Gibson Les Paul

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Gibson Les Paul Gibson Les Paul Les Gibson Les Paul sont des guitares électriques de la forme et les proportions ont varié dans le temps, le type « corps plein » (solid body) fabriquées par la firme but étant d'obtenir l'assemblage le plus stable possible. américaine Gibson Guitar Corporation. Il est pourvu d'un système intégré, le truss rod servant à C'est en 1952 que le premier modèle de guitare Les Paul compenser les déformations liées à la tension des cordes. L'accès au truss rod se trouve sous une petite plaque est sorti de l'usine Gibson de Kalamazoo. Cette guitare doit son nom à la collaboration commerciale de Gibson (cache truss rod) vissée sur la tête du manche et qui porte le nom de la guitare. La touche en palissandre ou en avec le musicien, très populaire à ce moment-là, Lester William Polfus, connu sous le nom de Les Paul. ébène, bordée d'un filet (binding) blanc-crème (sauf sur certains modèles économiques), est munie de 22 frettes et Après bien des avatars et une interruption de la fabrication de repères incrustés en nacre. La forme des incrustations de 1961 à 1967 (en raison d'une évolution de la forme vers a aussi varié en fonction des modèles. Le diapason est de la SG[1]), car Gibson n'était pas satisfait des résultats de 24¾ pouces[2]. vente, la Les Paul est devenue la guitare probablement la plus emblématique de la marque et un grand classique de L'accastillage et les accessoires varient sur certains mo- guitare électrique. dèles au niveau du chevalet, du cordier ou encore du nombre de micros et de la présence ou non d'une plaque de protection, le pickguard. Toutefois, après des débuts un peu différents, dès 1954 les choses se sont à peu près 1 Construction stabilisées. Les modèles « Standard » et « Custom » sont équipés Comme il existe de nombreux modèles différents, cette d'un chevalet de type Tune-o-matic, permettant de régler section se limite à la description des caractéristiques com- l'action des cordes sur le manche et de faire un réglage très munes de construction. On peut consulter le paragraphe précis de la longueur vibrante de chaque corde (compen- consacré aux principaux modèles pour un complément sation) et d'un cordier de type Stop-bar, les deux étant d'informations. fixés directement dans le corps de la guitare. Le pick- La forme, élevée au rang d'icône est bien connue du plus guard, de forme plutôt triangulaire est traditionnellement grand nombre. Cette forme est directement issue de la blanc-crème sur les « Standard » et noir sur les « Cus- lutherie guitare très traditionnelle de Gibson, bien que le tom ». Cette plaque est maintenue au-dessus de la table corps, muni d'une seule échancrure facilitant l'accès aux par une vis et une petite pièce en forme d'équerre fixée notes aiguës, soit d'une taille beaucoup plus petite que les sur le côté du corps à la manière des guitares de jazz à guitares à « caisse creuse » (hollow body) de la marque. caisse de la marque. Les mécaniques disposées en deux Le corps plein est fabriqué dans une ou plusieurs pièce(s) rangées de 3 de chaque côté de la tête du manche, sont du d'acajou sur lesquelles est rapportée une table, constituée type Kluson avec des boutons caractéristiques en forme de 2 ou 3 pièces en érable (ou en acajou pour les premiers de « tulipe » ou du type Grover à bain d'huile. modèles « Custom ») de 25 mm d'épaisseur environ, col- Deux micros de type single coil P-90 ou humbucker sont lées et sculptées pour leur donner un galbe rappelant celui positionnés dans des cavités prévues à cet effet, un très des archtops, excepté pour les corps des modèles « éco- près de l'extrémité de la touche et l'autre près du chevalet. nomiques » faits d'un seul bloc d'acajou. Pour les modèles Un sélecteur (switch) à 3 positions, permettant de choisir à vernis translucide dont l'aspect est particulièrement soi- l'un ou l'autre micro ou les deux en parallèle, se trouve gné, la table est constituée d'une pièce de bois refendue positionné dans la partie supérieure gauche du corps. Il et assemblée par le milieu, lui donnant un aspect sensi- y a traditionnellement à la base du sélecteur une plaque blement symétrique (bookmatched en anglais). Les mo- ronde en plastique blanc-crème ou noir portant les men- dèles « Standard » et « Custom » ont le dessus du corps tions Rhythm pour le « micro manche » et Treble pour galbé (archtop), ce qui initialement devait marquer la dif- le « micro chevalet ». On accède au logement de ce sé- férence avec la concurrence (en particulier le concurrent lecteur en enlevant la plaque ronde qui masque la cavité Fender