PORTALS TO THE PAST AND TO THE FUTURE JÜRGEN SEEFELDT The advent of the digital era has raised questions on the future course of development. The challenge of maintaining a LUDGER SYRÉ balance between their educational, cultural and service roles has presented with new challenges – challenges which their rich and varied media holdings, modern technical infrastructure and information specialist competence well equip them to face.

This fourth revised and extended English of “Portals to the Past and to the Future” by Jürgen Seefeldt and Ludger Syré, now in its fifth German edition, is an in-depth state-of-the art report on current German librarianship. Lavishly illustrated, PORTALS the traces the history of libraries in , portrays the various types of library and cites many examples of the TO THE PAST AND TO outstanding achievements of nationwide library cooperation in the Federal Republic of Germany. The reader will gain both a revealing insight into the cultural and educational THE FUTURE policy underlying the German library system and an outline of the profession. Special at- tention has been paid to current developments such as the preservation and presentation of the common cultural heritage and the emergence of the digital library. LIBRARIES This book has been translated not only into English but also into Arabic, Italian, Japanese, Spanish, Russian and Turkish and is now the standard work on libraries and librarianship IN GERMANY in Germany. Because of the interest it has generated internationally, it was decided to pub- lish the German and English versions of this new edition simultaneously. The book pro- vides trainee librarians and non-librarians alike with a clear picture of the way in which PUBLISHED BY libraries were able to cooperate in the aftermath of the Second World War to overcome the BIBLIOTHEK & INFORMATION vagaries of the federal system and create an effective decentralized library network more DEUTSCHLAND E.V. – THE FEDERAL than a match for the challenges of the third millennium. UNION OF GERMAN LIBRARY AND ISBN 978-3-487-15563-0 INFORMATION ASSOCIATIONS (BID)

www.olms.de 4TH REVISED

PORTALS TO THE PAST AND TO THE FUTURE TO THE PAST PORTALS AND EXTENDED EDITION OLMS SEEFELDT · SYRÉ

#####_Portale_Neuausgabe_final_01_CC2015.indd 2 14.06.17 17:46 PORTALS TO THE PAST AND TO THE FUTURE

LIBRARIES IN GERMANY

JÜRGEN SEEFELDT LUDGER SYRÉ JÜRGEN SEEFELDT LUDGER SYRÉ PORTALS TO THE PAST AND TO THE FUTURE LIBRARIES IN GERMANY

PUBLISHED BY BIBLIOTHEK & INFORMATION IN ­DEUTSCHLAND (BID) – THE FEDERAL UNION OF GERMAN LIBRARY AND INFORMATION ASSOCIATIONS

WITH A FOREWORD BY HEINZ-JÜRGEN LORENZEN

TRANSLATED BY JANET MACKENZIE INCORPORATING A REVISED TRANSLATION OF THE 1ST ­EDITION BY DIANN PELZ-RUSCH

4TH REVISED AND EXTENDED EDITION

2017 Georg Olms Verlag • Zürich • New York TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword by Heinz-Jürgen Lorenzen, • The State Library of —Prussian ­President of the Federal Union of German Cultural Heritage (Staatsbi­blio­thek zu Library and Information Associations .... 7 Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz ...... 45 German librarianship in figures ...... 9 • The in (Bayerische Staatsbi­blio­thek) ...... 47 1 HISTORY 10 • The Central Subject Libraries ...... 48 State Libraries (Landesbi­blio­theken) The Historical Development and other Regional Libraries ...... 50 of Libraries in Germany ...... 10 Libraries of Higher • From the until Education Institutions ...... 52 Secularisation ...... 10 • From the 19th Century to the • University Libraries ...... 53 Second World War ...... 13 • Libraries of the Universities • From Divided to United Germany ...... 17 of Applied Sciences and other Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. • Libraries in the 21st Century ...... 21 Higher Educational Institutions ...... 55 Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes Special and Technical Libraries ...... 56 ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig. Dies gilt insbesondere für 2 EDUCATION AND CULTURE 23 Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung Public Libraries ...... 61 Germany’s Political, Administrative und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen. and Organizational Structure ...... 23 • Local Authority Public Libraries ...... 62 • Mobile Libraries ...... 69 Educational Institutions ...... 27 This work is copyright protected by German copyright law • State Service Centers for No part of this book may be utilized, translated, reproduced on microfilm • General Schools ...... 27 Public Libraries ...... 71 or stored and processed in electronic form without the permission • Vocational Training ...... 30 • Public Libraries maintained of the publishers • The Public and Private Media Sector ...... 30 by the Churches ...... 72 • Continuing Professional Education and Training ...... 32 Special Areas of Public Librarianship ...... 73 • Adult Education and • Children’s and Young People’s Die Deutsche Nationalbi­blio­thek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Community Colleges ...... 32 Libraries ...... 73 Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über • Universities and other • School Libraries ...... 75 http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Higher Education Institutions ...... 32 • Music Libraries ...... 78 • Libraries and the Promotion The lists this publication in the German National The Book Trade ...... 36 of ...... 80 . Detailed bibliographic data are available online at Archives ...... 38 • The Intercultural Work of the http://dnb.d-nb.de Public Libraries ...... 83 3 LIBRARY DIVERSITY 40 • Library Services for Special User Groups ...... 85 The Multifaceted Picture • Other Libraries ...... 88 © Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim 2017 of Libraries in Germany ...... 40 www.olms.de The Many Different Types The Information Infrastructure ...... 89 All rights reserved of Funding Institutions ...... 40 4 PROFESSIONS AND Printed in Lithuania • Public Funding Institutions: Federal Government—Federal States— ASSOCIATIONS 91 Printed on acid-free, age-resistant paper Municipalities—Foundations ...... 40 The Organization(s) of German • Funding ...... 41 Librarianship ...... 91 Cover design and Layout: Weiß-Freiburg – Graphik & Buchgestaltung • Private Funding ...... 42 Printed by: BALTO Print The Library Professions ...... 91 The Many Different Types of Library ...... 42 The History of Professional ISBN 978-3-487-15563-0 The Great National Libraries ...... 42 Librarianship Training ...... 93 • The German National Library Librarianship Training and Training (Deutsche Nationalbi­blio­thek) ...... 43 Institutions in Germany ...... 94 Continuing Professional Education Cooperative User and FOREWORD and Training for Library Staff ...... 97 Information Services ...... 135 Cooperation Among German Libraries .... 97 • National interlibrary Lending ...... 135 The publication of this fourth updated and re- • Electronic Document Delivery vised English edition of “Portals to the Past and • The Federal Union of German Library Services ...... 137 to the Future—Libraries in Germany” is timed and Information Associations (BID) • Cooperative Information Services ...... 138 to coincide with the 106th German Library as Umbrella Organisation ...... 98 Congress in . The first original German • German Library Association (Deutscher edition was published during the 96th Congress Bibliotheksverband e.V. – dbv) ...... 100 6 BETWEEN THE PRESENT of the International Federation of Library As- • Network of Excellence for Libraries AND THE FUTURE—THE LIBRARY sociations IFLA in 2003 and has proved to be a (knb) of the dbv ...... 103 IN THE DIGITAL ERA 140 great success; it has since been translated into • Association of Information and English and a further eight languages includ- Library Professionals (Berufsverband Parameters and strategic issues ...... 140 ing Arabic and Chinese. The book is a veritable Information Bibliothek e.V. – BIB) ...... 104 Concepts and models for the public compendium of the history, structure and de- • Association of German Librarians Heinz-Jürgen Lorenzen, President of the Federal Union library of the future ...... 144 velopment of German libraries and information of German Library and Information Associations (Verein Deutscher Bibliothekarinnen centres, interlibrary cooperation, and the activ- • Libraries as ‘Third Places’ ...... 144 und Bibliothekare e.V. – VDB) ...... 106 ities of the various associations representing • Proposals for a Library of the Future ...... 146 • ekz Library Service, ...... 107 the interests of librarianship and information ­society and emerging technologies have made • The Foundation, Gütersloh ... 108 Vision and reality in academic libraries .... 149 science. it both imperative and possible to find new • The Goethe Institute e.V., Munich ...... 110 Our visitors and partners from overseas ways of discovering and delivering information • The German Society for Information Cultural Heritage ...... 151 looking for a brief, up-to-date introduction and knowledge. Considerable additions have and Knowledge (Deutsche Gesellschaft • The German Digital Library ...... 152 will find this work indispensable. Students of been made in the following areas: für Information und Wissen e.V. – DGI) ..... 112 • Preservation and Conservation ...... 154 librarianship and information science already International Cooperation ...... 112 • Research into Nazi Plunder ...... 155 value “Portals” as a basic handbook and re- • Libraries and the promotion of reading liable course companion. For those working • Inter-cultural library work in public libraries The Digital Library ...... 155 in libraries and information centres the new • Public libraries as Third Places 5 LIBRARY COOPERATION • Retrospective Digitization ...... 155 edition of this essential standard work offers • Public libraries and their future role IN GERMANY 116 • Open Access ...... 157 an up-to-date review of the latest develop- in society ments in the German library landscape, while • The Specialised Information Services Cooperation within Local, Regional • Long-term Archiving ...... 157 and National Services ...... 116 • Digital Information Structure ...... 159 for politicians with an interest in library issues for research it will be an invaluable aid to understanding • Cultural heritage: the preservation of cultural The Principles of Library Cooperation .... 116 Summary and Outlook ...... 160 the contribution of modern library work to the assets and research on works confiscated Cooperation in Market Scanning success of cultural and educational policy, and during the Nazi period and Acquisitions ...... 118 APPENDICES 162 to identifying the significant characteristics of • The Digital Library: retrospective digitization, the information society. Finally, library patrons open access, long-term archiving and the The Authors ...... 162 • The German Research Foundation and will find here a wealth of useful information on structure of digital information the Specialised Information Services The Translator ...... 162 German library and information centre hold- Programme for Research ...... 118 ings and services. The BID is anxious to ensure that this book in • Picture References • The of German Imprints I would like to express my warmest thanks its present revised form reaches the interna- (In Order of Appearance in the Text) ...... 163 (Sammlung Deutscher Drucke) ...... 122 to the joint authors Jürgen Seefeldt and Ludger tional library and information scene in as many • Alphabetical Index by Location ...... 164 • Cooperation in Public Syré for agreeing to update “Portals to the Past languages as possible. We would like to thank Libraries (Lektoratskooperation) ...... 123 Winners of the National Library Prize ..... 165 and to the Future—Libraries in Germany” once Janet MacKenzie for the English translation of more. As is always the case, major changes this new edition, which is being published in Cooperation in Cataloguing and Holders of the BID Karl Preusker Medal ... 165 Subject Indexing ...... 124 were necessary. The statistical material has parallel with the German original. Further Reading ...... 165 been completely and carefully updated, and The fifth German, and this fourth English • The Regional Library Network Systems .... 126 the on-going developments of the last six years edition of the present work could not have • and Yearbooks ...... 165 • Periodicals Indexes ...... 130 have meant that the authors have been forced been published without the unparalleled pro- • Periodicals and Open E-Journals ...... 165 • The National Periodicals Database (ZDB) ... 130 to re-write over a quarter of the text. fessional cooperation of the publishers, George • Internet Addresses, Blogs ...... 165 • The Electronic Periodicals Library ...... 131 These changes reflect the unbroken vital- Olms. My special thanks go to them and I look • of Early Imprints ...... 132 Subject Index ity of library progress. Developments within forward to continuing our fruitful partnership. (Names, Institutions, Abbreviations) ...... 169  | 7 GERMAN LIBRARIANSHIP IN FIGURES 2015 The two new and spectacular buildings in Ulm and Cottbus do impressive justice to the slogan of the 100th Convention of German Libraries “Libraries Libraries in total (all categories, all institutions, full-time and voluntary staff, DBS participants only) for the future – a future for libraries” in 2011. The Total number of registered libraries (according to the library search engine BibS) 13,433 scholarly Ulm City Library (Baden-­Württemberg), Number of libraries incl. departmental and branch libraries 9,858 founded in 1518, was amalgamated with the city’s Free Library and Reading Hall in 1968. In 1999 the Total media collections (print and non-print) 375.0 m -based architect Gottfried Böhm was Circulation (in media units) 450.0 m commissioned to build a new City Library. The Spending on media acquisitions (in Euros) 433.0 m inauguration of the Central Library, a construction in pyramid form in glass and metal situated directly Total number of staff (in FTE) 24,493 opposite the historic Ulm Minster, took place on Total spending (materials and staffing costs, excluding special libraries) 1,985.0 m April 15 2004. Over 350,000 books and media are Registered (active) users 10.32 m housed in 6,700 m2 floor area. The illustration shows the Central Library as it appeared on a flyer to mark Active inter-library loan orders in the German ILL system 5.52 m the joint Bavarian and Baden-Württemberg Library Computer workstations 14,578 Conference held in 2004 in Ulm and Neu-Ulm. – Photo: C. Seelbach Academic general, regional and general libraries (DBS participants only) Number of libraries incl. departmental libraries and other branch libraries (locations) 741 Total media collection (print and non-print) 377.1 m We are particularly obliged to the publishers hope—both for them and for ourselves—that Print holdings (books, newspapers, periodicals, theses in media units) 256.0 m for allowing us to publish an online version this publication will be widely read in Germany Circulation (in media units) 86.8 m of ­Portals, which will greatly raise general and throughout the world and will lead to an Spending on media acquisition (in Euros) 327.0 m awareness of the book. increased appreciation of the truly outstanding Total number of staff (in FTE) 10,997 We would like to express our gratitude to all achievements of German libraries and informa- Total spending (materials and staffing costs, in Euros) 1,103.0 m those who have so generously contributed new tion centres. Active inter-library loan orders in the German ILL system 4.85 m photographic material to the revised edition. User work-places in total 125,714 These optical highlights make this absorbing - thereof computer workstations 16,968 work even more attractive and will doubtless Dr. Heinz-Jürgen Lorenzen Registered (active) users 2.94 m help to increase the book’s worldwide impact. President of the Federal Union of German Finally, my thanks go once more to the Library and Information Associations Public libraries (DBS participants, excluding school libraries) Run by full-time and Run by full-time authors Jürgen Seefeldt und Ludger Syré. I (BID—Bibliothek & Information Deutschland e.V.) voluntary staff, staff only, all all forms of funding forms of funding Number of libraries incl. branches (locations) 9,117 3,241 (registered: 9,174) The Technical University has gained a new Media collections (in media units) 119.0 m 93.0 m landmark and Cottbus town Circulation (in media units) 363.2 m 329.4 m in Brandenburg a new link Spending on media acquisitions (in Euros) 105.0 m 91.0 m with the university campus in the unusual new University Total spending (materials and staff costs, in Euros) 972.0 m 931.0 m Library building by the archi- Library visitors 119.0 m 106.5 m tects Herzog and de Meuron Registered (active) users 7.4 m 5.9 m from Basel. The revolutionary concept is based on the new Total number of staff (in FTE) 13,496 13,269 information and media ser- Active inter-library loan orders in the German ILL system 0.65 m 0.62 vices structure introduced at All forms of activities 0.37 m 0.26 m Brandenburg Technical Uni- versity. Various institutions, merged in 2004, are now all Academic special libraries (DBS participants only) housed in the Information, No. of libraries incl. departmental and other branch libraries (registered: 2,065) 186 Communications and Media Centre (IKMZ). The Univer- Total media collections (print and non-print) 96.6 m sity Library was designated Print holdings (books, newspapers, periodicals in media units) 24.7 m “Library of the Year 2006” in Circulation (in media units) 1.3 m recognition of this concept. – Photo: R. Schuster Spending on media acquisitions (in Euros) 25.8 m Total number of staff (in FTE) 1,266 Registered (active) users 0.29 m Active inter-library loans in the German ILL system 0.12 m

Source: German library statistics 2015 (Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik – DBS), figures updated to 31/12/2015 8 | Foreword of the Federal Republic of Germany) refers back The Evangelary of Henry the Lion (Evangeliar Heinrichs des 1 HISTORY Lowen), written about 1188 in the monastery of Helmars­ to this historical tradition when it defers the hausen and commissioned by the Guelphic Duke, is con- responsibility for almost all political matters sidered one of the most outstanding achievements of The Historical Development of cultural and education importance to the mediaeval book art. The parchment manuscript (Cod. Guelf. 105 Noviss. 2o, here Fol. 19r) is held by the Duke August of Libraries in Germany Länder. This is to a large extent the reason Library (Herzog-August Bibliothek) in Wolfenbüttel (Lower why librarianship also developed primarily at Saxony) and has four joint owners (the States of Lower Sax- The reader striving for a real understanding of regional level and has retained its basic decen- ony and Bavaria, the Federal Government and the Prussian the structure and current situation of German tralized structure up to the present day. Cultural Heritage Foundation). – Photo: HAB Wolfenbüttel librarianship should first be prepared to take a brief look at the . A glance at From the Middle Ages until Secularisation Because education lay firmly in the hands of an historical map of Germany through the ages the clergy during the Middle Ages, books were will reveal the following two important details: Even if libraries may have already existed in only very rarely owned by laypeople. Emperor • The Central European territorial area, which the larger cities of the Roman province of Charlemagne (742–814) possessed a remarkable united the German-speaking peoples, varied Germania, the history of German librarianship court library, which unfortunately was not des- considerably in size through the centuries. originates in the Middle Ages rather than in tined to survive. Many of the post-Carolingian By the end of the first millennium at the antiquity. As they spread from Italy and Spain rulers were content with presenting magnifi- latest this area had given rise to the “German in the 6th century A.D, monasteries developed cently decorated manuscripts as gifts to mon- Empire”, albeit with constantly changing into centres of book culture by virtue of the li- asteries and . Not until the nobility . braries (armarium) and copying rooms (scripto­ changed their attitude to education did writing • The area had always been divided into rium) they established and through which they and scholarship blossom, and collections of individual territories; initially their number acted as guardians of the classical traditions. books could be found in the courts of kings, as had been almost infinite but by 1803 (or The first libraries on German soil well as in the aristocratic manors of the nobility. more accurately 1815) this number had were founded in the Carolingian period under new centres for teaching and learning from the From the 13th century onwards the culture been considerably reduced. The division the influence of the Irish and Anglo-Saxon High Middle Ages onwards (900–1300); with time, of writing began to spread within the cities, but into states continued after the foundation missionaries in the 9th and 10th centuries (ex- they merged to form independent institutions the number of private libraries owned by com- of the in 1871 and indeed amples in Cologne, , Würzburg, Freising), of the universitas magistrorum et scholarium moners remained small and not until the Hu- determines the structure of the Federal as were the monastic libraries (Klosterbi­blio­ and were the breeding grounds of today’s uni- manistic period did they experience their first Republic of Germany even today, for theken), among which Fulda, Lorsch, St. Gallen, versities. In contrast to the university founda- flowering in the form of the scholars’ library Germany has been a federal country with 16 Reichenau and Murbach were the largest, pos- tions in Italy (Salerno, Bologna), (Paris), “Länder“ (states) since 1949. sessing several hundred volumes. Spain (Salamanca) and England (Oxford), Ger- Since Germany was never a centralized state, By the end of the Middle Ages, the number of many’s first universities were not founded until cultural life developed and evolved primarily in monastic libraries had multiplied considerably, some 150 years later. However, this led to the the individual territories and states, and there- primarily due to the foundation of the new creation of new collections of books—though fore assumed a distinctly regional character. Orders (Carthusians, Cistercians, Augustinian still modest, since the professors kept the most The Basic Law (Grundgesetz, the Constitution Canons, Premonstratensians). Those of the important works in their private libraries and mendicants who chose to live in the cities (the students either made notes or copied the texts Dominicans and the Franciscans) dedicated from their teachers. The oldest university foun- themselves especially to scholarship and teach- dation in the German Empire at that time was in ing, and therefore viewed libraries as indispen- Prague (1348), followed by (1365), Heidel- sable tools for their work. berg (1386), Cologne (1388) and Erfurt (1392). Alongside the previous financiers of scholarly Characteristic of the development of book activities, school communities developed into culture since the late classical era is the transi- With its 1,809 hand-coloured woodcuts, the Schedelsche tion from scroll to book form (), and the Weltchronik, printed in 1493 by Anton Koberger in Nurem- use of parchment as a replacement for papyrus berg, is one of the most richly illustrated works from the The Library of Hildesheim Cathedral (), which as material, later replaced by the cheaper paper. early period, appearing in both a Latin and a Ger- can trace its origins back to the foundation of the Diocese in man edition. Its author, the Nuremberg doctor and humanist 815, possesses a Book of Hours written in the second half of Books were stored in cabinets, later in niches Dr. Hartmann Schedel, owned the largest private library the 15th century in Latin and French. The unique feature of and on long lecterns; the enlargement of the in the city at the time. The illustration shows the copy the Codex Rotundus (HS 728) is its form: the 266 parchment book collection was achieved by the copying owned by the Court Library of the House of Hohenzollern pages are circular and have been bound together to form a (Fürstlich ­Hohenzollernsche Hofbibliothek) in Sigmaringen round 9 cm in diameter. – Photo: L. Engelhardt and subsequent illustration of the manuscripts, (Baden-Württemberg). – Photo: C. Seelbach and a characteristic aspect was the dominance of the Latin language.

