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Journal of Korean Nature Vol. 5, No. 4 305-310, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.7229/jkn.2012.5.4.305

The Diversity and Distribution of in Southeast Region (Sangdong-eup, Gimsatgat-myeon, Jungdong-myeon) of Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do,

Moon-Bo Choi, Bi-A Park and Jong-Wook Lee* Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 712-749, Korea

Abstract: As a result of examining Vespidae in the Southeast areas of Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do, total 1,598 individuals from 2 subfamilies, 5 genera and 21 species were collected. This showed very high species diversity accounting for 70% of total species of domestic Vespidae. Vl. koreensis koreensis was 379 (23.72%) ones, showing the highest rate, followed by Pa. indica (231, 14.46%), and V. simillima simillima (205, 12.83%). As for each genus, V. simillima simillima showed the highest rate, and V. ducalis and V. dybowskii showed relatively high rate as well. As for Dolichovespula, 2 species recorded domestically all appeared, and as for , 4 species were all collected except 2 species which had no distribution records recently or are potentially distributed species. There was no specific point in Parapolybia and . On one hand, as species belonging to Dolichovespula and Vespula which mainly inhabit in the northern regions appear, it is expected that their distribution will provide the basic materials useful for predicting climate change such as northing of in the north region according to the climate change in the future.

Keywords: Yeongwol-gun, Vespidae, distribution, emergence rate

Introduction there have been various kinds of biological investigations from the past. Accordingly, it can be said that the biological Yeongwol-gun is located in the southernmost of Gangwon- diversity and distribution of this region has an important do, and composed of 2 eups and 7 myeons of the administrative meaning from the climatic and geographical aspect. district. It is bordered to the north by Pyeongchang-gun and About 5,000 species of Vespidae which belongs to Jeongseon-gun, to the east by Taebaek City, to the west by Insecta, are recorded in the whole world, and Wonju City and to the south by Yeongju City, Gyeongbuk, this family is divided into 6 families including Vespinae (69 Jecheon City, and Danyang-gun. It is 1,127 km2 in extent, species), Eumeninae (3,579 species), (958 species), and is about 86.3 km from east to west and 51.1 km from Stenogastrinae (58 species), Euparagiinae (10 species), and north to south. Also, Charyeong Mountains are stretched in Masarinae (344 species) (Carpenter, 1982). In Korea, the north, Sobaek Mountains in the south, from south to taxonomic studies of Vespidae have been conducted west, and the highest mountaintop is Duwibong (1,465.9 m) intermittently by Kim et al. (1994, 2006), Kim and Yoon located between Jidong-ri, Jungdong-myeon and Mureung- (1996), Kim (2001, 2011), Kim and Kim (2011) and other ri, Nam-myeon, Jeongseon-gun, and the altitude of the researchers, but a complete list of domestic species has not Yeongwol-gun ranges from 180 m to 1,466 m. Average decided yet including whether some species belonging to temperature for the year is about 11oC, the annual rainfall is Dolichovespula, Vespula, Polistes live in Korea by 1,241 mm, and the region is generally a hinterland mountainous misidentified species and dealing with the synonym. However, region showing typical continental climate which is extreme recently, according to Choi et al. (2012, submitted), it is both in summer and winter. Like this, as Yeongwol-gun is reported that it is valid to consider that domestic Vespidae the north central area of the South Korea where Gangwon- has 2 subfamilies, 5 genera and 30 species (including 3 do starts, and also a place which shows typical mountainous subspecies) provisionally except Eumeninae. Vespidae are topography, it has an excellent forest ecosystem. Besides, all eusocial and subsocial insects except the solitary type, as it is expected that organism in the north region appears, Eumeninae, and divided into 3 castes (gueen, worker or male). The queen mainly spawns in their nest, the workers conduct its role to build the nest, to forage for prey, to raise *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: larvae and to protect their nest from invaders, and the males E-mail: [email protected] spend most of its time to mate with new queens in the fall 306 Moon-Bo Choi, Bi-A Park and Jong-Wook Lee