n'était pas équipé de machines capables de réali- au dos du corps. Quatre boutons de potentiomètres de ré- ser des tables sculptées). glage — un de volume et un de tonalité grave/aigu pour Le manche est en acajou généralement d'une seule pièce chaque micro — sont situés sur la partie inférieure droite mais certains modèles ont un manche trois pièces. Il est du corps. Au cours des années de production de la Les collé à la caisse selon la technique tenon-mortaise dont Paul, Gibson a utilisé des boutons de formes différentes 1 2 3 COMMERCIALISATION en fonction des goûts du moment. On accède au logement briquée dans le respect des règles de la lutherie, et se dé- des potentiomètres et du câblage de la guitare, comme marquant de Fender, qui n'avait pas d'expérience de la fa- pour le sélecteur, en enlevant la plaque qui masque la ca- brication de guitares. En particulier, la table devrait être vité prévue à cet effet. La sortie, une prise Jack fixée sur galbée, l'associant visuellement à la tradition des “arch- une plaque carrée blanc-crème ou noire, est située sur le top” dont Gibson s’était fait une spécialité, et dont Fender côté inférieur droit du corps à proximité des boutons de ne possédait pas de machines (spécifiques et coûteuses) réglage. capables de les réaliser. Comme la plupart des instruments Gibson, la finition des Dès 1951 McCarty montra un premier prototype à Paul, guitares Les Paul est faite avec un vernis nitrocellulosique dont la notoriété faisait de lui le guitariste le plus en vue appliqué en plusieurs couches polies. des États-Unis[4], et lui proposa un arrangement com- mercial. Paul accepta tout en demandant que certaines modifications soient effectuées sur ce prototype. Nul ne 2 Les origines saurait dire avec précision le degré d'implication de Paul dans l'élaboration de la guitare à venir. Ce que disent Paul et McCarty à ce sujet diffère sensiblement. En fait, ce qui semble acquis, c'est que Paul n'ait pas été au-delà de la mise au point du combiné chevalet-cordier en trapèze que l'on peut voir sur les tout premiers modèles com- mercialisés, et dont on peut dire qu'il était d'une inef- ficacité avérée et peut-être le choix de la peinture mé- tallisée d'une couleur vaguement or, car il fut décidé de peindre la table afin de masquer les secrets de fabrication à la concurrence[réf. nécessaire]. Cependant, la même pein- ture étant appliquée sur la ES-295 lancée la même an- née, la pérennité de Les Paul quant au choix de la cou- leurs n'est pas avérée[4]. Ainsi la guitare qui allait devenir la « Goldtop » vit le jour[5]. Zoom sur le humbucker et les dernières frettes du manche d'une 3 Commercialisation Les Paul Standard À la fin des années 1940, Gibson qui avait largement contribué à l'effort de guerre, avait quelques difficultés à reprendre la pleine production de guitares dignes de son statut. Ted McCarty qui avait été nommé à la tête de l'entreprise en 1950 cherchait de nouveaux débouchés. Dans le même temps, sur la Côte Ouest, une petite entre- prise, Fender, commençait à faire parler d'elle avec des guitares « révolutionnaires ». Des « planches » et sûre- ment pas de la lutherie selon Gibson, qui au début regar- dait cela avec un certain mépris. Mais les « planches », en fait la Telecaster, plaisaient de plus en plus. Quelques années auparavant, Les Paul qui en plus d'être un musicien, était aussi un inventeur et curieux de tout, s’était intéressé à l'idée d'une guitare dont le corps serait partiellement en bois plein, dans le but de résoudre les Chevalet Tune-o-matic problèmes de Larsen. Il avait « bricolé » un prototype « the log » (« la bûche ») qu'il avait proposée vers 1946 La guitare fut commercialisée en 1952. Les premiers mo- à Maurice Berlin de la compagnie CMI qui avait racheté dèles, malheureusement étaient totalement “injouables”, Gibson en 1944.Il lui est répondu “ce n'est rien d'autre [3] tant l'action des cordes paraissait haute, en raison d'un qu'un manche à balai avec un micro dessus” et la pro- angle entre corps et manche insuffisant. Pour éviter de position est restée sans suite dans un premier temps. modifier trop lourdement l'instrument, il fut décidé de Pour faire face au succès grandissant de Fender, McCarty passer les cordes sous le cordier-chevalet au lieu de décida finalement que Gibson se devait de produire son “au-dessus”. Le problème était résolu, mais il devenait propre modèle « solid body ». Mais pas n'importe quel alors quasiment impossible d'"assourdir” les cordes, et solid body, une “guitare qui ressemble à une guitare”, fa- de jouer staccato avec la main droite.
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