10 | History 11 | The Historical Development of Libraries in Germany (1607), and of Catholic universities in Dillingen scholars had increased by leaps and bounds. The Speyer Evangeliar, or Speyer Gospels, dates from around 1220 and originally belonged to the (1551) and Würzburg (1582). The libraries of the The most important of the new universities treasury. In 1792 it was brought to the episcopal palace in German universities were admittedly in a pret- founded during the Enlightenment was the Bruchsal, from whence it came to Karlsruhe following sec- ty desolate condition. Student numbers fluctu- University of Göttingen (1737). Established to ularisation. The parchment manuscript Codex Bruchsal 1 is housed in the Baden Regional Library (Baden-Württemberg) ated considerably but at no time until the end provide assistance to researchers, the Universi- and is admired not only for its lavish illustrations but also of the 18th century were there more than 4,500 ty Library pursued a carefully selective acquisi- for its three-dimensional cover. The relief figure of Christ is students within the German Empire. tion programme and afforded greatest priority fashioned from gilded silver; the frame is of semi-precious jewels and ancient gemstones. – Photo: BLB Karlsruhe The 15th and 16th centuries also mark the to the newest publications needed by research- beginnings of the first court libraries (Hofbi­b­ ers. The books in this library were broadly clas- lio­theken) which can partially be attributed to sified by subject area. The first so-called Reform Humanistic efforts to encourage the spread of University, the University in Halle, was opened education and partially to the rulers’ desire for in 1694 and soon had more students than any status symbols, and their further development other German higher education institution. around one hundred years earlier, the stage remained closely linked to the bibliophile bent The greatest ever redistribution of book was set for the broader-based and accelerated and personal interests of the ruler himself. In collections resulted from the secularization of growth of library collections. The swift and addition to the Emperor’s Court Library in Vien- 1803. This took place in southern and western vigorous spread of printing gave flight to the na (officially founded in 1368), the court librar- Germany and was conducted along similar spread of the ideas of the , which ies in Munich (founded in 1558) and in Dresden lines to the Reformation carried out by the in turn resulted in the rise of many libraries in (founded ca. 1556) are of note, as are the col- Protestant rulers further north. The result was schools, churches and in the cities. On the other lections of the Heidelberg Electors, which the sweeping expropriation of ecclesiastical hand, the Reformation also led to the demise of were combined in 1558 to form the Library of property and its transfer to the local rulers. The the monastic libraries in many areas of Germa- the ­Palatinate (Bibliotheca Palatina), the best- book collections of the dissolved monasteries ny following the dissolution of a large number known German library of the era. were integrated into the state libraries, pre- of monasteries; certain works of mediaeval After a period of decline during the Thirty dominately the court and university libraries. (Gelehrtenbiblio­ thek­ ). A new type of library, the theology, considered “useless“, were destroyed. Years’ War (1618–1648), it was not until the Council Library (Ratsbücherei), which served the The Counter Reformation led to a wave of 18th century that library construction experi- From the 19th Century to the Second World War municipal administration, emerged in the 14th newly established libraries, due in this case enced an upswing along the lines of libraries century and these formed the basis for many of primarily to the Jesuits who required their in other countries. Magnificently decorated The Napoleonic era at the beginning of the 19th the later scholarly city libraries. An especially theological colleges to have libraries. It seems hall libraries, which were established century put an end not only to many of the early example of this is the Ratsbiblio­ thek­ of that the Jesuits were the first order to make in both monasteries and castles, reflected the small states in Germany but also to numerous Nuremberg, first mentioned in the year 1370. the transition from the lectern library (Pultbi­b­ tendency to combine practical requirements smaller universities. forged ahead with With the discovery of printing by Johannes lio­thek) to the hall library (Saalbi­blio­thek). The with aesthetic considerations. As a result of the the development of a new university land- Gutenberg in the middle of the 15th century confessional schism was transferred to the uni- growth in book production, library catalogues scape, a series of far-reaching state reforms and the previous transition from parchment versities; examples of Protestant universities increased in significance. transformed higher education, and the idea of to paper as the most usual writing material are to be found in Marburg (1527) and Gießen Characteristic of the 17th and 18th centuries the modern , which influenced was the flourishing of the court libraries (Hof­ the development of the academic library in the bib­lio­theken), which were founded by almost 19th century, was born. all the German princes and rulers of the time. In 1871 a fundamental reform of German The Library of the former Benedictine in Wiblingen near Ulm (Baden-Württemberg) is an outstanding example One of the most important princely collections librarianship took place, again in Prussia, and of a rococo Hall Library. The bookshelves around the walls was established in the small town of Wolfen- spread rapidly. At the same time there began continue up into a gallery supported by marble pillars. The büttel, seat of the court of the Duchy of Bruns­ a period of active library building. Stacks were statues, representing allegories of the various branches of the sciences, and the monumental ceiling fresco form part wick-Lüneburg. The Elector’s court library in established as the predominate form of storage of an overall theological and philosophical concept and Berlin, founded in 1661 and from 1781 known as for the rapidly increasingly book collections as provide a worthy backdrop for the “treasures of wisdom and the Royal Library, developed into and remained the sciences blossomed and new disciplines knowledge”. At one time the monastery premises were home to the University Library of Ulm. – Photo: R. Armbruster-­ the most important German library right up emerged. Opening times were extended; lend- Mayer, Staatliche Schlösser und Gärten Baden-Württemberg to the period before the Second World War; ing regulations were liberalized. In order to today it is the State Library of Berlin—Prussian make the collections of all the libraries of the Cultural Heritage (Staatsbi­blio­thek zu Berlin – institutions of higher education in a particular Preußischer Kulturbesitz). city available to the users, cooperation and Since the dawning of humanism, the number coordination schemes were initiated, resulting of private libraries belonging to writers and in the Prussian Union Catalogue (Preußischer

12 | History 13 | The Historical Development of Libraries in Germany Following the English and French examples, the German In 1914 the Royal Library in Berlin (Königliche Bibliothek zu “hall libraries” also mastered the transition to the “stack Berlin) was re-housed in a new building in the Wilhemine library” system; the physical division into reading room, style (architect: Ernst von Ihne) located on the boulevard stacks and administration prevailed. A good example is Unter den Linden and also housing the Royal Academy of the modern functional architecture (architect: Ludwig von Science and the University Library. The showcase of this Tiedemann) of the University and Regional Library of Halle building was the cupola hall. This photograph shows one (Saxony-Anhalt). The upper levels were exclusively devoted of the eight inner courtyards with a side entrance. to stack accommodation, the lower levels partially so. The – Photo: Wikipedia ­Library, built in 1880, was restored between 1995 and 1999 and is a protected historic building. – Photo: Univ. Library Halle

Gesamtkatalog), the Berlin Titles of Printed their court libraries to the scholarly public. Books (Berliner Titeldrucke), the Prussian Cata- However, many of them could not keep pace loguing Rules for the Alphabetical Catalogue or with the increasing number of publications, so Prussian Instructions (Preußische Instruktionen establishment of subject-centred collections that the growth of their libraries stagnated. für die alphabetischen Kataloge – PI), as well as and the exchange of holdings within the interli- Following the French Revolution, the idea of the Reference Office (Auskunftsbüro) and the brary loan framework. Furthermore, the rise in a national library (Nationalbi­blio­thek) emerged interlibrary loans system. the number of copies printed—thanks to tech- in many European countries, but failed to have The rapid growth in book production forced nical advances in paper and book production any lasting impact in Germany either in 1848 or libraries to base their acquisitions policy on a (invention of the machine press, use of wood- in 1871 following the establishment of the Ger- more disciplined selection and led later to the based paper)—and the consequent reduction man Empire. The foundation of the Deutsche in book prices after about 1840 all had a lasting Bücherei in in 1912 remained a private effect on libraries. initiative of the Association of the German From the middle of the 19th century onwards, Book Trade (Börsenverein der Deutschen Buch­ cessors of the public libraries, satisfying the continually increasing subject specialization händler). But at least this led to the creation reading interests of the upper middle class with in the universities led to the formation of of a central point for the acquisition of all regard to educational literature, fiction and quick-reference collections which in time devel- German-language publications which have non-fiction. In 1828, a school library was opened oped into independent faculty and departmen- been collected in their entirety since 1913 and in Großenhain in Saxony, which was later com- tal libraries (Institutsbiblio­ theken­ ) alongside the indexed in the German National Bibliography missioned by the municipality to further the main university library (Zentralbiblio­ thek­ ). The (Deutsche Nationalbibliographie). cause of general education, and is thus regard- continuing specialization in research coupled The reading circles and reading societies ed today as the first-ever public city library with the rising number of new publications also which had already formed in the second half (Stadtbi­blio­thek) in Germany. led to the emergence of a new type of library of the 18th century alongside the commercial Inspired by the idea of general education, both within and beyond the university, namely, lending libraries can be regarded as the prede­ a wave of library foundation swept through the special library (Spezialbiblio­ thek­ ); the era of Germany from the middle of the 19th century the general library providing a comprehensive onward, sustained by the liberal societies, service had (at least in theory) passed. In the churches and the workers’ movement. In many 19th century, separate technical universities cities, libraries for the general public (Volks­ were established to serve the needs of rising büchereien) were established. However, only technology; they boasted purpose-designed under the influence of the American public libraries (for instance, in Aachen, Berlin-Char­ libraries did the concept of a publicly acces- lottenburg, Dresden, and Karlsruhe). Not only sible library for all gain acceptance, leading the government but also commercial compa- in many places to the merging of the former nies, clubs, societies and associations amassed The State Library of (Staatsbibliothek Bamberg) a number of significant special collections cov- in Bavaria owes its foundation in 1803 to the necessity of The present stacks of the University and Regional Library of amalgamating the book collections of the secularized mon- ering most aspects of social and economic life. Halle (Universitäts und Landesbibliothek Halle) consist of astery and ecclesiastical foundation of the former Bishopric The transfer of private property from the free-standing iron supports extending over four floors and of Bamberg with the library of the University, which had princes to the state following the revolution supporting iron mezzanine ceilings and wooden shelving. also been dissolved. Since 1965 the Library has been located The open grating of the ceilings allows additional light to in the former royal “New Residence” of the bishop with its of 1918 / 1919 was characteristic of the further enter through the glass roof. – Photo: Univ. Library Halle splendid Baroque rooms. This photo shows the Carlsberg development of the court and regional libraries Library occupying the so-called Dominican Shelving. In 1972 Bamberg once more became a university town. – Photo: (Hof- or Landesbi­blio­theken). The princes had C. Seelbach admittedly already often been willing to open

14 | History 15 | The Historical Development of Libraries in Germany A German national library evolved neither from the Library The complex housing the Library of the Hansa City of Lübeck of the German National Assembly in 1848/49 in St. Paul’s (Schleswig-Holstein) – an academic library with integrated Church in Frankfurt (donated by a number of individual public library – is a combination of buildings dating from the publishers) nor from the Parliamentary Library (Reichstags- Middle Ages and from the 19th and 20th centuries. The Schar- bibliothek) of the German Empire, founded in 1872. This bau Hall and the neo-Gothic library hall dating from 1877 photo shows the Library Hall (Bibliothekssaal) in the Reichs­ and bordering on the former Franciscan monastery, together tag Building in Berlin in about 1895 (architect: Paul Wallot). form the lavish heart of the library, with the hall’s architec- This room and the Library collections were destroyed in the ture based on mediaeval patterns. – Photo: K. Raub, Lübeck Second World War. – Photo: Picture Archive Prussian Cultural Heritage

ous intellectuals into exile. The confessional From Divided to United Germany public libraries belonging to the churches, which had developed since the second half of Not only did the Second World War (1939–1945) the 19th century and were supported by the cause enormous damage to library collections Borromäusverein (BV) and the St. Michael’s and buildings; its long-term consequences also Association in the , or by the led to the division of Germany and to far-reach- Inner Mission of the Protestant Church, were ing changes in the library landscape. The col- subjected to even greater repression during the lections of the Prussian State Library, which part returned to Berlin, but remained divided National Socialist period. had been evacuated during the War, were in and would not be re-united until almost half a city library (Stadtbi­blio­thek) and the library for century later. In addition to the German Library the general public (Volksbücherei) to form the (Deutsche Bücherei) in Leipzig, and again on so-called “standard library” (Einheitsbücherei). the initiative of the Association of the German There was a public book hall movement to Book Trade, a West German parallel institution which such cities as Freiburg, Berlin-Charlotten- was founded at the end of 1946 as the German burg, Essen, and belonged as the first Library (Deutsche Bibliothek) in Frankfurt am cities to host public libraries. At the beginning Main to serve as the focal point for the acqui- of the 20th century, a counter-movement devel- sition of publications and oped following disagreement on the general as the national bibliographic centre of West direction the movement should be taking. This Germany. counter-movement aimed to guide and teach Librarianship in higher education experienced the readers, and involved conducting a readers’ a turbulent upturn in after the advisory interview at the checkout desk instead 1960’s, furthered primarily by the incipient ed- of allowing free access to the literature as in ucational expansion of the time. A wave of new the Einheitsbücherei. universities was founded in the Federal Republic During the Republic (1919–1933), of Germany, existing universities were extended, steps were taken to transfer responsibility for new types of higher education institutions (Ge­ the public libraries to the local communities samthochschule, Fachhochschule) were estab- (Kommunalisierung der Volksbüchereien). Since lished and the technical universities expanded many of the previous funding agencies or so- and upgraded to full universities. Another result cieties could no longer afford to support their of the expansion and specialisation taking place libraries, the entire sphere of public librarian- in science and research could also be seen in ship—to an even greater extent than that of the establishment of Central Subject Libraries academic libraries—fell into the hands of the (Zentrale Fachbi­blio­theken) for the applied National Socialists after 1933. The National Socialist government (1933– The Deutsche Bücherei was jointly founded in 1912 by the 1945) suppressed the right of free expression, city of Leipzig, centre of the book and industry in and curtailed freedom not only in literature, the German Empire, the Kingdom of Saxony, and the Associ- art and culture but in all other areas of public ation of German Booksellers. Both the interior and exterior architecture of the building on the square Deutscher Platz, life as well. Nothing illustrates the total claim inaugurated in 1916, reflect early Italian Renaissance and Art to power of the Nazi Regime more obviously Nouveau elements. – Photo: Klaus-D. Sonntag than the in May 1933, the intro- duction of censorship, and the flight of numer-

16 | History 17 | The Historical Development of Libraries in Germany sciences (technology, economics / business, Public libraries developed new forms of Following the extensive renovation medicine and agriculture), and in the founding cooperation, although these could not be com- of the Historical Research Library at of additional special libraries. Further favoura- pared in extent and depth to those already well the Unter den Linden site of the Berlin ble factors were the support for library projects established in academic librarianship. Coopera- State Library – Prussian Cultural Her- itage the new General Reading Room, offered by the German Research Foundation tion between these two sectors also increased, set in a cube of glass, was opened in (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft), specifical- beginning with interlibrary lending. With the 2013. The Reading Room has space for ly in the field of cooperative acquisitions within publication of the Library Plan ´73 (Bibliotheks­ 265 desks and 23 carrels, with 290,000 volumes on open access and in the the framework of the Special Subject Fields plan ´73), both sectors (academic and public) adjoining open stacks. It was opened at Collection Plan (Sondersammelgebietsplan), the could at last be perceived as a single unit and the same time as the separate Reading building of new university libraries with large efforts to strengthen cooperational ties were Rooms for historical printed works, manuscripts, maps, music, newspapers, open-access collections arranged in classified slowly intensified. and children’s and young people’s order, the development of collections In the second German State, the German books. The artwork under the glass and information centres, the automation of Democratic Republic (GDR, 1949–1990), both roof fashioned from printed aluminium plates with the title “Any Questions?” library work-flows and procedures, and the net- the State Library in Berlin and the Deutsche refers to Bert Brecht’s poem “Questions working of all library functions. Bücherei in Leipzig retained their central func- of a reading worker” and to the bronze After 1945 public libraries slowly completed tions. After the abolition of the federal state relief of the same name in the library’s fountain court. – Photo: C. Seifert, the transition from the idea of educating the structure in 1952, the regional libraries still in SBB-PK Berlin public through the advisory (Thekenbücherei) existence were redesigned as so-called general libraries to libraries with free access to the academic libraries of the regions (Wissenschaft­ stacks (Freihandaufstellung). In the field of liche Allgemeinbi­blio­theken (WAB) der Bezirke); collection development, the previous domi- only the Saxonian State Library (Sächsische nance of belletristic literature made way for Landesbi­blio­thek) in Dresden retained its for- educational and vocational literature, and mer name. The public libraries in the cities and leisure reading; in addition, more non-fiction counties were designated state general librar­ search institutes belonging to the Academy of including the Berlin State Library—Prussian and scientific works were acquired, and the ies (Staatliche Allgemeinbi­blio­theken). By the the Sciences and by the Central Subject Librar- Cultural Heritage (Staatsbi­blio­thek zu ­Berlin – collections were rounded out with various time the GDR was dissolved, there were in ad- ies. The GDR government pursued its goal not Preußischer Kulturbesitz) and the Central forms of multimedia. Special departments were dition to the libraries of the older universities only of maintaining a professionally-run library and Regional Library of Berlin (Zentral- und established for target user groups, children and (Berlin, Greifswald, Halle, Jena, Leipzig, Rostock), in every city, but also of providing each commu- Landesbi­blio­thek Berlin). young people being an especially important over 50 other libraries belonging to institutions nity or district with a public library and estab- After 1990, great efforts were made to com- target group for the public libraries (Öffentliche of higher education, colleges and engineering lishing a nationwide library network. By the end pensate for the deficits resulting from the Bibliothek – ÖB). In the large metropolitan cit- schools, many of which had been newly found- of the 1980’s, over 600 Rural Central Libraries GDR era in both academic and public libraries. ies, literature provision was expanded to form ed during the GDR period. (ländliche Zentralbi­blio­theken) had been estab- These chiefly consisted of improving the phys- a system consisting of a central library, branch Scholarly literature in the GDR was for the lished. The importance of these rural libraries ical state of the library buildings, re-uniting libraries, and mobile libraries. most part provided by the libraries of the re- in encouraging reading among children and separated book collections and purchasing young people as a meaningful leisure pursuit up-to-date technical equipment. Many library can hardly be over-estimated. buildings were systematically renovated and The reunification of Germany in 1990 meant at the same time partially extended between Until renovation work began in 2010 the State and Regional Library in Potsdam, formerly an academic universal library, an extensive, deep-seated structural change, 1990 and 2007 (the University Library in Leipzig, exuded all the charm of an East German jungle. if not a new beginning for librarianship, in the the main library of the Francke Foundations The main library, which was modernised following German five newly created Eastern German States and (Franckesche Stiftungen) in Halle, the Univer- re-unification, reflected the transition from East German interior design to West German library standards for over Berlin, and was not without consequences for sity and State Library of Halle). Some are still 20 years. The Education Forum, opened in 2013, is home librarianship in the Western German States. waiting for the completion of essential reno- to the adult education centre and the Research Window After being separated for over 40 years, librar- vation work (such as the State Library in Berlin, (Forschungsfenster) exhibition on the Science Floor, show- case for the sciences in Brandenburg. The 16 metre long ianship in West and once more Haus Unter den Linden) or some other solution mural from 1974 behind the former circulation desk was fused together, best demonstrated in the reuni- to their space problems (new building of the dismantled and remounted at three different points in fication of both systems’ libraries. Libraries at University Library of the Humboldt University the new library as a little memento of what had once been East Germany’s most modern library. The photo shows two (or indeed three) locations in Frankfurt am of Berlin). In many cities completely new ­library the current circulation and front desks. – Photo: MJ Smets, Main, Leipzig and Berlin combined to form the buildings were built, such as the university Schulz-Speyer AG. German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbi­ libraries in Erfurt, Frankfurt an der Oder and blio­thek), known from 1990 to mid-2006 as the Greifswald, the Thuringian University and State German Library (Die Deutsche Bibliothek) and Library in Jena, the Saxonian State Library—