(September). They mainly nest in very various places including in the ground, in the bushes, in a tall tree, in the branches of small shrubs, and under the rock, and they are predaceous insects, sometimes gathering in a tree’s sap for taking protein (Matsuura and Yamane, 1984). Recently, due to destruction of forest habitats and increase of the green area in the city, the number of Vespidae is rapidly increasing even in the downtown areas, becoming a social problem (Choi and Moon, 2005; 2006; Choi et al., 2006, Choi et al., 2012 a,b). Like this, as Vespidae have a high ecological status as the top-class predator among insects, their diversity can be used as a measure to show ecological health by enabling to estimate the diversity of lower-lank insects. Besides, some species distribute the north areas above the central area of the Korean Peninsula (Gangwon- do, the north part of Gyeonggi, the north part of Gyeongbuk, the north part of Chungbuk and the North Korea) or include many species which are sensitive to climate including invasion of species from subtropics due to climate change, so their distribution can be used as an important material in movement of species due to climate change in Korea in the future. Though investigations on Vespidae have been conducted intermittently in Yeongwol area before as a part of investigations on fauna, it showed very insufficient results (Choi and Lim, 2010 a,b,c; Lee et al., 2011). Fig. 1. Regions for collecting Vespidae in Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon- Therefore, this study aims to figure out the species diversity do and distributional characteristics of Vespidae in forests located around Sangdong-eup, the southern part of acetic acid and alcohol at a one to one to one ratio, putting Yeongwol-gun. that attracting liquid into a slotted glass bottle and setting it on a tree around the place 1-2 m from the ground. The trap Materials and Method was installed during the 1st collecting and collected twice during the 2nd and 3rd collecting, and when we found a Collecting schedule nest, we wore insect protection clothes for collecting it. The 1st collecting was conducted on July 23rd, 2012, the Samples collected from the trap were cleanse, and immersed 2nd one on July 26th-27th, and the 3rd collecting on in 70% alcohol or made into an exsiccate with samples August 9th-10th. collected through brandishing and sweeping, then we recorded identification and the number of individuals. Also, Collecting region considering that the number of individuals removed with Species were collected in total 19 places including villages the nest would increase sharply as hundreds individuals and forest areas including Mt. Mogusan, Mt. Ungyosan, came from one nest due to the characteristics of Vespidae, a Mt. Maebongsan, Mt. Seonbawisan, and Mt. Jangsan. along social insect, we limited 5 individuals per one nest. These the Route 31 and the Prefectural Road 88 in some areas of specimens were all deposited in the Systematics Gimsatgat-myeon and Jungdong-myeon centering Sangdong- Lab., Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University. eup located in the southeast of Yeongwol-gun (Fig. 1) Range of Vespidae Collecting method As for the range of Vespidae, only two subfamilies In order to collect Vespidae, we collected flying ones including Polistinae and Vespinae which have eusociality through brandishing and sweeping around mountaineering and subsociality except the solitary , Eumeninae were trails and villages first. Also, by using the fact the adults are analyzed according to the range by Richards (1962). attracted to a tree sap, we made a trap for collecting them. The trap is generally used for attracting the adults for Result Analysis and identification eradicating Vespidae by beekeepers, mixing sugared water, This study collected the specimens in total 19 points around

J. KOREAN NATURE The Species Diversity and Distribution of Vespidae in Southeast Region of Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea 307

