immediate worries of the present or the deep economic crisis. Referenceramme for Bæredygti ge Byer (eng: Reference Framework for Sustainable Citi es), Den Europæriske Union (2009) Fra fl ere forskellige kanter bliver infrastrukturen ti l Billund Airport betegnet som uti lstrækkelig. Billund Kommune og Trekantsområdet Danmark giver udtryk for et ønske om udbedring af situati onen, og appellen fra hele Region Syddanmark rett es mod Folketi nget: det haster med en hærvejsmotorvej med betjening af Billund Airport (Billund Kommune 2012 a).
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