18 | History 19 | The Historical Development of Libraries in Germany State and University Library of Dresden, the above, new universities were founded or old took on the job of systematically redeveloping Bibliotheks­dienst have been continued by oth- university libraries in Cottbus and Weimar, the ones re-chartered, such as in Erfurt, Frankfurt/ public libraries, thus giving new impetus to the er institutions, but other activities have had to Library of the University of Applied Sciences in Oder, Magdeburg and Potsdam. The type of in- task of bringing professional standards into line be completely terminated. Fürstenwalde and the State Library of Mecklen- stitution known in West Germany as the Univer- in all the states of the former West and East Ger- All attempts to establish a new service centre burg-Vorpommern in Schwerin (Landesbiblio­­ sity of Applied Sciences (Fachhochschule) was many. However, many successful projects have for libraries have so far failed but the Stand- thek Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). Following the introduced into the former GDR after 1991. The been seriously endangered through the disman- ing Conference of the Ministers of Education extension of the Duchess Anna Amalia Library Academies of the Sciences in Berlin and Leipzig tling of these service centres by the Ministries­ and Cultural Affairs (Kultusministerkonferenz (Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek) in Weimar, with its libraries and archives was re-constitut- of Education and Culture. der Länder) has been induced to commission a disastrous fire dealt a cruel blow to the mod- ed. East German Central Libraries were virtually The German Library Institute (Deutsches Bib­ the non-profit German Library Association ernization of the historic buildings in 2004. deprived of their function as the parallel institu- liotheksinstitut – DBI) in Berlin played an instru- (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband – dbv) to set Numerous public libraries, which in GDR times tions in West Germany were disproportionately mental role in the integration of West and East up an Library Expertise Network (Kompetenz­ had been housed in inadequate buildings with better-stocked. The same was true of the librar- German librarianship in the first decade after netzwerk für Bibliotheken – knb). The knb, an poor furnishings and equipment, have received ies of many government administrative bodies. the fall of the Berlin Wall. Founded by law in institution funded jointly by the federal states, new homes in unused, older buildings in the After the dissolution of the general academic (West) Berlin in1978 it it underwent expansion has been responsible since 2004 for coordi- city centres, for instance, the city libraries in libraries, the state libraries were parted from in area, staffing and scope following German nating a number of national activities on a Annaberg-Buchholz, Brandenburg, Eisenach, their respective local city libraries and assumed re-unification. Its objective was to provide decentralized basis. It supports planning and Fürstenwalde, Guben and Schkeuditz. regional functions for the states (Länder) recon- national interdisciplinary research facilities decision-making processes at state and nation- The political and ideological orientation of stituted in the 1990’s; in Federal Länder without and a variety of other services. The Institute, al level, aims to reinforce the role of libraries in East Germany was reflected in its library col- a state library the regional functions fell to which had been jointly financed by the Feder- an international context and promotes interna- lections; many could be discarded after reunifi- the university libraries—a double function al Government and the states, was dissolved tional relations. In the fall of 2006 the knb in- cation. On the other hand, the most important which is evident also in their names (such as in by law in 2000 on the recommendation of the augurated the “Bibliotheksportal.de”, a library books and journals were not available in many Halle / Saxony-Anhalt, Jena / Thuringia). The Saxo- German Council of Science and Humanities internet portal designed to make available to subject areas, and in the area of literary fiction nian State Library in Dresden was merged with (Wissenschaftsrat) and ceased its activities the general public basic facts and figures on all the works of those authors officially considered the Library of the Dresden Technical University at the end of 2002. German librarianship thus aspects of the German library system. undesirable in the GDR were conspicuous by in1996 and physically united with it in 2002 in a lost its only central state library infrastructure their absence. Academic and research libraries new building. institution. Some of the DBI’s functions, such Libraries in the 21st Century received funding from various programmes As a result of the difficult state of the public as the technical maintenance of the national for supplementing their collections soon after finances, the city libraries, abandoned to the union periodicals database (Zeitschriftendaten­ The past two decades have witnessed the con- reunification while public libraries were essen- care of their local authorities in 1990, entered bank), the compilation of the German Library tinuing vitality of German librarianship. The tially left dependent on the modest resources a crisis much more acute that that of the aca- Statistics (Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik), and building of new libraries, or the alteration of of their communities. demic and research libraries. In particular, the the publication of the professional journal those already in existence, has resulted in sev- The main aim was to bring the GDR libraries smaller libraries in rural areas had to be closed, eral new library complexes, some of spectacular up to the contemporary technological standard along with the almost 3,000 libraries of the trade architectural design, standing out as new land- as rapidly as possible, to set up self-service cop- unions (Betriebsbüchereien) run by full or part- marks in the urban landscape and generating an iers (which had not hitherto been available any- time staff. However, some compensation was unusual amount of interest among public and where in the GDR), to introduce data processing afforded through the introduction of a large specialists alike. The general trend towards dig- and automate library workflow procedures and number of new mobile libraries in rural areas, itization has had a strong impact on the library book processing. Only then could these libraries for many years funded by central government. world, as can be seen by the often explosive contribute to the union catalogues and national A radical programme of staff cuts began in cooperative schemes (such as the national un- libraries, similar to the one already implement- 2002 marked the completion of the rebuilding of the Bibli- ion catalogue of periodicals). Integration into ed in government offices and companies. The otheca Albertina and the return to full functionality of the the German library system through the inter- demand for “another kind” of literature and new largest building in the University Library, founded in 1543. library loan network was effected almost im- media could—at first—only be met with great The library building, designed by the architect Arwed Ross- bach and inaugurated in 1891 now houses almost four mil- mediately after Reunification in 1990, but only difficulty. The State Service Centres for Public lion volumes following the renovation work and includes a later were the libraries able to participate in the Libraries (Staatliche Büchereifachstellen)—com- treasure chamber for the unique world manuscript heri­tage German Research Foundaation (DFG) special pletely unheard of in the GDR—had to be newly held by the library, such as the Codex Sinaiticus, the Papyrus Ebers and the Leipziger Machsor. By 2015 the café, lecture subject fields programme or other projects. established and were mostly created from ex- theatre and exhibition rooms had also been ­modernised and In academic and research librarianship, isting “PAK” Departments of Planning, Guidance an open stack built. The reading area has 900 workspaces, many libraries were completely redesigned and Coordination (Abteilung Planung, Anleitung, with direct access to 700,000 volumes. – Photo: T. Kademann and restructured, sometimes even renamed. Koordinierung) within the larger regional and In addition to the older universities mentioned city libraries. In the years that followed these

20 | History 21 | The Historical Development of Libraries in Germany SOME BASIC FIGURES

Although Erfurt University is Germany’s youngest university, 2 EDUCATION AND CULTURE (Sources: Central and state Statistical Offices 2016, its roots reach back to the late Middle Ages. When it com- figures mostly updated to 31/12/2016 menced its academic activities in 1392, it did so as only the third university in what is now the Federal Republic of Ger- Germany’s Political, Administrative many. It was closed in 1816 and re-established in 1994. In the Population (as of 12/2016) 82.8 m year 2000, the University and Research Library of Erfurt/Go- and Organizational Structure tha (Universitäts–und Forschungsbibliothek Erfurt/Gotha) in A basic grasp of the political, administrative Non- 8.7 m = 10.6% Thuringia, responsible for the humanities-based university’s and organizational structure of Germany, Percentage of population literature and information services, moved into a new build- with immigrant background 17.1 m = 20.8% ing in the centre of the future University Campus (architects: including its school and higher education 2 Koch, Vogt and Zschomack). Around 700,000 volumes on open system, is an essential prerequisite for an Area 357,375 km access and 240,000 in the stacks are housed in a total area understanding of the structure and organi­ Residents per km2 230 of around 15,000 m2, which also provides 540 workspaces for No. of towns and local authorities 11,092 the University’s 5,700 students. – Photo: S. Müller-Naumann zation of German librarianship. The Federal Republic of Germany was Gross national incomce (GNI) 3,199.9.9 bn € founded in May 1949, four years after the end Gross national income per resident (GNIPC) 38,786 € of the Second World War, as a federal state on Total number of inhabitants in employment 43.76 m a democratic and parliamentary basis. Since Total population unemployed (as of 01/2017) 2,777 m = 6.3% the reunification of the two German states on Public service employees 4.65 m increase in the proportion of electronic resourc- complete. The regional library network system, October 3, 1990, it has consisted of 16 Federal Public revenue es in relation to other library services, with the set up in the 1970s, adapted following German States or Länder: the area states Baden-Würt- (federal, state, local) 1,302 tn € resulting consequences for library acquisition reunification and since largely unchanged, temberg, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Hesse, Meck- Total public spending on education, budgets. It is equally noticeable in the increased is going through a period of transformation. lenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, North science and culture (federal, state, local) 123.5 bn € energy being invested in the digitization of the There are calls for a comprehensive reform of Rhine-Westphalia, the Rhineland-Palatinate, Total public spending on education, cultural heritage, and in the creation of over- the system, including a reduction in the present the Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schles­ science and culture as % of gross domestic product 3.99% arching platforms such as the German Digital number of six networks, and the creation of a wig-Holstein and Thuringia, together with the Library and the Europeana Collections. national union catalogue. Even though there city-states of Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg. Also to be welcomed are attempts to estab- are no direct advantages for their users, Ger- The capital city of Germany is Berlin. lish a solid legal foundation for libraries at a man libraries have recently spent a great deal The principles of German constitutional gesetz – GG). The federal principle allows regional level, even if the library laws passed so of effort re-cataloguing their holdings—for the law are laid down in the Basic Law (Grund­ responsibility for state-level functions to be far have failed to live up to the expectations of second time in four decades—in accordance assigned to the individual states (Länder) and leading librarians. Unfortunately, the national with new international cataloguing rules. their lower-level agencies, allowing greater em- system of supra-regional literature provision The fact that German librarianship has still phasis to be placed on special regional factors. suffered a heavy blow when the German Re- by no means fully come to terms with its Nazi The structure of the constitutional organs of search Foundation decided to discontinue the past is clear from the unremitting efforts being the Federal Government and the Länder is de- long-established Special Subject Fields Col- made to locate confiscated works. Following termined by the classical separation of powers: lection (Sondersammelgebiete) programme in the Washington Declaration (1998) individual favour of the new Specialised Information Ser- libraries had begun to check their holdings for • the Federal and State Parliaments vices Programme (Fachinformationsdienste). illegally dispossessed library stock but the state (, Landtage) The upheaval within German librarianship is has been hesitant to provide appropriate fund- • the President of the Federal Republic, the marked by further changes, some still far from ing for this symbolically significant mission. Federal Government, the governments of the Länder • the Federal Courts and the state courts (Landesgerichte). In 2015 the University Library in Freiburg (Baden-Württem- berg) moved into its second new building after the war (designed by Degelo Architects of Basel), built on the founda- The parliamentary system of the Federal tions of the old Library dating from 1978. The new building ­Republic of Germany makes provision for two is an architectural landmark; its glass façade reflects the historical building of the University and the city theatre. The representational bodies: The Federal Parlia- four reading rooms can accommodate 1,200 students, with ment (Bundestag) with 630 directly-elected rep- another 500 in the Parlatorium. With its 4.6 million media resentatives of the people including overhang the Library provides information services not only to the University but also to the whole of the southern Baden area. and levelling seats, and a second chamber, the – Photo: Univ. Library Freiburg/Media Centre Federal Council (Bundesrat), with delegates The 16 Federal States of the Federal Republic of Germany with their capital cities and coats of arms. nominated by the state governments of the 16 Länder

22 | History 23 | Germany’s Political, Administrative and Organizational Structure The Bundesrat takes an active part in the Hesse (in 2014) and finally Schleswig-Holstein ferenz von Bund und Ländern – GWK). In order legislative decision-making processes affect- (in 2016) have all already enacted library legisla- to ­coordinate important common educational ing the interests of the Länder. The Federal tion at federal state level. In North Rhine-West- and cultural political activities the federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) is responsible for phalia (NRW) a cultural promotion law also states have founded the Standing Conference determining basic policy guidelines and for ap- applying to libraries has been in force since of the Ministers of Education and Cultural pointing the federal ministers. Head of state is 2014. The NRW regional parliament has also Affairs (­Kultusministerkonferenz der Länder – the Federal President (Bundespräsident), elect- approved a first Cultural Promotion Plan (Kul­ KMK), while in 2005 the Local Government ed not directly by the people but by the Federal turförderplan – KFP) for the period 2016–2018, Association for Municipal Administration (Kom­ Assembly (Bundesversammlung); members of detailing the objectives of cultural promotion munale Gemeinschaftsstelle für Verwaltungs­ this body include the entire Federal Parliament and steps to their realisation and placing the management – KGSt) was set up to deal with and a similar number of others, nominated by emphasis on support for artists and perform- The figure shows the three-tier administrative structure of a the management, control and organization of the state parliaments. ers, cultural education, digitization and general German federal state in the form of a pyramid local government administration. The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) specifies a bot- culture. One of 11 main areas of activity is the Since some projects in the field of science tom-up structure for state and administration, funding of public and academic libraries. In Ba- and research continue to be of national sig- Bund Federal government i.e. from local (Gemeinde) to state (Länder) to varia the Council of Ministers passed a “Bavar- nificance, the Federal Government does still federal (Bund) level. The individual states are re- ian Library Plan” (Bayerischer Bibliotheksplan), Bundesländer Federal states have limited influence over so-called Joint sponsible for regional legislation, whereas laws a set of recommendations outlining specific Issues (Gemeinschaftsaufgaben). These pri- Flächenländer Area states on all matters of national interest are the pre- target areas, development options and future marily concern higher education building, rogative of the Federal Government. The Basic perspectives for public and academic libraries. Stadtstaaten City states planning and development, together with the Law (amended in 2006 as a result of the major However none of the library legislation Framework Agreement on Research Funding Regierungsbezirke Administrative districts federalism reform) is supplemented by the Uni- passed until now is performance-based, i.e. no (Rahmenvereinbarung Forschungsförderung) fication Treaty (Einigungsvertrag) of August 31, laws contain any kind of norms or standards, (Land-) Kreise Counties drawn up by the Leibniz Scientific Association 1990 between the German Democratic Republic they merely describe the current state of affairs (Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Gottfried Wilhelm (GDR) and the Federal Republic of Germany; and emphasis the advisory character of their Ämter Municipal alliances Leibniz – WGL). Some of these federal and state this treaty is part of the German constitutional statements, especially as far as the funding of (Amtsangehörige/ Alliance member institutions and framework agreements have framework and has direct bearing on German public libraries by the local and federal state Kreisangehörige municipalities direct consequences for librarianship: The librarianship. Administrative duties are primari- authorities is concerned. However the laws do Gemeinden) Federal Ministry for Education and Research ly the responsibility of the local authorities and for the first time define libraries as ‘educational the Länder. The dispensation of justice is in the institutions’ and they have updated the legal (Amtsfreie) Kreis- Municipalities hands of the Länder or to be more precise of the deposit regulations for the regional libraries. angehörige state courts (Landesgerichte). The High Courts There is a Federal Ministry of Research Gemeinden are, however, federal institutions. Of these, the (Bundesforschungsministerium – BMBF), yet Kreisfreie Städte Non-country cities highest—the Supreme Court or Federal Consti- no Federal Ministry of Culture, though in 1998 tutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)—is the Federal Government did combine the re- based in Karlsruhe. The municipalities, Länder maining central cultural functions and place the central government, cultural programmes and Federal Government all have their own them under the aegis of a Minister of State, the ­generally no longer receive central funding. areas of sovereignty; in addition, the Länder Federal Commissioner for Culture and Media The fact that the legislative and administra- also have their own constitutions. They draw (Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Kultur tive processes within the field of cultural policy their income from their statutory share of the und Medien – BKM). The Commissioner also are largely centralized, coupled with the greatly total tax revenue. represents the Federal Government in inter­ differing financial capacity of the individual The responsibility for all cultural affairs, for national cultural affairs. federal states, necessitates not only a certain science and the arts, as well as for schools and Following the amendment to the Basic Law, amount of coordination and cooperation but education, lies fundamentally with the Länder. which came into effect on Sept 1 2006 as a re- also a common funding procedure. To help The cities and communities participate in this sult of the federalism reform, the legal respon- implement these joint activities the states “cultural sovereignty” according to the princi- sibility for cultural matters was re-apportioned and central government have established a ples of “local cultural autonomy” (kommunale between the federal and state governments. number of institutions, the most important of Kulturautonomie). As a consequence, federal responsibility for which are the German Research Foundation There is no national “library law“ in Germany cultural affairs was severely curtailed whilst (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft – DFG), and indeed the German Basic Law currently responsibility for educational matters was also the German Council of Science and Humanities makes no provision for one. However the states drastically reduced. Although responsibility (Wissenschaftsrat – WR) and the Joint Science Thuringia (in 2008), Saxony-Anhalt (in 2010) for the lifelong learning project still lies with Conference (Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskon­ Administrative structure of a Federal State