Gimsatgat-myeon and Jungdong-myeon centering Sangdong- subfamilies, 5 genera and 30 species (Choi et al., submitted), eup, Yeongwol-gun. However, as there was no significant it showed high species diversity, accounting for 70% of difference in characteristics between each place and Vespidae’s domestic species. And especially, it showed very high activity ranges from 20 m to the maximum 8 km due to species diversity, accounting for 75% of total 28 species their characteristics, each collecting place is overlapped occurring in the mainland of the South Korea except two with another one. So, we did not distinguish one place from species only finding in Jeju Island, Vespa simillima another as it had no specific meaning. Also, as all species of xanthoptera and Polistes rothneyi iwatai. Among collected Vespidae are the most active from July to September, we species, Vespula koreensis koreensis showed the highest did not divide the collecting period of time. Identification rate with 379 individuals (23.72%), followed by Parapolybia of Vespidae were analyzed through Choi (2004), Kim et al., indica (231, 14.46%), and Vespa simillima simillima (205, (1994, 2006), Kim and Yoon (1996), Kim (2001, 2011), 12.83%), showing the typical patterns for emergence (Table Kim and Kim (2011). 1). However, Polistes showed the highest species diversity with 7 species, but showed relatively low rate in the number Results and Discussion of individuals compared with other genera. It is a result that as we mostly depended on attracting-liquid traps similar to Vespidae in the Southeast Area of Yeongwol-gun a tree sap, it was difficult to collect Polistes which get and the Species Diversity relatively low influence by the attracting liquid. On one Species diversity of Vespidae collected in the southeast area hand, securing of some species from Dolichovespula and of Yeongwol-gun included total 1,598 individuals from 2 Vespula which appear restrictively in some areas domestically subfamilies, 5 genera and 21 species (Table 1). Considering is said to be another result of this study. that domestic Vespidae (except Eumeninae) have total 2 When examining records on Vespidae in existing studies

Table 1. Checklist of Vespidae in the southeast area of Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do Korean name No. individuals(%) Subfamily Vespinae 말벌아과 Genus Dolichovespula 중땅벌속 Dolichovespula media media (Retzius) 중땅벌 2(0.13%) Dolichovespula kuami Kim et Yoon 구암중땅벌 11(0.69%)

Genus Vespa 말벌속 Vespa analis parallela André 좀말벌 62(3.88%) Vespa crabro flavofasciata Cameron 말벌 76(4.76%) Vespa ducalis Smith 꼬마장수말벌 126(7.88%) Vespa dybowskii André 검정말벌 39(2.44%) Vespa mandarinia Cameron 장수말벌 13(0.81%) Vespa simillima simillima Smith 털보말벌 205(12.83%)

Genus Vespula 땅벌속 Vespula flaviceps flaviceps Smith 땅벌 158(9.89%) Vespula shidai Ishikawa, Sk Yamane et Wagner 국명미정 3(0.19%) Vespula koreensis koreensis Radoszkowski 참땅벌 379(23.72%) Vespula rufa schrenckii Radoszkowski 노랑띠땅벌 3(0.19%)

Subfamily Polistinae 쌍살벌아과 Genus Parapolybia 뱀허물쌍살벌속 Parapolybia indica (Saussure) 큰뱀허물쌍살벌 231(14.46%) Parapolybia varia (Fabricius) 뱀허물쌍살벌 164(10.26%)

Genus Polistes 쌍살벌속 Polistes chinensis antennalis Pérez 두눈박이쌍살벌 2(0.13%) Polistes rothneyi koreanus Vecht 왕바다리 73(4.57%) Polistes japonicus japonicus Saussure 꼬마쌍살벌 2(0.13%) Polistes snelleni Saussure 별쌍살벌 26(1.63%) Polistes mandarinus Saussure et Geer 어리별쌍살벌 10(0.63%) Polistes djakonovi Kostylev 참어리별쌍살벌 11(0.69%) Polistes nipponensis Pérez 큰별쌍살벌 2(0.13%) Total 1598(100.00%)

J. KOREAN NATURE 308 Moon-Bo Choi, Bi-A Park and Jong-Wook Lee

Fig. 2. Emergence rate of each genus among Vespidae collected in the southeast area of Yeongwol-gun. A: Vespa, B: Dolichovespula, C: Vespula, D: Polistes, E: Parapolybia on insect fauna in Yeongwol area, Choi and Lim (2010 distribution was confirmed to Andong, Yeongju, Yeongyang a,b,c) and Kim et al. (2011) recorded total 2 subfamilies, 4 and Uljin in 2011 (Jung, 2012), but it has not been found in genera and 11 species. As this study secured higher Vespidae Yeongwol area. But, as it is expected that their distribution species diversity by about twice than existing studies, it will be found in Yeongwol area within 1-2 years in the seems to provide very important basic information in future, it seems that additional investigation on their studies on the distribution of domestic Vespidae. distribution should be arranged.

Characteristics by Each Genus and Distribution Genus Dolichovespula Genus Vespa According to Paek et al. (2010), domestic Dolichovespula As for Vespa, all 6 species which emerge most universally includes 4 species, but according to Choi et al. (submitted), appeared. Among them, the emergence rate of V. simillima only 2 species are distributed in the South Korea, so both 2 simillima was the highest (39%), followed by V. ducalis species of domestic Dolichovespula are shown to occur in (24%), V. crabro flavofasciata (15%), V. analis parallela this area (Fig. 2B). (12%), V. dybowskii (7%), and V. mandarinia (3%). Both Currently, species belonging to this genus are collected empirically and on domestic records, major emerging in the north central areas such as Chungbok, Gangwon-do group includes V. crabro flavofasciata, V. analis parallela, and Gyeonggi-do or high mountain areas and mainly species V. simillima simillima, and V. mandarinia domestically, and from the northern parts. Though there was no domestic minor emerging group includes V. ducalis and V. dybowskii study on their ecological characteristics, considering that (Choi and Moon, 2001; Moon, 1998; Choi et al., 2006). they are species from the northern part, information on their Also, mainly V. simillima simillima and V. analis parallela distribution will be able to provide good information in appear most prominently in city areas (Choi et al., 2005). predicting climate change such as northing of insect from However, according to this study, V. simillima simillima the northern part due to climate change in the future. On appeared most prominently, and especially, it is a one hand, the rate of D. kuami was much higher than that of significant point that V. ducalis appeared relatively D. media media, but its number was too small, having no prominently compared with other species, and that V. significant meaning. dybowskii appeared more frequently than V. mandarinia. Of course, as Vespidae’s emergence rate has wide variations in Genus Vespula each region, it is hard to make a conclusion about the As for Vespula, Vl. koreensis koreensis and Vl. flaviceps distribution only with such a phenomenon. But when flaviceps appeared most prominently, and this is a typical comparing it with existing results, the difference can be a pattern for emergence over the whole nation. Besides, Vl. noted item. shidai and Vl. rufa schrenckii were found. Vl. shidai is On one hand, as for V. velutina nigrithorax which was mainly collected in the north of Gyeongbuk, the east of introduced in Korea for the first time in 2003 as a Chungbuk and around Gangwon-do, and Vl. rufa schrenckii subtropical species (Kim et al., 2006; Choi et al., 2012a), its is a species mainly from the northern part collected in the