24 | Education and Culture 25 | Germany’s Political, Administrative and Organizational Structure (BMBF) is responsible for funding the German the main tasks of these authorities is the state es (Eigenbetriebe) on a new commercial basis. maintained by the church or are privately run. Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungs­ supervision of the local authorities (Kommunal­ Among these are several larger and medi­um- Whilst the funding body is expected to pay the gemeinschaft – DFG) together with a number aufsicht). Most Länder have established State sized libraries. These independent enterprises operating costs (building, furnishings and over- of database and pilot projects, including the Service Centres for Public Libraries (Staatlichen are run by a works management and works head), the Länder are responsible for funding development of digital libraries and the contin- Büchereistellen), also called professional cen- committee on which the local council is gener- the teaching staff. ued promotion of the subject-oriented informa- tres (Fachstellen), advisory centres (Beratungs­ ally represented. The organization of the school system varies tion centres (Fachinformationszentren). stellen) or library centres (Büchereizentralen); The state is financed at federal, state and from state to state according to the political Whilst the federal states regard the changes for the most part, these operate at administra- local level by various forms of taxation. The party currently in power. In order to ensure to the Basic Law in 2006 as a reinforcement of tive district level. In those states which have local authorities and Länder receive a certain minimum national standards, the Standing their cultural and educational autonomy, many abolished administrative districts or which percentage of the overall taxation revenue, Conference of the Cultural Ministers of the critics fear that developments will lead to operate a centralized funding system, the state either as freely disposable or as earmarked Länder (Ständige Konferenz der Kultusmi­ parochial squabbling, significant cutbacks in library service centres act at state level. In the income. The local authorities also have the nister der Länder – KMK) acts as mediator: for cultural and educational spending and a diver- area states, the counties (Landkreise) and the power to set the level of their own local taxes instance, the KMK makes recommendations sity of standards at the expense of much-need- towns with county status (kreisfreie Städte) or (such as corporation and property taxes and on the minimum number of years children ed harmonization. The Federal Government county towns (Stadtkreise) act as lowest-level fees), whilst the counties draw their revenue must attend school, on the elements of the and area states have agreed to amend the con- administrative units, in addition to their main from their member councils. Expenditure on curriculum, evaluation of school performance stitution in 2017 in order to allow the Federal function as local agencies of self-government. locally and state-funded libraries is covered by or the reciprocal recognition of examinations Government to invest directly in areas such as In principle, the towns and local authorities the overall state revenue. The allocation of ex- and grades. A similarly vital role is played by local authority schools. This liberalisation of are responsible for all public political functions penditure and income resources is determined the Conference of Vice-Chancellors (Hochschul­ the cooperation regulations comes in answer within their territorial jurisdiction unless oth- on an annual basis by the parliaments and rektorenkonferenz – HRK) for institutions of to demands made by the Federal Government erwise regulated by state or federal law. The recorded in the state budget plan (Haushalts­ higher education; this body is responsible for to the area states following the agreement concept of self-government includes certain plan). Plans also exist to reform the financial questions relating to research and teaching, regulating the fiscal transfer (Finanzausgleich) obligatory functions, such as the payment of administrative system in the wake of admin- academic training, knowledge and technol- between states from 2020 onwards. Whether social welfare assistance or the maintenance istrative modernization measures already in ogy transfer, international cooperation and local authority libraries will benefit in any way of primary and secondary schools, alongside progress and expected to lead not only to an self-government. from this constitutional amendment remains a number of so-called “voluntary” (freiwillige) increase in service orientation, but also to new According to the Federal Statistical Office to be seen and will depend on whether the services which each authority can provide as organizational structures and enhanced cost there were 44,300 schools in Germany at the Federal Ministries adopt a more liberal funding it sees fit without fear of redress. Among these transparency within the public sector. To date, end of 2015 (33,600) general and 8,800 voca- policy. voluntary services is the whole cultural sector nearly all local authorities have transferred tional training schools), with a total of around The legislative process in the individual including theatres, orchestras, museums and their financial auditing system from the old 474,000 classes, approximately 795,000 teach- Länder is the task of the state parliaments, libraries. Political representatives at municipal cameralistic basis to modern double-entry ers and 11.0 million pupils. On average, 8.3% of which in the area states are called Landtage, in level, such as the local council (Gemeinde­ bookkeeping und budgetary methods. these pupils were non-Germans (=968,500), for the city-states (Hamburg, Bremen, Berlin) the rat), the city council (Stadtrat) or the mayor the most part immigrants from Turkey, Italy, House of Representatives (Abgeordnetenhaus (Bürgermeister) are elected in local elections. Educational Institutions Serbia, Poland and Albania; the percentage of or Bürgerschaft). The political and adminis- Committees are then nominated for particular school children from migration backgrounds trative government of the Länder is the task areas; usually a cultural committee (Kultur­ General Schools was around 24%. In 2015 around 705,000 chil- of the individual state governments (Landes­ ausschuss) is politically responsible for local dren started primary school. In 2016 560,000 regierungen), which are headed by a state libraries in their function as important public The federal political system has been an impor- young people (around 50% of school leavers) prime minister (Ministerpräsident) or governing service. Local government administration is tant factor in shaping the German educational opted for vocational training or apprentice- mayor (Regierender Bürgermeister). Within the divided—depending on the size of the com- system. The overwhelming majority of schools ship, 505,000 million young people (around 8 to 10-member cabinet (the Senat), the Ministry munity and its organizational structure—into and higher education institutions are public in- 45,9% of all school leavers) began a degree of Culture (Kultusministerium) or Ministry of departments (Dezernate), subject areas (Fach­ stitutions. Schools and educational institutions course at a university. Around 47,000 pupils Science (Wissenschaftsministerium) is gener- bereiche) and offices (Ämter). The local public are a statutory element of state educational or 5.6% of all school-leavers (1.11 million) ally responsible for the public and academic library may have the status of an independent and cultural politics; with their traditionally leave school each year without any kind of libraries in that state. In the larger Länder there unit or it may alternatively be subordinate to strong focus on pedagogical and educational school-leaving certificate. are a number of state institutions at intermedi- the local school or cultural department. The functions they naturally enjoy a higher stand- State schools are free in all the federal states. ate level (district authorities, regional boards, same applies to museums, archives, communi- ing than libraries. The cultural autonomy of the School attendance is compulsory for all chil- supervisory, structural and approval agencies ty colleges, and music academies. Many local Länder grants them exclusive control over legis- dren from the ages of 6 to 18. After attending etc.) with responsibility for particular regional authorities have begun to hive off some local lation governing education and teaching. Most elementary school (usually for four years, some- or political issues, e.g. the so-called adminis- functions from central administration and con- schools are subsidized by local authorities or times six), the pupils transfer to one of several trative districts (Regierungsbezirke). One of vert them into independent business enterpris- municipal associations; a growing number are kinds of secondary school: Hauptschule (middle

26 | Education and Culture 27 | Educational Institutions THE EDUCATION SYSTEM OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY 10. Schuljahr 10th schooling year Abendgymnasium / Kolleg Evening (Abendgymnasium) or daytime (Kolleg) secondary school for adults Abschluss in einer berufl. Weiterbildung Vocational formal qualification Allgemeine Hochschulreife University matriculation qualification (all subjects) Alter Age group Beruf. Gymnasium Vocational secondary/high school Berufsakademie Tertiary-level training school combining academic education and practical vocational training Berufsfachschule / Fachoberschule (FOS) Higher training school leading to a general or subject- limited university matriculation qualification Berufsoberschule (BOS) Post-vocational higher training school leading to a general or subject-limited university matriculation qualification Berufsqualifizierender Abschluss Tertiary-level qualification or degree Berufsschule und Betrieb Vocational school and on-the-job training (dual system of vocational training) Erster allgemeinbildender Schulabschluss School-leaving certificate obtained after 9 years (­Hauptschulabschluss) nach 9 Jahren of schooling at a general secondary school Fachgebundene Hochschulreife University matriculation qualification with subject ­limitations Fachhochschule University of Applied Sciences Fachhochschulreife University of Applied Sciences matriculation entrance ­qualification Fachschule Vocational training school (of agriculture, design, technology, economics, health and welfare) Förderschule Special school for children with learning difficulties Grundschule Primary school Gymnasium Secondary school (UK: Grammar school, US: Preparatory High School) Hauptschule General secondary school Integrativer Kindergarten Integrated nursery school Kindertagesstätte / Kindergarten / Kindertagespflege Nursery school/child day-care centre Kunst-, Musik-, Pädagog. Hochschule School of Art, Music, Education Mittlerer Schulabschluss Intermediate school-leaving certificate after 10 years (Realschulabschluss) nach 10 Jahren of schooling at vocationally-oriented secondary school Oberstufe Sixth form/12th grade (secondary school) Orientierungsstufe Transitional level (following 4th year at school) Primarbereich Primary sector Promotion Doctorate Bachelor, Master, Diplom, staatl. / kirchl. Prüfung) Bachelor, Master, Diploma, state or church examination Realschule Vocationally-oriented secondary school (Realschule plus Regional Schule u.a.) (incl. regional and other similar schools) Sekundarbereich Secondary sector Technische Hochschule University of Applied Sciences Technische Universität Technical University Tertiärer Bereich Tertiary sector The education system of the Federal Republic of Germany Universität University Verwaltungshochschule University of Administrative Sciences Weiterbildung (vielfältige allgemeine, Further training (all forms of general, professional, berufliche und wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung) vocational and academic training) 28 | Education and Culture 29 | Educational Institutions school), Realschule (secondary school), Gym­ set by an authorized independent institution, As Regional Library for East Friesland, the County Library of Aurich (Landschaftsbibliothek Aurich) in Lower Saxony, nasium (grammar school, Gesamtschule (com- usually a Chamber of Commerce or Chamber of founded in 1600, focuses on collecting literature about the prehensive school). In only a few of the German Trade. This qualification is recognized within region. The extension, built in 1995 and awarded several Länder do Gesamtschulen exist, combining the the industrial and economic sector. prizes, has added an open-access area to the closed-access stacks of the 1964 building, which houses 40,000 of the li- various types of secondary school. Pupils who brary’s 190,000 volumes. In 2007 the library combined its own begin a vocational training programme are The Public and Private Media Sector online catalogue with that of the Johannes-a-Lasco library to required to attend a vocational training school form the joint “East Frisian Library”. – Photo: C. Seelbach. (Berufsschule). 15 of the 16 federal states now As audio-visual and digital media came to play award the standard high school graduation and an increasingly important role in education, university entrance qualification, the Abitur, the so-called Image and Film Service Units after 12 years’ (G8—instead of 13) school at- (Bildstellen) and Media Centres (Medienzen­ DVDs, Blu-ray discs, educational software, CD- the state-owned and commercial television tendance. Adequately equipped school libraries tren), which had been established in the 1930s, ROMs) and modern AV hardware (video and companies, the cinema and music industry and or media centres exist only in a small number also took on a new functionality. DVD recorders, digital cameras, film projectors, the entertainment sector including electronic of schools, mostly in Gymnasien and Gesamt­ In some federal states the nationwide PCs, mobile internet-enabled end-user devices, games continue to play an increasingly impor- schulen, in total about 18–20 % system of state, county and city audio-visual e-Book readers) and provide information on tant social and economic role. The develop- centres (Landesbildstellen, Kreis- und Stadt­ media didactics and the impact of modern ment of the entertainment and media industry Vocational Training bildstellen)­ has been disbanded. As the pro- media. Working together on collaborative will continue to be influenced by digitization vision of media to schools is the remit of the photographic and film projects helps children of both content itself and its distribution chan- The Vocational Training Act (Berufsbildungs­ school funding agencies—which usually dele- and young people learn skills and proficien- nels. Whilst sales and rental of movies on DVD gesetz) is the statutory basis for vocational train- gate this duty to the district authorities—the cies also useful in daily life or when they later and Blu-ray disc, together with computer and ing in Germany. The most important element federal states have only a limited influence on begin work. As partners of the schools, and console games, have stagnated at a high level, and main characteristic of basic vocational the continuing survival of the media centres. In increasingly also of school libraries and public there has been a clear increase in the volume training in almost all areas is the so-called “dual most federal states the system is still in place. libraries, the centres are important agents in of commercial downloading (streaming) of system” (Duales System), based on the coopera- In others the work of the centres has been tak- the development of a critical and creative ap- digital audio, image and film data through var- tive combination of two diametrically opposed en over by libraries, school-related authorities proach to modern media and internet content. ious internet providers (Amazon Prime Instant parties—employers and public vocational train- and service providers. Tradition media-lending Taking both sectors of the media market— Video, Netflix, Maxdome, Sky Ticket, iTunes, ing establishments. Whilst local authorities pro- systems have been complemented by web- public and commercial—into account, Germa- VideoBuster etc.). The various media and enter- vide the funding for vocational training schools based distribution models such as SESAM (the ny has one of the most densely-concentrated tainment sectors—books, films, music, internet and the Länder are responsible for the teaching Baden-Württemberg portal for educational media landscapes in the world after Japan, and games—have long been interlinked and staff and instructional content, the Federal Gov- media), EDMOND-NRW (Media for Schools and Great Britain and Switzerland, with more now influence the daily life and leisure habits ernment is charged with the task of drawing up Education in North Rhine-Westphalia), or the than 130 German and international television of the entire population. the overall general requirements. The Chambers Siemens media portal. channels available and around 650 printed and Public and academic libraries have respond- of Commerce (­Industrie- und Handelskammern) There are currently (2017) around 600 Media online daily newspapers (including German-lan- ed to this trend and have for many years and Chambers of Trade (Handwerkskammern) Centres funded by the towns and counties, as guage editions of foreign newspapers). The constantly been enlarging their holdings of are responsible for ensuring that individual well as 15 State Media Centres (Landesmedien­ number of financially autonomous companies digital media and improving their internet employers comply with state standards. The zentren). Their managers have joined together in direct competition is considerably smaller access facilities. However, they have only part- content of the training programmes is discussed to create state task forces and their chairmen however, since many newspapers are published ly succeeded in keeping pace with the rapid and finalized by joint committees consisting of have formed the national working group BAK in a variety of regional editions. The daily advances both in the technology and range representatives of the employers’ associations Medien. Usually one of the two semi-annual newspaper press has a circulation of around of media products available. The triumphant and the trade unions (for the employees). meetings is held in the FWU Institute of Film 21 million copies each day and in 2016 around advance of the Web 2.0 and social networks Most young people begin their training or and Image in Science and Teaching in Munich. 38 million television and radio licences were such as What’s App, YouTube, Twitter, Flickr, apprenticeship on leaving one of the secondary The media centres exist primarily to provide issued. Two thirds of the print newspapers also Pinterest and Facebook along with RSS-feeds, schools. Part of every training course consists a media service to schools and school libraries, offer facsimile or other e-paper editions and blogs, wikis etc. has continued inexorably, lead- in regular attendance at a vocational training and they make an important contribution to sales continue to rise each year. In addition ing to radical changes in the communication school with instruction in practical and theo- improving the media of both pupils there is an increasing market for newspaper and information options available to users retical subjects related to the trade in question. and teachers. These institutions are respon- apps designed for mobile end devices; by the almost constantly online. Only a small propor- The trainee signs a contract requiring the em- sible for the purchase and provision of au- end of 2016 users had a choice of over 450 apps. tion of libraries have so far made use of the ployer to grant him or her the necessary free dio-visual and digital media together with their According to the latest figures for 2016 social networks to communicate information time to attend vocational school. The training cataloguing and classification for teaching pur- around 82% of German households own a and encourage customer loyalty; demands on period usually lasts three years. At the end of poses; they furthermore advise on the use and personal computer with internet access, and staff time and date protection concerns have this time, the trainee must pass an examination purchase of audio-visual media (videos, films, this proportion is increasing. Beside the press, curbed enthusiasm.