J. KOREAN NATURE The Species Diversity and Distribution of Vespidae in Southeast Region of Yeongwol-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea 309 north of Gyeongbuk and around Gangwon-do. Though Vl. on Vl. rufa schrenckii. Besides, 2 species and 7 species austriaca which is known for being parasitic on the nest of from Parapolybia and Polistes appeared respectively, but Vl. rufa schrenckii for labor force was not collected in this they were very typical species. investigation, it seems to have very high potential to be Examining the distributional characteristics, the invasive collected during the next investigation as Vl. rufa schrenckii species from the subtropical region, V. velutina nigrithorax has been collected. Accordingly, except Vl. germanica does not appear in Yeongwol area yet, but as it is confirmed which has no records on collection in Korea since 1970s that it has been already distributed in the surrounding area and Vl. austriaca, a potentially distributed species, all 4 (Jung, 2012), it is expected to appear in Yeongwol area kinds of Vespula having a possibility to appear in Korea within 1-2 years in the future. Also, as the place for this inhabit in this area. Especially, as V. s hi da i and V. rufa are study is Gangwon-do area, species from the north part likely to be influenced by climate due to their distributional including Vl. shidai, Vl. rufa schrenckii, D. media media characteristics, it would be the basic material for and D. kuami were found frequently, and it is expected that comparison in studies on species movements and diffusion information on their distribution will provide good according to climate change in the future. information for predicting climate change such as northing of insect from the northern part due to climate change in the Genus Parapolybia future. As for Parapolybia, only 2 species including Pa. indica and Pa. varia are recorded in Korea, and both two kinds are References species which appear most commonly in the nation. The rate was a bit higher in Pa. indica, but it has no ecological Carpenter, J.M. (1982) The phylogenetic relationships and natural singularity. classification of the Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). Syst. Entomol. 7:11-38. Choi, J.K. and H.M. Lim (2010a) The 3rd National Ecosystem Genus Polistes Survey (378103-Jucheon), National Institute of Environmental Total 7 species appeared among 10 species of Polistes Research. (in Korean, CD) domestically (Choi et al., submitted), and almost all species Choi, J.K. and H.M. Lim (2010b) The 3rd National Ecosystem Survey (378094-Unhak), National Institute of Environmental were shown to be distributed except P. rothneyi iwatai Research. (in Korean, CD) which only occurs in Jeju Island, and P. yokahamae and P. Choi, J.K. and H.M. Lim (2010c) The 3rd National Ecosystem tenuispunctia having very limited distribution. The rate of Survey (378104-Pyeongchang), National Institute of P. rothneyi koreanus among collected species accounts for Environmental Research. (in Korean, CD) Choi MB 2004. Ecological systematics by morphological and more than half, 58%, appearing overwhelmingly, followed by ecological characters of Vespine Wasps (Vespidae: P. snelleni (21%), P. djakonovi (9%), and P. mandarinus Hymenoptera) in Busan and its surrounding area. M.S. (8%). Such a characteristic for appearance is similar to Dissertation. Kosin University, Busan, Korea. general characteristic for appearance shown over the whole Choi, M.B. and T.Y. Moon (2001) Taxonomic measurement and urban ecology of biodiversity at the Islet Yeungdo in Busan, nation, and there is no species having a distributional II. Hymenoptera. Kosin J. Health Sci. 11:31-38. characteristic according to climatic characteristics. Choi, M.B. and T.Y. Moon (2005) Predominant distribution of Vespa simillima simillima Smith in the urbanized central Conclusion Busan areas. Kosin J. Nat. Sci. 12:49-54. Choi, M.B. and T.Y. 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Increase trend of the whole nation, but as for Vespa, the minor emergence social hymenoptera (wasps and honeybees) in urban area, group such as V. ducalis and V. dybowskii appeared inferred from moving-out case by 119 rescure services in relatively high. And as for Dolichovespula, D. media media Seoul of South Korea. Entomol. Res. 42:308-319. and D. kuami were recorded, which showed both 2 species Jung, C. (2012) Spatial expansion of an invasive hornet, Vespa of domestically recorded ones. Also, as for Vespula, all 4 velutina nigrithorax Buysson (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in Korea. Korean J. Apicul. 27(2):87-93. species of Vespula which have a possibility for emergency Kim, J.K., T.Y. Moon and I.B. Yoon (1994) Systematics of in Korea appeared except Vl. germanica having no record Vespine Wasps from Korea, I. Genus Vespa Linnaeus on collection since 1970s and Vl. austriaca, being parasitic (Vespidae: Hymenoptera). Korean J. Entomol. 24(2):107-

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