30 | Education and Culture 31 | Educational Institutions Continuing Professional Education eties and charitable organizations. Each local (Theologische Hochschulen) and 52 fine arts and future strategy, graduate schools and clusters and Training adult education system operates independent- music conservatories (Kunsthochschulen), to- of excellence. It was deliberately designed ly, but state associations have been established gether with 215 Universities of Applied Sciences as a competition. Up to ten universities are Continuing professional education and training in all the federal states to deal with mutual (Fachhochschulen/(Technische) Hochschulen), nominated each year by the German Research in Germany has two main goals: first, to enable problems; they are represented at national eight cooperative state universities (Duale Foundation and the German Council of Science practitioners to update their existing profes- level by the German Adult Education Associa- Hochschulen) and 30 colleges of public adminis- and Humanities in recognition of their strategic sional qualifications to the latest technical and tion (Deutscher Volks­hochschulverband). There tration (Verwaltungsfachhochschulen). plans for the future, receiving grants amount- organizational standards, and secondly, to allow are no limits to the course topics offered by the They are for the most part state institutions ing to several million Euros. These universities them to increase the breadth and depth of their VHS centres, which are open to all: they offer funded by the Länder. Alongside the state-ap- now regard themselves as “elite universities”. professional knowledge. Most professional con- long courses, one-off events, short courses, proved universities affiliated to the Church, an Following the consecutive nationwide in- tinuing education is subsidized by commercial study excursions or external on-site training. A increasing number of private foundations or troduction of bachelor and master’s degree enterprise. However, at federal, state and local charge is usually made for the courses. As part companies have launched their own universities courses initiated in 1999 by the Bologna Pro- level, the German state demonstrates its com- of the universally-acclaimed process of life-long offering a specialized range of courses. Univer- cess, by 2017 nearly all German universities had mitment to the continuing professional training learning, numerous private and state-support- sity lecturers and other staff of the state-run implemented the process in the majority of of its own employees in the form of its acade- ed institutions also offer distance learning institutions have the status of civil servants or disciplines. It is the declared aim of education mies, vocational training schools and extensive courses, with a significant increase in the pro- public service employees. The principle of uni- policy to phase out previous qualifications such internal staff training programmes. In addition portion of internet-based courses over the last versity autonomy (Hochschulautonomie) grants as the Diploma, Master’s (Magister) and State to the companies and vocational training col- three to four years. institutions of higher education the right to lay Examination (Staatsexamen), but many institu- leges, there is a whole marketplace of private Despite some overlapping of common inter- down their own internal rules, such as examina- tions are still opposed to these plans and have continuing education providers, for example the ests there is still considerable room for improve- tion regulations. Until the federal reform legis- retained their old academic degree titles. technical academies (Technische Akademien), ment in cooperation between municipal public lation was passed on Sept 1 2006, amending the While universities and institutions of higher the training centres of the various economic libraries and adult education institutions. How- Basic Law, the Federal Framework Act Governing education in the United States receive around sectors (Bildungswerke der Wirtschaft) or the ever the increasing number of places experienc- Higher Education (Hochschulrahmengesetz – 1.1% of the gross domestic product in the form professional continuing education centres of ing the positive effects of synergy is promising; HRG) had been in force. Furthermore, research of public expenditure and the equivalent of a the trade unions (Berufsfortbildungswerke der occasionally the director of the adult education funding, higher education entrance, and re- further 1.2% in the form of private donations, Gewerkschaften). In librarianship alone there centre is also head of the library, both institu- payable state grants for students (BAfög) are in Germany these figures are approximately 1% are more than 25 state- or privately-owned or- tions sometimes being housed under one roof, regulated by Federal law. The Higher Education and 0.1% respectively. In Sweden and Finland ganisations nationwide offering a comprehen- often in a new building. This physical integra- Building Financial Assistance Act (Hochschul- total spending on universities is equivalent sive range of continuing education activities, tion facilitates the establishment of “self-learn- bauförderungsgesetz – HBFG) requires the Fed- to about 1.7% of the gross domestic product. including among others Library Service Centres ing centres“ (Selbstlernzentren), which have eral Government to contribute 50% of the cost In this respect Germany’s spending on these (Bibliotheksfachstellen), universities, profession- been set up as pilot projects in several cities. of higher education building and initial comput- educational institutions was below the OECD al associations and library networks). Experts and politicians see a bright future in the er technology and academic literature provision. average. The majority of the federal states have development of viable new concepts promoting The “Excellence” programme for the advance- abolished the tuition fees introduced across Adult Education and Community Colleges cooperation between the various educational ment of scholarship and research at German most of the country a few years previously, as institutions within the municipalities. universities was initiated jointly by the Federal they were politically contentious. As a conse- Adult education (Erwachsenenbildung) is Government and the Länder with the dual aims ­another important component of the general Universities and other Higher Education of offering sustainable support to top-level education system, complementing profes- Institutions research and strengthening Germany’s position sional further education. Compared to school in the competitive international market. The education, it is subject to very little state con- According to the Federal Statistical Office about programme is designed to support three areas: trol or supervision. The most important adult 2.8 million students—including 12.3% (around education funding bodies are the adult educa- 345,000) non-Germans—currently attend the ap- Like many other German cities (Bavaria) hosts tion centres (Volkshochschulen – VHS), which proximately 426 state-run or state-approved uni- several universities. The library (photo) of the OTH Regensburg have existed in Germany for about 85 years. versities in Germany (figures from 31/12/2016). (East Bavarian Technical University), founded in 1971, contains Although the name Volkshochschule contains Experts reckon that by the year 2018 this num- 170,000 volumes and 50,000 licensed e-books and has joined forces with the University of Regensburg, a ­single-tier library the German word for university, these centres ber will have increased to over 3.0 million, after system, to form an online network. Regensburg­ University Li- are not part of the higher education sector but which it is expected to decline slightly. Among brary’s 3.4 million books are organised according to the Regens- are belong to the quaternary education domain these institutions for research and teaching burg Network Classification (RVK). This system has been widely adopted as a model for open access collections in both newly (further education). In 2016 there were 905 adult number—in addition to 1975 universities—are founded and older libraries. Other successful export products education centres, funded by local authorities, around six teacher training colleges (Pädago- are the Electronic Periodicals Library (EZB) and the Database counties, churches, trade unions, private soci- gische Hochschulen), 16 theological seminaries Infosystem (DBIS). – Photo: MJ Smets, Schulz-Speyer AG

32 | Education and Culture 33 | Educational Institutions quence, and to the great regret of some uni- specialized baccalaureate (Hochschulreife), Weimar is a centre of extra-mural research. The study centre versities and their libraries, special university which is usually attained after 13 years of of the Anna Amalia Library (Thuringia), opened in the winter funding from this source has dried up. schooling. A degree course will usually take of 2005, is part of the new Weimar library complex, consist- University libraries exist first and foremost 6 years to complete in practice, though ing of several palaces and underground stacks. The book cube constructed in the inner courtyard of the Red Palace to serve the needs of staff and students as in- the official duration for most subjects is houses an open-access collection in classified order (capac- formation centres but they are to an increasing four-and-a-half years. The new tuition fees ity: 200,000 vols.) and forms the modern counterpart of the extent opening their doors to the general pub- are designed to reduce the time spent at Rococo Hall in the main building (Green Palace). Following completion of the building work, the library offers ideal lic. Libraries of institutions of higher education university. The universities with the largest working conditions for scholars researching German literary are fairly closely integrated into the university numbers of students are Berlin (three history from the Enlightenment to the Romantic era. separate universities with a total of 102,500 – Photo: U. Schwarz, Klassik Stiftung Weimar students), Munich (three universities with 89,300 students), Hagen Distance Teaching University (69,300), Cologne (52,300 students), law to shoulder the main burden of practical Münster (43,200 students), Bochum (43,100), vocational training. Duisburg-Essen (42,200), Hamburg (41,400), is characterized by Erlangen-Nuremberg (38,900) and Frankfurt a high degree of institutional flexibility with am Main (35,400). respect to the educational needs of the indi- • Universities of Applied Sciences (Fachhoch­ vidual. Its goals are mobility, transparency and schulen): The degree courses at the 215 equal opportunity. It is thus quite common state-recognized Fachhochschulen and for former middle school graduates to go on (Tech­nische) Hochschulen in Germany differ to attain a university degree after having first from those of the universities in the greater gained other vocational qualifications. In the emphasis placed on applied and practice- tertiary education sector two institutional related aspects. The official course duration types compete with one another, whereby the is between three and four years, and this shorter, practice-related degrees offered by the is rarely exceeded in practice. On average, Fachhochschulen or the training courses at 25–28% of all students decide to study at the professional academies (Berufsakademien) The Business and Economics Subject Library (Wirtschafts­ wissenschaftliche Zweigbibliothek) in (Bavaria) a Fachhochschule. have greater appeal to the professions than the is one of the sub-libraries of the church-funded Roman • Academies or Colleges of Art (Kunst­hoch­ more theoretical courses offered by the univer- nursery and primary schools; examples are Catholic University of Eichstätt. It was opened in 1989 in schulen): A variety of higher education sities. The start of the Bologna process and the the numerous Summer Reading Club activities a renovated former seminary of the Steyler Missionaries. A reading room and a five-storey open-access shelving institutions exist for the fine arts, design, progressive “academization” of the Fachhoch­ in the federal states of the “Starting to Read” ­installation (book tower) are housed in the former church music, film and television. Entrance to these schulen has led to the increasing blurring of the (Lesestart) projects of the BMFB. The Reading nave with choir and gallery. – Photo: C. Seelbach degree courses is subject to an appropriate distinction between the two systems. Foundation (Stiftung Lesen) in Mainz, founded aptitude test. The international PISA studies have highlight- in 1988, is extremely active in promoting reading ed some deficiencies in the German system. motivation among children and young people. structures by the legislation of the Länder and In some Länder other types of higher educa- Pupils from the lower social strata with poor Under the patronage of the Federal President thus their existence is for the most part on a rea- tion institutions exist, such as the teacher educational backgrounds or those from immi- and with considerable support from the Ger- sonably firm footing. On the other hand, current training colleges (Pädagogische Hochschulen gration backgrounds achieve significantly lower man Booksellers’ and Publishers’ Association developments have called these basic principles (Lehrerausbildung) of Baden Württemberg educational and vocational qualifications than (Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels) and into question, such as in those instances in and the Cooperative State Universities (Duale in other countries. The efforts made by the fed- their partners, from sponsors from the media which state higher education building legisla- Hochschulen) offering practice-related study eral states since publication of the PISA figures and cultural sector and from Federal Minis- tion relegates university libraries to the status courses, sometimes called Vocational Training to improve the educational standards in schools tries, the Foundation organizes promotional of a sub-department of the computer centre. Academies (Berufsakademien). have focused on improving reading standards. projects, school campaigns and booksellers’ In Germany, the typology of higher education To summarize, two special features of the Many curricular and extra-curricular activities activities throughout the country. In 2004 the institutions is as follows: German education system stand out in interna- since then have aimed at fostering reading abil- Academy for the Promotion of Reading (Akade­ tional comparison. Firstly, the federal principle ity and interest in reading among children and mie für Leseförderung) was established by the • Universities, Technical Universities and of cultural autonomy (Kulturhoheit) allows young people of all social strata. In some federal Reading Foundation at the Gottfried Wilhelm Comprehensive Universities (Gesamt­hoch­ the Länder almost unlimited freedom to de- states, special programmes have been initiated Leibniz Library in Hanover, which organises and schulen): The entrance requirement for velop their own education systems (a freedom to empower public libraries, together with the funds numerous projects in , universities or equivalent institutions of further enhanced by the Federalism Reform state and church service centres, to develop in order to provide vocational and professional higher education is the general or subject- of 2006). Secondly, employers are required by creative reading projects in cooperation with training for disseminators.

34 | Education and Culture 35 | Educational Institutions handels e.V.). This national association of book As in many other countries, resale price main- literature, business, medicine, law, theology publishers and sellers was founded in Leipzig tenance applies to books in Germany, the only etc.; schoolbooks alone accounted for about in 1825 and today has its headquarters in Frank- product for which this exception is made The 7.0% of all first editions. The greatest number of furt am Main. The International Frankfurt Book collective guarantee system for the sale of fixed- new books is published in Munich and Berlin, Fair (Internationale Frankfurter Buchmesse), price publications, which in the past had been but , Hamburg, Frankfurt am Main and The Book Trade the largest book fair in the world, has been organized on the basis of private law and which Cologne are also important publishing centres. staged there annually since 1949; around 7,100 was essentially voluntary, was replaced in Octo- These cities also have the highest number of There is a history of close partnership between publishing companies took part in the last fair, ber 2002 by a law requiring retailers to set and bookstores. libraries and the book trade. In Germany, the at which 276,000 visitors were registered. Every publish fixed prices. In 2016 the law was amend- The number of translations may be consid- book trade can look back on a tradition stretch- year the renowned Peace Prize of the German ed to include e-books. Deviations from the fixed ered an important indicator in determining ing back into the Middle Ages, a tradition not Book Trade (Friedenspreis des Deutschen price are only allowed in certain cases. One of the cultural flexibility of a country. About 9.400 only of immense cultural importance but also Buch­handels) is awarded at the Book Fair. The these is the library discount agreement, which titles, or around 12.4% of all books published of no mean economic significance. Since books traditional Spring Book Fair in Leipzig has been allows a 5% discount for all academic and re- in Germany in 2015, have been translated into are deemed to be objects of cultural value, they able to update its profile and so consolidate its search libraries open to the public, and 10% for German from other languages. Among the orig- are subject to a reduced rate of value added tax position as leading international exhibition for public libraries, including school libraries. Since inal languages English dominates (63.8%), with (7%), as in many other countries. However this the book trade and authors alike; in 2015 there resale price maintenance has applied to all con- French (12.0%) and Japanese (6.6%) following a discount does not apply to e-books, which are were 2,200 exhibitors. The Association of the sumer book sales in Germany since the amend- long way behind. A particularly large number of subject to the full current value added tax rate German Book Trade publishes a professional ment of the law, it also includes cross-border fiction titles are translations but a considerable of 19%. The book trade comprises the produc- journal, the Börsenblatt des Deutschen Buch­ sales to Germany from other countries. number of books, together with comics, for chil- tive publishing sector, wholesale booksellers handels, which not only carries advertising for Resale price maintenance for books guaran- dren and young people are also translated. That and retail bookshops. Mail-order online book new books, but also contains editorial contri- tees a diversity of titles exceeding that of any the East is opening up to world trade can be sales have increased in importance in the wake butions on the world of publishing. The Asso- other country of the world except Great Britain. seen by the demand for translation licences for of the spread of the internet. Amazon, the lead- ciation’s publishing house also publishes the Despite the rise of the new media, the produc- German titles; in 2015 there were more transla- ing online booksellers in the German-speak- German Books in Print (Verzeichnis Lieferbarer tion of new titles continued to increase in the tions into Chinese, followed by Spanish, Italian, ing world, attained a turnover of 22 billion Bücher – VLB), a database providing an impor- past; in 2015 around 89,500 new titles were Polish, Czech, Korean, French and Russian, than dollars in 2015. The large bookseller chains tant source of information for booksellers and published, of which 76,500 were first editions. into English. such as Thalia (with around 300 outlets) or the libraries on all 1.7 million titles currently in Among these new titles fiction took first place In many cases the Goethe Institute is willing Deutsche Buchhandels GmbH (with around 500 print, including pricing details. with 18.5%, but children’s and young people’s to fund translation into other languages; this outlets) are squeezing the smaller owner-man- In 2015 the book was ranked a respectable literature is also well-represented (11.9%), is of especial significance for titles with little aged bookshops out of many towns in increas- fourteenth out of a list of 51 popular German followed by the other subject areas, such as chance of commercial success. ing numbers. leisure activities. 19.7% of federal citizens over The generally good relationship between 14 said they “often” read books in their spare booksellers and libraries is not, however, alto- time (2014: 20.4%), a further 28.3% “occasional- Libraries rely mainly on general gether trouble-free. ly” (2014: 29.0%). The place of reading remained bookstores to supply them with the There are, for example, opposing views on unchanged from the previous year, while latest titles on the German market. a number of issues such as copyright law and watching television easily took first place, win- As a result of the resale price main- tenance applying to books German licensing, which have led to legal wrangles. The ning 79% of the votes cast. Although reading boasts a close-knit and efficient book trade lost a show court case before the is up against stiff competition from the inter- countrywide network of bookshops. Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof) net, computer games or smartphones when it Smaller shops like the one pictured here in Lindau on Lake Constance regulating access to books from library termi- comes to children’s interests, around half of all (Bavaria) can survive alongside nals, especially electronic . Exorbitant children are still interested in books. branches of the larger bookshop price increases, especially for electronic peri- The media concerns and publishing groups chains by providing customers with expert advice and personal odicals, have put an unreasonable strain on Springer Nature, , Westermann, service. They attract new customers library budgets, leading to the forced cancella- Klett, Cornelsen, Haufe, Wolters Kluwe, Weka by diversifying into products such tion of journal subscriptions. and C.H. Beck and Thieme are ranked the ten as craft stationery or by choosing attractive locations in prime tourist Of the round 2,100 publishers registered for largest publishing houses in Germany in 2016, areas. – Photo: L. Syré taxation purposes in 2015, together with the with a total annual turnover of 3.0 billion euros. 3,800 booksellers and the over 70 intermediate In 2015 the total turnover of all the publishing distributors, a high percentage (5,000 compa- houses and bookstores including books and nies) belong to the Association of the German specialist journals amounted to more than 9.2 Book Trade (Börsenverein des Deutschen Buch­ billion euros.

36 | Education and Culture 37 | The Book Trade The International Standard Book Number expressly for the purpose of dissemination Among the media archives can be numbered (ISBN) forges a link between the book trade and to third parties, archival holdings consist of the archival holdings of the broadcasting com- libraries and is administered by the Agency evidence and other remains of administrative panies and in particular the press and image for Book Market Standards, a subsidiary of the procedures, business transactions or general archives created by the newspaper publishers. German Publishers and Booksellers Association. dealings between persons. Once the docu- The universities and similar institutions of high- The ISBN is a coded combination of numbers ments—usually unique items—have been er education also document their own history in used as a unique identifier for each non-periodi- incorporated into the archive they experience their archives, as do many other academic and cal title published by the book trade. Since 2007 a change of function: they become historical cultural institutions. Finally, the family and pri- this function has been fulfilled by the 13 digit source documents. vate archives of the ruling houses, usually in the number used mostly in the book trade’s inven- Provenance is the governing principle of hands of the nobility, should not be overlooked. tory management systems but also employed archival work. Since it also lies at the heart of The archives see themselves as modern by most libraries for ordering and comput- the arrangement, indexing and eventually the service providers. They provide reading rooms er-based cataloguing. The ISBN13 is part of the usage of the archival holdings, it is also a record for the use of their collections, offer technical international Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) of the origins and development of the archive resources and reproduction services, and make classification, formerly the European Article itself. The principle of provenance dictates not their information tools available online. In ad- Archives perceive themselves increasingly as service pro- Number (EAN), introduced in 2009. The prefix only the classification system employed in each dition to creating holdings listings and finding viders for both research and society at large and make sure “978” or “979” indicates publishing products. individual archive but the structure of the en- aids, they are increasingly digitizing selected they provide their users with the necessary infrastructure: E-books have existed alongside print titles tire archival system. works. Many archives also deliver their data to new or modernised reading rooms with Wi-Fi and laptop connections, well-stocked collections of finding aids, elec- for many years. Sales have rocketed, with 27 The archive and library sectors are both the German Digital Library, and the gateway tronically-indexed archival holdings, digital and analogue billion copies sold throughout Germany in 2015. characterised by a similar variety of funding Archivportal-D has been created to provide reproductions, well-maintained online information systems However turnover has not been able to keep up, agencies and types of institution. In addition targeted access to this material. and internet portals, internet search and pre-ordering ser- vices for archive materials. This kind of service naturally as average prices for e- books fell in the same to those belonging to the Federal Government, Since most archives are unique in character, presupposes the digitisation and online availability of the period, resulting in a gloomy balance within federal states and local authorities, archives the preservation of their collections is one of necessary finding aids, something archives in general, in- the book trade. In addition, although the overall are also maintained by churches, businesses, our top priorities. A still greater challenge is the cluding the one shown here, the General Regional Archive BW in Karlsruhe, are making great efforts to achieve. market share of e-books relative to print titles organisations, associations, clubs and private way in which administrative and communica- – Photo: GLA Karlsruhe may have risen significantly since 2010, it still persons. The Index of Archives in Germany, tive procedures are constantly changing, or appears to be stagnating at around 4.5%. Stud- Austria and Switzerland (Verzeichnis Archive have already changed, as a result of the digital ies on consumer behaviour have shown that in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz) era (paperless office). Today an increasing pro- e-books are more often purchased by women lists the addresses of all archives and their portion of the source materials of the future disseminators of historical subject content, than men, with elder readers particularly inter- archivists. Since the 23rd edition in 2015/16 appears not in print but in electronic form. focusing their activities on publications, lec- ested in the scalability of the print size. Other a database of the book edition has also been Electronic files and data are also subject to ture series and exhibitions. Archival staff are aspects such as age, school education, house- available online. regulations, with the same ruling represented by the Association of German hold income, occupation and local community Of especial significance among the regarding form and content applying as to con- Archivists (Verband deutscher Archivarinnen size influence both book sales and usage, and state-maintained archives are the State and ventional printed material. Archives are facing und Archivare e.V. – VdA) and the Association these factors apply equally to electronic and Regional Archives, particularly the Federal the same problem of long-term archiving al- of German Business Archivists (Vereinigung printed editions. ­Archives (Bundesarchiv) in Koblenz, with ready familiar to libraries. The requirements of a deutscher Wirtschaftsarchivare e.V.), with their Libraries also offer their readers e-books for branches in other locations. At a local level the long-term electronic archive have been defined various specialist groups, state-level associa- loan or on-site use. However not all publishers city and local council archives form the largest but not yet implemented. The accession, digital tions and working groups. The VdA is the body have agreed to the sale of licences including group, though some federal states also main- storage and usage of archival holdings is regu- responsible for publishing the journal Archivar. lending rights; this is a problem particularly for tain district archives. Whereas the Protestant lated by law, with the regional archive legisla- Zeitschrift für Archivwesen (The Archivist. Jour- public libraries, while academic libraries criti- Church sustains archives at central and fed- tion of the federal states playing an particularly nal of Archive Studies), with a circulation of cise the limitations of on-site use. eral state level, the Catholic Church supports important role alongside the Federal Archive 3,600. As the University of Applied Studies for bishopric, diocesan and cathedral archives; Law (Bundesarchivgesetz), further complement- Archival Science, the Archive School Marburg Archives in addition religious orders and monasteries ed by additional statutory provisions and fee plays a prominent role in archival training, with have their own archives. scales. Of particular practical significance are the exception of the qualification Technical Archives and libraries share many core proper- In the commercial sector the archives of the legal blocking periods (usually 30 years) gov- Library Assistant for Media and Information ties of both their function as guardians of the individual enterprises should be mentioned erning archive materials. A new Federal Archive Services (Fachangestellter für Medien- und collective memory and their basic activities in addition to the archives of the chambers Law is planned for 2017 and is expected to re- Informationsdienste – FAMI) with the special such as collection, cataloguing, indexing, pres- of commerce and trade associations. In the duce certain blocking periods to ten years. subject option Archives. The University of Ap- ervation and usage. But whereas libraries make political sector there are the collections of Archives are not only focal points of his- plied Sciences in Potsdam also offers bachelor available published information produced parliaments, political parties and associations. torical research; they can also be seen as and master’s courses in archival science.

38 | Education and Culture 39 | Archives 3 LIBRARY DIVERSITY institutions of national importance. The more Public Foundations Memorial Library (Amerika-Gedenk-Bibliothek – than 80 non-university research institutions AGB) the Senate Library (Senatsbiblio­ thek­ ) united in the Scientific Association Gottfried Public foundations are often responsible for the and the German Central Library of Economics The Multifaceted Picture of Wilhelm Leibniz (Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft funding of notable libraries. Foremost among (Deutsche Zentralbiblio­ thek­ für Wirtschafts­ Libraries in Germany Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz e.V.) are jointly funded these are the Foundation of the Prussian Cultur- wissenschaften – Leibniz-Informationszentrum by the Federal Government and the Länder and al Heritage (Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz), Wirtschaft – ZWB) are united. The Many Different Types of have their own subject-based special libraries. with the Berlin State Library (Staatsbiblio­ thek­ Funding Institutions Other institutions of the scientific and research zu Berlin) and the Classic Foundation of Weimar Church Funding infrastructure. which as a result are also mem- (Klassik Stiftung Weimar) with the Duchess The sheer diversity of German libraries has left bers of the Leibniz Society, include the Central Anna Amalia Library (Herzogin Anna Amalia Both the Catholic and the Protestant Churches its special mark on the librarianship of this coun- Subject Libraries for Medicine, Technology, and Bibliothek) in Weimar. Further such public law own a large number of libraries. The cathedral, try. Not infrequently, particular types of library Business and Economics. A funding mix—Fed- foundations maintaining their own libraries, diocesan, and state church libraries belong to have their roots in a specific historical era and eral Government, private foundations and the and therefore dependent on the financial subsi- the species scholarly special libraries, along with are thus closely bound up with the cultural and individual Länder—is evidenced in the large dies of the regional authorities, are the Francke the libraries of the seminaries and other reli- intellectual development of Germany and its research institutions such as the Max Planck Foundations (Franckesche Stiftungen) with their gious institutions and associations. In addition, territories. They can usually be assigned to one Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft), the Fraun- Main Library in Halle on the Saale River, the the libraries of non-secular institutions of higher particular kind of funding institution. It would hofer Society (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft) or the Foundation of the Germanic National Museum education such as that of the Catholic University therefore be a good idea to take a look at the Hermann von Helmholtz Association of German (Stiftung Germanisches Nationalmuseum) in of Eichstätt (Katholische Universität Eichstätt) range of these institutions and to start by nam- Research Centres (Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Nuremberg with its outstanding special library, form an integral part of the academic and re- ing the three most important ones: the public, Deutscher Forschungszentren), which also and the Foundation of the Central and State search library system. Most of these libraries the church and the private funding institutions. maintain important special libraries. Library Berlin (Stiftung Zentral- und Landesbi­ are members of the Working Group of Catholic bliothek­ Berlin), under whose auspices the Ber- and Theological Libraries (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Public Funding Institutions The Federal States (Länder) lin City Library (Stadtbiblio­ thek­ ), the American katholisch-theologischer Bibliotheken – AkthB) The Federal Government and the Association of Ecclesiastical Academic Because of the guaranteed principle of cultural Libraries. Since 2000 these two groups, togeth- The German National Library (Deutsche Natio­ and educational autonomy (Kulturhoheit) of er with the Working Association of Archives nalbi­ blio­ thek­ ), for which the Federal Commis- the federal states regarding decision-making in and Libraries within the Evangelical Church of sioner for Culture and Media (Beauftragter der all scientific, educational and social issues, the Germany (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Archive und Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien – BKM) Länder are the leading German funding agen- Bibliotheken der evangelischen Kirche – AABevK), is responsible, is foremost among the libraries cies in the academic and research library sector. have been reponsible for publishing the respect- funded by the Federal Government. Other no- This means that the Federal States are responsi- ed “Yearbook of church books and libraries” (Jahr­ table libraries are the Library of the German ble not only for almost all institutions of higher buch kirchliches Buch- und Bibliothekswesen). Parliament (Bibliothek des Deutschen Bundes­ education including university libraries but The diocesan libraries provide a regional lit- tages), with 1.5 million volumes one of the also for the libraries of the state parliaments, erature service to their respective diocese; not largest parliamentary libraries in the world, the the state authorities and state research institu- only do they serve the full and part-time church libraries of the Federal Ministries and adminis- tions, the state archives and the museums. staff, scholars, trainees and students, they are trative authorities, the libraries of the Federal also open to the public. The libraries of the mo- Courts and of the Federal research institutions. The Municipalities nastic orders and monasteries have developed The Ministry of Defence is responsible for the in different directions according to the history, two Universities of the German Armed Forces The most important funding agencies for public aims and profile of the order, ranging from large Like the Protestant Church, the Catholic Church too main- in Hamburg and Neubiberg (near Munich), the libraries are the cities and the local authorities tains a large number of academic libraries benefiting study, theological and philosophical libraries such Information Centre of the German Armed Forces which may, and indeed do, make use of their teaching and research at universities and church educa- as in the Benedictine abbeys at Maria Laach (Zentrum Informationsarbeit Bundeswehr) in legal right to local self-government in order to tional institutions. The Library of the Episcopal Seminary in and Beuron to smaller special libraries holding (Rhineland-Palatinate) serves as university library to Strausberg and 60 further libraries. maintain city or community libraries. In some the theological faculty of the University of Trier; as diocesan mainly publications relating to the order, and Since responsibility for science, education, Federal States the counties also maintain their library it collects and indexes literature and information other libraries meeting daily theological needs. culture and art is almost exclusively the pre- own mobile, central county or supplementary on the past and present history of the Diocese of Trier. It is Holdings encompass not only current theolog- also responsible for managing the historical holdings of the serve of the Länder, as explained above, the county libraries, or cooperate with local munic- region’s parish and monastery libraries. In 2016 the training ical and philosophical literature and material Federal Government acts as library funding ipalities and the state in the joint funding of a of the aspirants was transferred to Frankfurt-St. Georgen. pertaining to related disciplines but also varied agency in only a few isolated cases. central library. In some cases they provide fund- – Photo: Episcopal Seminary Trier collections of manuscripts, incunabula and rare For instance, the Federal Government contrib- ing to the local municipalities for the upkeep of printed books. The churches maintain small pub­ utes to the funding of individual libraries and their town and community libraries. lic libraries, mostly run by volunteers, at ­parish

40 | Library Diversity 41 | The Multifaceted Picture of Libraries in Germany The Court Library of the Prince of Thurn and Taxis (Fürst Thurn und Taxis Hofbibliothek) is classed as a private library and is a scholarly general library with 245,000 volumes, 3,350 manuscripts and 1,300 incunabula and early imprints which were made available to the public as early as 1782. The baroque domed hall, built in 1732 and named after its artist Cosmas Damian Asam, houses the Library’s older collections. – Foto: L.W. Splitta, Prince of Thurn and Taxis Central Archives

The Many Different Types of Library

The individual types of libraries can be classified not only by their funding institu- tions—public or private—but also by many other factors, such as historical development, collection size and structure, or the kind of user they serve. Another important criterion is The new building of the German National Library (Deutsche the range of their objectives and functions. In Nationalbibliothek) in Frankfurt am Main in Hesse (architects: reality, there is a good deal of overlapping, es- The German National Library Arat, Kaiser, Kaiser) took only six years to build and was inau- pecially in libraries which have by definition a (Deutsche Nationalbi­blio­thek) gurated in 1998. It has a usable area of 77,000 m2 and provides space to house 18 million publications, which means that dual function, such as combined city and state the capacity will not be exhausted until 2035, if the expected libraries (Stadt- und Landesbi­blio­thek). For the Unlike many other countries, Germany had no daily intake of 1,000 titles is maintained. A 3,200 m2 reading purposes of the following typology, we will national library for a long period of time due to room with 350 workspaces and a reference library of 100,000 volumes are available to library users. – Photo: S. Jockel, DNB therefore focus on each library’s ­primary territorial fragmentation and internal political ­function. polarities. and local congregational level. In many rural The Deutsche Bücherei, founded by the As- Deutsche Bibliothek was therefore established areas without a local library, the church library The Great National Libraries sociation of the German Book Trade with the in Frankfurt am Main in 1946. Both institutions may be the sole provider of general literature. financial support of the city of Leipzig and the were merged following reunification in 1990 Alongside the German National Library Kingdom of Saxony in 1912, was no longer able and renamed Die Deutsche Bibliothek (DDB). Private Funding (Deutsche Nationalbi­blio­thek) there are a to fulfil the function of national library and In 2006 a law was passed changing the name ­number of other outstanding large libraries national bibliographical centre for the Allied to the German National Library (Deutsche Private institutions providing funding for librar- with a crucial role in the library system at zones after the division of Germany in 1945. On Nationalbi­blio­thek – DNB). The DNB manages ies include companies, societies, and private ­national level. the initiative of publishers and librarians Die its broad national remit from its two locations persons. Many large businesses maintain their in Frankfurt am Main and Leipzig. own libraries and information centres for pur- With approximately 32.6 million media poses of research and development, focusing units, the German National Library is by far the specifically on the literature needs of the com- Name of Library Holdings Circulation Spending on Active Hours open Inter-library largest library in Germany. The German Music pany staff. These libraries are generally not open (in ME) acquisitions users per week loans and Archive (Deutsches Musikarchiv – DMA), found- to the public. Also belonging to the category of and binding document ed in 1970 in Berlin and moved in 2010 to new scientific special libraries are the libraries creat- (Euro) delivery accommodation in the DNB’s fourth extension ed by associations with economic, professional, German Nat. Library Frank- 19.5 m 0.52 m n/a 21,786 73 4,672 in Leipzig, is the largest German music library, scientific or idealistic objectives to support furt am Main and Leipzig housing 994,000 items of printed music and their work. Private persons as the owners of State Library Berlin 11.5 m 1.27 m 9.96 m 33.289 69 62.269 over 1.7 million sound recordings, and hosting larger libraries open to the public have become Bavarian State Library Munich 10.5 m 1.46 m 12.19 m 69,455 112 294,761 the Bonn Catalogue, an index of publisher-pro- much rarer in Germany than in the past. Only in tected musical performance materials. Among exceptional instances have private collections TIB Hanover 3.08 m 0 12.67 m 27,504 84 183,198 its objectives as defined by the “German Na- remained in the hands of the nobility (Regens- National Library of Medicine 1.6 m 0.089 m n/a n/a 73 131,729 tional Library Act” (Gesetz über die Deutsche burg, Sigmaringen). The largest metropolitan (ZBMED) in Cologne and Bonn Nationalbi­blio­thek), which came into force on library system in Germany is reckoned to be the German National Library 4.4 m 0.26 m n/a 12,584 55 45,331 June 29 2006, are the acquisition, processing, Book Halls in the city-state of Hamburg, which of Economics (ZBW) bibliographical indexing, long-term archiving are funded by a civil-law foundation. in Kiel and Hamburg and making available to the public of

General statistics 2015: National general and special 42 | Library Diversity subject libraries (Source German Library Statistics 43 | The Many Different Types of Library (Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik)), updated to 31/12/2015 • works published in Germany after 1913 and man-speaking world from 1913 onwards, i.e. it is the years of the National Socialist regime from suitable for ­archival use, stock , mass • German-languages works published in other responsible for collecting and cataloguing ma- 1933–1945. The Collection of Exile Literature de-acidification and conservation procedures countries after 1913 including translations terials from all subject areas. In its function as (Sammlung Exil-Literatur) of the Deutsche related to information security. In addition the of German-language works into other national archive, the German National Library Bücherei in Leipzig and the German Exile Ar- Conservation Department applies preservation languages and foreign language works does not lend these holdings, but they are avail- chive (Deutsches Exilarchiv) of the German processes systematically to particular sections about Germany. able for reference consultation. National Library in Frankfurt am Main contain throughout the Library. Another important area The German National Library is not only the published books, brochures, and journals of Ger- is quality management, ensuring that all proce- In addition the Library is required to take re- central German archive library and the central man emigrants abroad, as well as the personal dures conform to the required standard. sponsibility for the provision of central library music archive, but also the national biblio- records of individual emigrants and the archives services and a national bibliography. The term graphic centre. Its database holds details of of exile organizations. The German Exile Archive The State Library of Berlin—Prussian Cultural “works” includes all print, image or sound pub- every work published in Germany. The various hosts exhibitions and events to help make its Heritage (Staatsbi­blio­thek zu Berlin— lications, whether these are made available to sections of the German National Bibliography material on the exile of Germans under the Nazi Preußischer Kulturbesitz) the public in physical or non-physical form. (Deutsche Nationalbibliografie) have been regime known to a wider public. The Anne Frank Legal deposit legislation states that a copy available as an online journal in Portable Shoah Library in Leipzig is committed to collect- The State Library of Berlin—Prussian Cultural of every work produced by commercial or Document Format (PDF) since 2010 and are ing literature on the holocaust and the persecu- Heritage (Staatsbi­blio­thek zu Berlin – Preußi­ non-commercial publishers in Germany shall integrated into the free search functions in tion of under National Socialism. scher Kulturbesitz – SBB-PK) ranks alongside be sent to the German National Library free the catalogue of the German National Library. The German Book and Writing Museum (Das the Bavarian State Library as the most impor- of charge and without further demand. This Alongside this free online database there is also Deutsche Buch- und Schriftmuseum) at the DNB tant academic research and information library includes not only conventional printed materi- a national bibliographical service serving cus- in Leipzig is a documentation centre for the his- in Germany. It forms part of the Prussian Cultur- als but also microforms, recordings, works on tomers who in addition to the use of the online tory and culture of the book. At a time when au- al Heritage Foundation (Stiftung Preußischer physical data-storage media and network pub- catalogue also need the enhanced selection dio-visual and electronic media are increasingly Kulturbesitz), responsible for the preservation, lications such as e-books, e-journals, e-papers facilities required to retrieve new or updated competing with the book, it is becoming more curation and further collection of the cultural and university theses in digital form. The DNB records at regular intervals.. important than ever to preserve valuable exam- heritage of the former Prussian territory and also archives websites. The Collection Guide- Metadata from the German National Bibliog- ples of the culture of the printed word. Founded one of the largest cultural institutions in the lines explain and further define the legal details raphy are subject to “Creative Commons Zero” in 1884, making it the oldest book museum in the world. 75% of its funding is provided by the of the statutory collection mandate. conditions (CC01.1) and are marketed through world, the Museum makes its extensive and val- Federal Government, the remaining 25% com- This unequivocal mandate confers upon various channels via the online catalogue, var- uable holdings, including the largest collection ing from the German federal states. The library the German National Library the function of ious interfaces and data transfer via the FTP/ of watermarked papers in the world, available to continues the tradition of the former Royal general library for works published in the Ger- WWW server. They are available in the formats a wide audience via both special exhibitions and Library of Berlin (Königliche Bibliothek), found- MARC 21, a number of RDF serializations, CSV its permanent exhibition “Signs—Books—Net- ed in 1661, which was later to become the Prus- and DNB Casual (oai dc). The print edition of the works. From cuneiform to binary code”. sian State Library (Preußische Staatsbi­blio­thek). German National Bibliography ceased publica- The German National Library cooperates with Despite suffering heavy damage in the Second tion at the end of 2009 after nearly one hundred national and international library institutions World War the State Library is now one of the years. In cooperation with the Book Trade Mar- to participate in numerous projects. Examples largest and most important general academic keting and Publisher Service (Marketing- und of these are: the compilation of common rules, libraries in Europe. Verlagsservice des Buchhandels GmbH – MVB), standards and norms, the cooperative main- In the aftermath of the war, post-war Germa- operated by the German Publishers and Book- tenance of authority file databases, the devel- ny found itself with two State Libraries, both sellers Association (Börsenverein des Deutschen opment of strategies and techniques for mass located in Berlin. Following German reunifica- Buchhandels), which is in turn responsible deacidification, the definition of a metadata tion the two locations in the East and West of for the production of German Books in Print standard for indexing digital and digitized re- the city were merged in 1992 to form the State (Verzeichnis Lieferbarer Bücher – VLB) on DVD sources, the administration of the national ISSN Library of Berlin—Prussian Cultural Heritage and online, the German National Library has centre for Germany, and the establishment of (Staatsbi­blio­thek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kul­ The German Music Archiv (Deutsches Musikarchiv – DMA) in Berlin was founded in 1970 and is part of the German Na- published its new title information service Neu­ the German Digital Library and the Europeana turbesitz), a “library with two homes” under the tional Library in Frankfurt am Main. It is not only the central erscheinungsdienst since 2003. The DNB also collections. auspices of the public Prussian Cultural Herit- repository for printed music and recordings but also the offers catalogue enrichment as a TOC service, The book preservation policy of the DNB age Foundation. German information centre for the bibliography of music. In 2010 the DMA left the Herrenhaus Correns (“Siemens with title data incorporating persistent links to complies with recognised international stand- For each of the two locations a subject fo- ­Villa”) in Berlin-Lankwitz, which had been its home since digitized, searchable table of contents informa- ards, its goal being to prevent, or at least cus concept was developed which took into 1978, to join the DNB at its location in Leipzig. Its current tion in Portable Document Format (PDF). minimise, possible damage and degradation account the existing holdings and which has holdings number around 1 million media, housed in the extension building completed in 2011 and including a new The German National Library devotes special to its media holdings. The main focus is there- recently been reviewed. Over a number of reading room and sound studio. – Photo: Kunstmann, DNB attention to the publications of German-lan- fore on preventative and mass conservation years the Unter den Linden building has been guage authors in emigration and exile during measures. These include packing materials completely renovated, with the addition of a

44 | Library Diversity 45 | The Many Different Types of Library In 1978, 33 years after the end of the Second ­museums and related institution. The German in 1919. It collects publications of all countries World War, the State Library Prussian Cul- tural Heritage was finally able to unite its designations have been superseded by ISIL and subject areas. Special areas of focus include collections and move into a new building (International Standard Identifier for Libraries Bavarica, antiquity and the classics, history, on Potsdamer Platz in Berlin-Tiergarten and Related Organizations) codes, based on music, Eastern and South-eastern Europe, and (architect: Hans Scharoun). The Potsdamer Platz building of the State Library of Berlin – an ISO standard. the Orient and Far East. Its tradition and history ­Prussian Cultural Heritage (Staatsbibliothek lead it to place special emphasis on the collec- zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz) func- The Bavarian State Library in Munich tion of manuscripts and imprints published tions as a lending and study library com- bined with an information centre; it houses (Bayerische Staatsbi­blio­thek) before 1700, together with literature of the post- the special regional collections relating to World War II era in non-German languages. Eastern Europe, the Middle and the Far East. With around 10.5 million volumes of national With just under 133,000 manuscripts, the – Photo: C. Seelbach and international literature, the Bavarian State manuscript collection is the largest in the Library (Bayerische Staatsbiblio­ thek –­ BSB) in world. Equally outstanding is the collection of Munich is the second largest scholarly general early imprints numbering 20,000 volumes. Since library in the Federal Republic of Germany and the Bavarian State Library is foremost in the central Reading Room, opened in 2013, and a Information Services (Fachinformationsdienste) owns one of the most significant collections of collection of 16th and 17th century German-lan- Reading Room for Early Printed Books. This lo- programme financed by the German Research primary sources in the world. At the same time, guage imprints, it has also taken on a leading cation functions as a historical research library, Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemein­ it is the regional state library (Landesbiblio­ thek­ ) role in the corresponding national bibliograph- dedicated to the collection of literature from schaft – DFG), it is responsible for servicing of the Free State of Bavaria and the state service ic cataloguing projects and in the production of all periods up to the turn of the 19th and 20th the two FID services CrossAsia—Specialised centre for public libraries in all aspects of Bavar- the Collection of German Imprints (Sammlung centuries. In addition to the historical printed Information Service Asia, and the Special Infor- ian librarianship; since 1663 it has collected the works, the special materials collections of mation Service for International and Interdisci- legal deposit copies of all works published in The Bavarian State Library (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek – manuscripts, music, maps and books for chil- plinary Legal Research. Under the cooperative Bavaria. Its more than 59,000 journals and news- BSB) in Munich was first granted a building of its own in dren and young people are also centred here. acquisitions programme Collection of German paper subscriptions make it the largest periodi- 1843, planned by Friedrich von Gärtner. It was considered the The location also houses a modern restoration Imprints (Sammlung Deutscher Drucke), the cals library in Europe after the . best German library building of its time, combining function- al and representational aspects, the latter in the form of its workshop and a digitization centre. The build- State Library is responsible for acquiring all Founded in 1558 as the ducal court library of monumental interior staircase. Limited stack area has forced ing at Potsdamer Street is being remodelled printed works published between 1871–1912 the House of Wittelsbach, the library adopted the BSB, along with many other German libraries, to house a as a contemporary literature research library (maps between 1801–1912, music between its present name, the Bavarian State Library, large proportion of its holdings offsite. – Photo: H.-R. Schulz, BSB Munich and will contain modern and current literature 1801–1945). The affiliated bpk Picture Agency alongside a general reference collection cov- administers the photographic collections and ering all periods. It is furthermore home to the the estates of numerous photographers and special regional collections relating to Eastern holds over 12 million pictures. Europe, the Middle and the Far East. The Library partially continues in the tradi- The State Library of Berlin’s holdings en- tion of the former Prussian National Library compass over 11.4 million books, periodicals in its provision of bibliographical services. and serial works, over 250,000 rare books and It houses the editorial board of the national 4,600 early printed works, 1.8 million specialist Perio­dicals Database (Zeitschriftendatenbank), printed works in the special collections, 1,600 listing 1.8 million newspapers and periodicals literary estates and archives, just under 60,000 and including details of more than 15.6 million manuscripts, over 320,000 autograph texts and locations for these titles in around 3.700 Ger- around 2.7 million microforms. Subscriptions man libraries. In the area of manuscripts and are held to 360 newspapers from all over the early printed books the State Library is respon- world and just under 27,000 international print- sible for the national autograph and literary ed periodicals. Electronic resources include legacy database Kalliope as well as for the 5,000 databases and nearly 30,000 electronic Union Catalogue of Incunabula (Gesamtkatalog journals. The continual expansion of the library der Wiegen­drucke), which has been available in holdings made an additional repository imper- printed (and now electronic) form for over 100 ative and this was duly opened in 2014 with years and lists books printed before 1500. space for six million volumes. Formerly responsible for allocating German Within the national system of literature and library identifiers, the Library Codes Agency information provision, the State Library has a (Sigelstelle) at the State Library now assigns variety of functions. Under the new Specialised international codes to libraries, archives,

46 | Library Diversity 47 | The Many Different Types of Library Deutscher Drucke) for the period from 1450 In addition to nearly 9.2 million media units, the centre also conducts application-oriented re- to 1600, music imprints up to 1800. For many Library’s outstanding collections include more search in the field of “knowledge discovery”. years the Bavarian State Library was a mainstay than 57,000 current journals (of which 42,500 With over 1.6 million volumes and 7,500 cur- of the Special Subject Fields programme of are in electronic form), 76.6 million electronic rent periodicals in addition to a further 4,000 the German Research Foundation (Deutsche documents, 17.3 million patents, norms and electronic titles accessible online, the ZB MED Forschungsgemeinschaft) and it is now repre- standards, and other relevant media such as au- is the largest life sciences library in Europe and sented in the current Special Information Ser- dio-visual media, 3D models and research data. the second largest medical library in the world. vices programme by the subject areas classics, The TIB ensures both the quality and the The library is a firm advocate of the principle the historical sciences, music and the areas long-term accessibility of research data by of open access to publications and research studies of Eastern, Eastern Central and South- assigning DOI names (Digital Object Identifier), data and is actively involved in the open access The German National Library of Medicine in Cologne and East Europe. It hosts the three Virtual Subject Bonn (North Rhine-Westphalia), with predecessors going and providing access to the details via the TIB and research data working groups within the Libraries Romance Culture, Eastern Europe and back to the year 1908, is the largest medical special library portal; it is also responsible for running the Leibniz Association. In addition the ZB MED is Musicology as well as several portals, including in Europe. Its holdings were formerly scattered over several office of the international association DataCite, a member of the Leibniz Research Alliance Sci- floors of a clinic building but in 1999 it moved into its own bavarikon—Cultural Treasures of Bavaria, and new purpose-built premises in the centre of the Cologne founded by the Library. In addition the TIB is ence 2.0. In order to initiate projects and devel- the gateway Literaturportal Bayern. University Clinic. The ZB MED Departmental Library for Nutri- currently expanding its centre of excellence op new services in its role as service provider In similar manner to the Berlin State Library, tion, Environment and Agriculture is located in Bonn. for non-text materials. This has given rise to to science and research the ZB MED has estab- – Photo: ZB MED the Bavarian State Library in Munich also the audio-visual portal for films on, and pro- lished partnerships with many national inter- participates in numerous national and inter- duced by, science and technology, using search national institutes, libraries and associations. national cooperative projects, maintaining technology developed by the Library enabling The German National Library of Economics— partnerships with international associations prehensive as possible, thus enabling them to exact searching within the video content. A Leibniz Information Centre for Economics—ZBW and foreign libraries. Based on the attitude that supplement the German National Library and professorship of “Visual Analytics” has been (Deutsche Zentralbibiothek für Wirtschaftswis­ the heritage of the past is closely linked to the the two state general libraries in Berlin and established within the Library and this chair senschaften – Leibniz Informationszentrum printed book, but that although the book will Munich in fulfilling their national mandate. collaborates with other research institutions Wirtschaft – ZBW) is the largest special econom- continue to play a leading role in the future, the These exhaustive acquisitions profiles include to conduct applied research and development ics library in the world. Divided between its two new electronic media will open up totally new the collection of grey literature, electronic re- designed to optimise the Library’s services. The locations in Hamburg and Kiel it houses around vistas, the Library has directed its efforts both sources and non-book media of all kinds, which main focus is on data science, non-text materi- four million volumes and provides access to towards the preservation of its older collec- is processed and made available for interlibrary als, open science and visual analytics. millions of online documents in the field of eco- tions and the promotion of modern technology. loan and document delivery. For this reason The German National Library of Medicine— nomics; around six million digital full-text docu- The Bavarian State Library thus houses both they receive joint funding from the Federal Information Centre for Life Sciences (Deutsche ments were downloaded in 2015 alone. The ZBW the Institute for Book and Manuscript Resto- ­Government and the Länder. Zentralbibliothek für Medizin – Informations­ also hosts a rapidly growing collection of open ration (Institut für Buch- und Handschriften­ The Technical Information Library—Leibniz zentrum Lebenswissenschaften – ZB MED), access documents. Econstar, the digital publi- restaurierung) and the Munich Digitization Information Centre for Science and Tech- founded in 1969 and located in Cologne and cations server, currently contains over 124,000 Centre (Münchener Digitalisierungszentrum – nology and University Library (Technische Bonn, is the national subject centre for spe- freely accessible articles and working papers. MDZ). With over 1.2 million digitized works the Informationsbi­blio­thek – TIB) in Hanover, cialist information and research support in the Students and researchers can use EconBiz, the Library’s digital holdings are the largest in Ger- founded in 1959, is the central German subject life sciences. From being the largest subject subject portal for economics information, to many and are complemented by a whole spec- library for technology, architecture, chemistry, library in the world for the disciplines medicine, search over nine million records. In addition trum of innovative services relating to digital computer science, mathematics and physics. health, nutrition, the environment and agricul- the ZBW publishes the economics journals usage patterns. The Library sees itself as a re- In 2016 it was amalgamated with Hanover Uni- tural sciences it has evolved into a scientific Wirtschaftsdienst and Intereconomics. The ZBW pository of printed cultural assets, as multime- versity Library to form a public law foundation. information infrastructure facility. In 2014 the is a research-centred academic library: three dia service provider to teaching and research, The TIB forms part of the national research ZB MED became a public law foundation, draw- professorships and an international postgradu- and as innovation hub for digital information infrastructure and is the largest special library ing its funding from both the Federal Ministry ate group are involved in the trans-disciplinary technology and services. worldwide in its own subject areas. As high-per- of Health and the state of North Rhine-West- study of the digitization of academic research. forming document delivery agency it delivers phalia. Its main goal is to provide researchers The ZBW is part of the international research The Central Subject Libraries literature and information in both print and in the life sciences with value-added scientific network, with its most important partners electronic form, benefiting science, research, services in the form of digital and on-site print coming from the major EU projects EEXCESS The three Central Subject Libraries (Zentrale industry and business. literature and specialist information and via and MOVING, and the Leibniz Research Alliance Fachbi­blio­theken) in Hanover, Cologne and Kiel The TIB supports research, learning and work the semantics-based search portal LIVIVO. PUB- Science 2.0. The ZBW is a member of the Leibniz are responsible for national literature provision processes in science and industry communities LISSO is the ZB MED’s own open access portal. Association and a public law foundation. It has in the applied sciences. Their objective is to with its wide range of services, including a To ensure long-term retrievability of journal been awarded the international LIBER Award for ensure that the collections in their respective search and order gateway providing access to articles and research data the ZB MED assigns its innovative library work on several occasions, subject areas are as broadly based and com- over 80 million scientific and technical records. Digital Object Identifiers (DOI). The information and in 2014 was voted “Library of the Year”.

48 | Library Diversity 49 | The Many Different Types of Library State Libraries (Landesbi­blio­theken) ing on legislation to govern the collection and ­Wiesbaden). In Rhineland-Palatinate both and other Regional Libraries archiving of electronic publications and web- regional libraries in Koblenz and Speyer were sites; indeed in some states they have achieved merged in 2004 with the Bibliotheca Bipontina The approximately 40 State (Landesbi­blio­ partial success. This has involved close contact in Zwiebrücken and the Public Library Agencies theken) and other regional libraries are re- with the DNB in areas such as electronic news- in Neustadt / Weinstrasse and Koblenz to form sponsible for literature services for a particular papers (e-papers). a multifunctional “Regional Library Centre”. region rather than for a particular educational The law of legal deposit, which most regional In many places, regional libraries are also or other institution. Such a region might pos- libraries implement, is the basis for the com- involved in the provision of literature services sibly be as large as a whole federal state, or pilation and regular publication of regional for study, research, and teaching purposes. part of one; it might also be a regional area or bibliographies containing all new publications They are fully integrated into the regional a city with its hinterland. There are considera- about one particular federal state, including its and national structure of the academic and ble differences between the regional libraries various regions and communities and persons research library system, make their scholarly in terms of history, size, collection structure, connected with them. Previously this took the literature available through the interlibrary funding agencies and, above all, name, which form of a printed bibliography, but searchable loan network, and hold particular interest for The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library – Regional Library of creates the impression that they are a very databases have since replaced the printed Lower Saxony in Hanover (Niedersächsische Landesbiblio- researchers because of their collections of heterogeneous group. But since they all fulfil editions. Regional bibliographies (Landesbiblio­ thek) houses Leibniz’ considerable collection of personal older and specialized material. Especially in the the same basic functions, it is worth consider- graphien) now cover the whole of the Federal papers and is a centre for research on the distinguished cities with recently founded universities (Augs- polymath. In his estate is the calculator Leibniz constructed ing them as belonging to the same category. Republic. The Virtual German Regional Biblio­ in 1695 for all four basic arithmetical operations. The essen- burg, Bamberg, Oldenburg, Trier) or other newer Libraries with a purely federal state or regional graphy (Virtuelle Deutsche Landesbiblio­ tial principles remained unchanged into the 20th century. In institutions of higher education (Zwickau), or function are usually, though not always, called graphie – VDL) is the joint portal for all the 2007 Unesco incorporated the 15,000 documents in the col- in cities where universities evolved from tech- lection of Leibniz’ correspondence into the World Heritage State Library (Landesbi­blio­thek or Staatliche German regional bibliographies. Program “Memory of the World”. – Photo: GW Leibniz Library nical colleges (Hanover, Karlsruhe, Stuttgart), Bibliothek). Typical additional activities of the regional the regional libraries supplement the literature Apart from special cases, the regional librar- libraries are the cataloguing and care of his- provision services of the universities in certain ies have a clear mandate to provide literature torical and older holdings, the collection and subject areas. covering all fields, even if many libraries tra- processing of personal estates and archives ed as late as the 20th century by the Federal Several of the former court libraries with ditionally focus on the humanities and social of prominent local citizens, the maintenance Government or by some other regional gov- valuable historical book collections have con- sciences. This enables them to provide users of literary archives, and intensive cultural and erning authority (Aurich, Koblenz, Speyer). The in their area—be it a city, a region or an entire public relations programmes with exhibitions, dwindling numbers of Academic City Libraries Federal State—with scholarly and other litera- lectures, , concerts, etc. In this they (Wissenschaftliche Stadtbi­blio­theken) evolved ture. Their chief mission, however, is to collect, often receive financial assistance from library from City Council Libraries (Ratsbüchereien) archive, catalogue and index printed literature societies and Friends of the Library groups, or historical city libraries (Lübeck, Nuremberg, about the region itself and make it generally which are able to step into the breach when the Ulm), though some were not established until available. Whilst the German National Library library budget is low or when unbureaucratic the 20th century (ZLB Berlin, Dortmund) and has been granted the right of legal deposit help is at a premium others can be traced back to the dissolution of for the whole country, libraries with regional Most state libraries (Landesbi­blio­theken) a university library (Mainz, Trier). Examples of function have similar rights for their own re- have evolved from court libraries; some of them the integration of city and state libraries can be gion or federal state. For the past few years the owe their existence to an earlier role as deposit found in Potsdam and Berlin. regional legal deposit libraries have been work- libraries for the items removed from the monas- For historical and geographical reasons, sev- teries during the dissolution (, Bamberg, eral federal states in Germany have more than Passau, Regensburg); others have collections one older Regional or State Library, others none with close historical links to the libraries of the at all. In such cases, the university libraries per- Gymnasien (Coburg, Gotha). A few were found- form the appropriate regional duties in addition The origins of the State and City Library of (Bava­ to their original functions and this double man- ria) can be traced back to the Augsburg City Library founded date is reflected in the library’s name. Thus we in 1537; it is one of Bavaria’s State Libraries. Today its role is The Regional Library of Oldenburg (Landesbibliothek Old- find combinations such as “University and State chiefly as a regional research library covering the history of enburg) in Lower Saxony, a scholarly general library with the former imperial city of Augsburg, the Swabian area of regional emphasis, was founded in 1792.In 1987 it moved Library” (Universitäts- und Landesbiblio­ thek­ ) Bavaria and early modern scientific history. As legal deposit into its present premises in a renovated and re-designed (Bonn, Darmstadt, Düsseldorf, Halle, Jena, Mün- library it is responsible for archiving the region’s official pub- infantry barracks. Its holdings of 785,000 media can also used ster, Saarbrücken), “State and University Library“ lications and other printed works. The neo-Baroque building, by members of the University of Oldenburg, opened in 1974, inaugurated in 1893, was considered an outstanding exam- which has its own library and information system housing (Staats- und Universitätsbiblio­ thek­ ) (Bremen, ple of library architecture because of its multi-tiered stack 1.5 million media. – Photo: C. Seelbach Hamburg) or “University and Regional Library” shelving. – Photo: Augsburg State and City Library (Hochschul- und Landesbiblio­ thek)­ (Fulda,­

50 | Library Diversity 51 | The Many Different Types of Library also determines the library structure of these sion on the basis of their own collections, these institutions, namely the following: traditional libraries have for some time now been provid- university libraries, the libraries of the Univer- ing information reference services including sities of Applied Sciences and the libraries of databases and electronic publications in the the music and fine arts conservatories together context of the “Digital Library” (Digitale Biblio­ with the universities of administrative science thek). An increasing proportion of the acquisi- (Verwaltungshochschulen). In Baden Württem- tions budget is spent on electronic resources. berg there are also the libraries of the colleges Most university libraries can put between of education and the state cooperative univer- 1.5 and 2.5 million volumes at their users’ dis- sities. At the end of 2015 German universities posal. Many older university libraries (Freiburg, numbered 426, including institutions with Heidelberg, Jena, Tübingen), together with the state, private and church funding. Universities State and University Library Hamburg (Staats- house around 3,600 libraries of all shapes and und Universitätsbi­blio­thek Hamburg) which sizes, including departmental libraries. Togeth- has its roots in the City Library founded in 1479, er they provide the approximately 2.9 million the University and City Library of Cologne (Uni­ current students with access to about 185 versitäts- und Stadtbi­blio­thek Köln) rechartered million books, 4.2 million current periodicals in 1919, and individual libraries established in in digital form and 223,000 print subscriptions. the 1960’s (Bremen, Düsseldorf, Regensburg), The combined acquisitions budgets totalled hold between 2.5 and 3 million volumes. The well over 278 million Euros in 2010. largest libraries, with collections of between 3 to 4 million volumes, include the Library of the University Libraries Humboldt University of Berlin, the Library of the Johann Christian Senckenberg University in The primary function of the libraries of the 107 Frankfurt am Main and the State and University The Library of the Francke Foundations (Bibliothek der Franckeschen Stiftungen) in Halle (Saxony-Anhalt), es- universities and other similar institutions of Library of Göttingen. The libraries of the small- tablished in 1698 in connection with the founding of an collections, available to researchers for ref- higher education is to provide the members of er institutions of higher education, especially orphanage, has been housed in its own building since 1728. erence and for the most part on open access, their institutions—from student to professor— those with a more restricted range of courses, The shelves holding the book collections are arranged in the room to resemble theatre backdrops. After completion arranged by subject and complemented by the with the requisite literature for study, research of restoration work in 1998, the Baroque “scenery library” appropriate current secondary literature. and teaching purposes. Thus they form a func- (“Kulissenbibliothek”) was once more able to radiate its The Research Library of Gotha (Forschungs­ tionally homogeneous group, even though they ­original 18th century splendour. – Photo: W. Ziegler bi­b­lio­thek Gotha), now part of the University often differ considerably from one another in Library of Erfurt, has comprehensive collec- terms of age, historical development, size of tions of older material, originally covering all holdings and number of users, and budget etc. centrated on selected fields of the humanities subject fields, but since 1850 dominated by the However, university libraries can also always be and cultural history and today consider them- humanities. The Main Library of the Francke used for scholarly purposes by non-university selves to be research libraries (Forschungsbi­b­ Foundations (Hauptbi­blio­thek der Francke­ members, although not always free of charge. lio­theken) with their own acquisitions profile. schen Stiftungen) in Halle did not originate Some also have additional, explicitly regional This research affinity manifests itself in the as a regional library, but was established for functions and several participate in the subject independent scholarly activities of these li- educational purposes in 1698. It is a research specialization scheme (Sondersammelgebiets­ braries and their support of research projects library specializing in ecclesiastical history and plan) of the German Research Foundation and such as the preparation of critical editions, the the history of education in the early modern are responsible for collecting a particular sub- awarding of scholarships and the organization period, and concentrates on acquisitions in ject. In addition to traditional literature provi- and hosting of international conferences. The these fields. Duke August Library (Herzog August Biblio­ The Library of the Historicum, a departmental library of thek) in Wölfenbüttel, specializing in European Libraries of Higher Education Institutions Munich University Library (Bavaria), brought together under cultural history of early modern times, is a one roof collections previously scattered over a number of member of this small but important group, as is In the Federal Republic of Germany, the funding smaller libraries when it was opened in 1999. It provides the 4,000 students and 250 staff of the history, archaeology and also the Duchess Anna Amalia Library (Herzogin of higher education is usually the responsibil- Byzantine studies departments with 325 reading spaces and Anna Amalia Bibliothek) in Weimar, dedicated ity of the Federal states (Bundesländer). The a reference collection of over 200,000 volumes. especially to the collection of German classical three-tiered structure of the various insti- – Photo: J. Feist, ekz literature. Both libraries have excellent older tutions of higher education detailed above

52 | Library Diversity 53 | The Many Different Types of Library have holdings significantly under the one libraries were responsible for one or more of The new university library building in Karlruhe (Baden-­ Württemberg), opened in 2006, was from the start designed million-volume mark (Hildesheim, Ilmenau, the DFG’s Special Subject Fields and made the as a round-the-clock library. It provides the students and Koblenz / Landau, Lübeck). Most university li- literature thus acquired available through the staff of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIGT), formerly braries subscribe to between 5,000 and 10,000 national interlibrary loan network; some of the University of Karlsruhe, with 530 studying places. That the library is equipped with the latest automation techno­ current periodicals in conventional print form, these have since become part of the Special- logy is clear from its RFID self-issue facilities, its book return alongside an increasing number of electronic ised Information Services (FID) programme. But machine with automatic sorting of the returned books, the journals. Access is through the Electronic Pe- just as important as these new acquisitions automatic inter-library loan processor for the issue and return of ILL requests, the dispensing machine for the issue riodicals Library (EZB) on the basis of the DFG are the collections of older and specialized and return of cloakroom locker keys and the electronic entry national licences. Only a few federal states material often in particular held by the older control function during evening and night-time opening charge tuition fees, and there are considerable universities. These may include manuscripts, hours. – Photo: T. Mechau differences in the benefits they bring to univer- autographs, personal papers, early imprints, sity libraries. maps, musical scores, and many other kinds of University libraries are in general responsible publication. The technical university libraries tralized. The holdings—partially available for for collecting literature on all subjects, not just have special collections in the form of stand- lending, partially for reference and onsite use those taught at their particular institution. In ards and ­patents. only– are often scattered over several sectional the 1960s the libraries began to build textbook The two basic forms most often encountered subject libraries, though they may occasionally collections to provide the students with up-to- in the German university library system are the be concentrated at one location. They are invar- date editions of the basic literature for their “single-tier” (einschichtig) and the “two-tier” iably on open access and arranged by subject courses. Until 2014 quite a number of university (zweischichtig) system, with a strong bias to- according to a detailed classification scheme. wards the adoption of the single-tier structure. At traditional universities with a two-tier Libraries of the Universities of Applied Sciences system there is a main university library with and other Higher Educational Institutions closed stacks, a lending area, a textbook col- lection, and user services such as interlibrary cases where the university has reformed its The German Universities of Applied Sciences loan and information and reference services. constitution so as to put the Director of the are a relatively new form of higher educational The second tier comprises a variable number of Main Library in charge of all library staff and institution, already introduced in the Western independent departmental, institute, or faculty to prescribe an integrated library system, the German States in the 1970’s but not until after libraries which are usually non-lending refer- practical task of replacing a former two-tier by 1990 in the Eastern States. They evolved from ence libraries, with books arranged by subject a so-called functional single-tier system is still a former engineering schools and higher techni- on open access. Whilst the central university difficult task. The exorbitant price increases in cal colleges of economics, social work, design library focuses on the acquisition of general journal subscriptions, the availability and man- and other disciplines. In the last few years most and interdisciplinary literature, the departmen- agement of electronic resources, and the em- have undergone a change of name from College tal libraries—which have their own budgets— ployment of professionally qualified staff are (Fachhochschule) to University (Hochschule) or concentrate on the literature of their subject factors which favour the current trend towards Technical University (Technische Hochschule). area, especially highly specialized research centralization. According to the German Council of Science literature. To help overcome the disadvantages At the newer universities founded since the and Humanities there were 216 Universities of of this dual system and underpin the collabo- late sixties, most of which have a single-tier Applied Sciences in Germany in 2016 (without rative measures introduced since the German library system, there is only one library, which the right to award doctorates), of which 62 Research Foundation drew up its recommenda- combines the functions of both the central uni- were non-state funded. Altogether they offer tions, cooperative schemes have been launched versity library and of the decentralized depart- around 2,300 bachelor degrees courses, 1,250 at many universities. However, even in those mental libraries. This uniform library structure master’s courses and more than 450 other had also been established in the universities of courses. In contrast to the classic universities, the GDR and was continued following reunifi- the Universities of Applied Sciences and techni- Germany’s oldest university in Heidelberg (Baden-Württem- berg), founded in 1386, has a two-tier library system with a cation, but because of on-going problems in the cal colleges do not provide their students with central University Library and over 50 departmental branch- university building sector it has yet not been a purely academic education but aim instead to es, including nine large libraries each containing over 100,000 implemented in all libraries. Single-tier library equip them with the necessary practice-related, volumes. Among the Library’s world-famous treasures is the Great Heidelberg Song Manuscript, the Codex Manesse, with systems are characterized by having one single theory-based knowledge for the independent its popular miniatures of Walther von der Vogelweide (Cod. director who is responsible for the supervision pursuit of their chosen ­profession Pal. germ. 848, Fol. 124r). – Photo: UL Heidelberg of all library staff, and by the central allocation The libraries of the Universities of Applied and distribution of the acquisitions budget. Sciences do not have the scope of the tradi- Most of the library work procedures are cen- tional universal libraries but are more akin

54 | Library Diversity 55 | The Many Different Types of Library new ­literature in special libraries is especially spectrum. These institutions, most of which geared to the current and practice-related were not founded until after the war, mainly ex- needs of that institution’s employees and spe- ist to serve the needs of the administrative and cial attention is paid to titles published outside legislative bodies and have therefore concen- the normal commercial book trade. Printed and trated on the acquisition of legal and political electronic journals are far more important in literature. Their collections consist largely of special and technical libraries than books. In official publications, government documents, science and technology special libraries in par- and “grey literature” (Graues Schrifttum). These, ticular, online information services are ousting too, are libraries for reference use only and traditional methods of literature provision. The offer either limited access to outsiders or are Kekulé Library of the Bayer concern, opened in not open to the public at all. 1901, was closed in 2005, making way for a virtu- In addition to the Library of the German Par- al works library with no physical book stock. liament in Berlin mentioned above, other nota- Cataloguing and indexing often extend well ble libraries in this group are the libraries of the beyond the bibliographic and subject catalogu- parliaments and governments of the Länder, ing scope of the large general academic librar- and of the ministries and the supreme Federal ies; they include in-depth documentation and administrative authorities. In some cases the services tailored to the needs of the individual libraries may reach a very respectable size, as customer. Special libraries are generally refer- demonstrated by the Senate Library (Senatsbi­ ence libraries, although many of them partici- blio­thek) in Berlin (485,000 volumes, now part of pate in the German interlibrary loan network. the Central and Regional Library), the Library of Since they usually serve a limited clientele with the Foreign Office (Auswärtiges Amt) in Berlin In contrast to the University of Konstanz, not founded until 1966, the roots of Konstanz University of Applied Sciences well-defined information needs and literature (320,000 volumes, 91,000 maps and atlases), the to special libraries with the main focus on (Baden-Württemberg) go right back to 1906, when a private requirements, the main emphasis in special German Patent Office (Deutsches Patentamt) those subjects taught in their institutions. In school of engineering was established in the wake of indus- libraries is on service. in Munich (990,000 volumes including the pat- trialisation; this school later became the current University accordance with their mandate, these libraries of Applied Sciences. With the exception of the social scienc- The over 500 parliamentary, administrative ents themselves which number over 50 million mainly contain basic literature and textbooks, es all the traditional applied disciplines are taught here, and judicial libraries (Parlaments-, Behörden- documents) and the Federal Office of Statis- often in multiple copies. The size of the libraries with the emphasis on technical subjects. In 1997 the Library und Gerichtsbi­blio­theken) form a homogene- tics (Statistisches Bundesamt) in Wiesbaden moved into the Konstanz abattoir, built in 1879 and situated varies enormously. In some cases, several insti- right in the centre of the University campus and still in use ous sub-group within the broad special library (450,000 volumes). tutions of higher education have been merged until 1991. – Photo: B. Hannemann, HTWK Konstanz to form a single University of Applied Sciences with a library of over 250,000 volumes and up The Munich City Library to 1,000 current periodicals. In other cases, education. Only in Baden-Württemberg do Law Library, founded in however, considerably smaller Universities of independent teachers’ training colleges with 1843, has been housed since Applied Sciences and technical colleges with a corresponding libraries still exist; in the other 1906 in a lavishly decorated Art Nouveau reading room correspondingly limited range of courses have Federal states, teacher training education has with two galleries in the resulted in libraries of modest dimensions. been integrated into the university course New Town Hall of Bavaria’s The libraries of the art and music academies structure, or the teachers’ training colleges capital city (architect: Georg von Hauberrisser). The Law reflect the less important role literature plays have been expanded to form universities. Library is the working refer- in music and the performing arts; they are ence library of Munich’s City therefore comparatively small. A notable excep- Special and Technical Libraries Council and administration, but is also open to ordinary tion is the Library of the Academy of Fine Arts citizens; in addition it is (Universität der Künste – UdK) in Berlin (327,000 The around 2,600 special libraries, which in- highly sought-after as a ven- volumes), which has shared the new “Volkswa- clude public, religious and private institutions, ue for cultural and commer- cial events, or as a film-set. gen University Library” building with the library make up the largest and at the same time very – Photo: M. Schwarz of the Technical University since 2004. Libraries varied group within the academic libraries are also maintained by the colleges of public category. Common to all these libraries is their administration, the Cooperative State Univer- restricted subject range and their association sities (Duale Hochschulen) and professional with a particular institution, for which they academies established in some federal states are the exclusive, or at least the primary, pro- and by privately funded institutions of higher viders of library services. The acquisition of

56 | Library Diversity 57 | The Many Different Types of Library Among the libraries of the courts of the Länder and the Federal Government, those of the Federal Supreme Court (Bundesgerichts­hof) with 439,000 volumes and of the Federal Consti- tutional Court (Bundesverfassungs­gericht) with 390,000 volumes, both of which are located in Karlsruhe, deserve special mention. In the judicial libraries, as indeed in all special librar- ies, other literature and media forms play an important role alongside the usual extensive holdings of microforms and electronic media, books and journals. For example, the Library of the Federal Constitutional Court maintains an archive containing over 1.2 million indexed press clippings. The category of special libraries in the nar- row sense includes the libraries of the Federal Government and Länder research institutions, of the scientific associations, and of archives, museums and clinics. Also included are libraries belonging to religious corporate bodies and institutions, including the monasteries, and those maintained by companies, syndicates, associations, and societies. Despite the consid- The German Literature Archive in Marbach (Baden-Würt- erable differences between individual libraries, temberg), the Schiller National Museum and the Modern it is fair to say that they have the following of periodical articles and individual book chap- Association (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband). Literature Museum together form a hub charged with the characteristics in common: They concentrate ters, they are for reference only, and they do Headed by a board of three members and an collection, study and dissemination of works and informa- tion on German-language literature and intellectual history. on the acquisition of material related to their not archive older titles of little current interest. advisory council of nine, the AspB promotes co- The Archive’s outstanding collections include around 1,400 main function, usually including a high percent- The size of their collections varies considerably, operation between the various special libraries literary estates. In the autograph collection are to be found age of “grey“ and non-conventional literature; ranging from well over 1 million volumes to a and information specialists, offers its members letters by Friedrich Schiller, Franz Kafka and Günther Grass. – Photo: M. Michaelis, DLA Marbach they make intensive use of online electronic few thousand titles. The number of staff varies further qualification and training opportuni- resources; they undertake in-depth cataloguing correspondingly, and many special libraries ties, and organises the biennial ASpB Work and can best be described as “One Person Libraries” Training Conference with workshops and com- (OPL), run by a single qualified librarian. mittee meetings. The sheer variety of specialist (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Katholisch-Theologischer A forum for cooperative exchange is provided groups, an important unifying factor within the Bibliotheken – AKThB) and the Working Group by the German Association of Special Libraries ASpB, bears witness to the heterogeneity of the of Parliamentary and Administration Libraries (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezialbi­blio­theken special library landscape. Among these are the (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Parlaments- und e.V. – ASpB), founded in 1946 and since 1989 also Working Group of Libraries and Documentation Behördenbi­blio­theken – APBB). a member of Section V of the German Library Centres of East, Eastern Central and South-East There is only room here to give a few ex- European Studies (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der amples from the vast spectrum of special Bibliotheken und Dokumentationsstellen der libraries spanning all imaginable subject fields. The German National Library of Economics (Deutsche Zen- tralbibliothek für Wirtshaftswissenschaften – ZBW) in Kiel Ost-, Ostmittel- und Südeuropaforschung e.V. – A particularly large number of libraries are (Schleswig-Holstein) is the world’s largest special library for ABDOS), the Working Group of Private Universi- to be found in the pure and applied scienc- business and economic literature, with over four million ty Libraries (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bibliotheken es, e.g. the Library of the German Science volumes. In 2001 A 6,400 m2 extension (architect: Walter von Lom) was inaugurated in 2001. Together with the older privater Hochschulen – AG BpH), the Working Museum (Deutsches Museum) in Munich, a building of the Institute for World Economy (Institut für Group of Medical Librarianship (Ar­beits­ge­mein­ special library for science, technology and Weltwirtschaft), erected at the turn of the last century schaft für medizinisches Bibliotheks­wesen their history (954,000 media units), the Library and the former guest house of the Krupp family, it forms an ­impressive complex on the banks of the Kieler Fjord, e.V. – AGMB), the Working Group of Art and of the German Weather Centre (Deutscher ­uniting research departments, library and closed stacks. Museum Libraries (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wetterdienst) in Offenbach (183,000 volumes), – Photo: L. Roth, ZBW Kunst- und Museumsbi­blio­theken – AKMB), the the central library of the Research Centre Working Group of Catholic Theological Libraries in Jülich (Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH),

58 | Library Diversity 59 | The Many Different Types of Library (250,000 media units) and the Library of the Ger- Archaeological Institute (Deutsches Archäo­ man Armed Forces Museum of Military History logisches Institut) in Athens, Bagdad, Istanbul, (Militärhistorischen Museums der Bundeswehr) Cairo, Lisbon, Madrid, and Teheran, along in Dresden (36,000 volumes). Special mention with the library of the Institute of Art History should be given to the German Literature Ar- (Kunsthistorisches Institut) in Florence (360,000 chive (Deutsches Literaturarchiv) in Marbach volumes, 580,000 photos), the Bibliotheca on the Neckar River, which as combined library Hertziana in Rome (307,000 volumes), and the and archive functions as central focus for Ger- libraries of the German Historical Institute man literature from the Enlightenment to the (Deutsches Historisches Institut) located in present (975,000 volumes, 1,400 personal liter- London, Paris, Rome, Warsaw and Washington. ary estates, 200,000 images). Their main focus is on archaeology, history, the Naturally enough, church-funded libraries history of art, and oriental studies, and they predominate in the religious and theological actively contribute to the scholarly and cultural field. They serve not only researchers but also exchange with their respective host countries. the church administration and theological Somewhat more modest (19,000 volumes) is the seminaries. Among those libraries funded by the library of the German Institute for Japanese Catholic Church are monastic libraries such as Studies (Deutsches Institut für Japanstudien) those of the Benedictine monasteries (Benedik­ in Tokyo. tinerabtei Beuron with 430,000 volumes, and The Goethe Institutes maintain special librar- Benediktinerabtei Maria Laach with 260,000 vol- ies and reading-rooms with literature and me- umes), diocesan libraries (Erzbischöfliche Diöze­ dia about Germany, targeting a broad section san- and Dombiblio­ thek­ in Cologne with 740,000 of the public in their host countries. They col- volumes) and the libraries of the seminaries laborate closely with the language instruction (Bischöfliches Priesterseminar Trier, 455,000 vol- and cultural programmes of their Institutes. umes). Examples of Protestant-funded libraries Since their task is to provide current informa- Books and libraries have always been part of monastery life and this was no less true of the Benedictine Abbrey in Maria are those of the regional church organizations tion, there is a policy of continuous stock man- specializing in modern technology (182,000 Laach (Rhineland-Palatinate) founded in 1093. In addition to (Landeskirchen), such as the Library and Media agement; they do not archive older materials. volumes, 500,000 reports), the library of the the Armarium, where the books were kept, the Library also Centre of the Northern Church (Bibliotheks- und The total holdings of all the Goethe Institute had a , where manuscripts were written. In 1862, German Leopoldina Academy of Researchers exactly 60 years after the dissolution of the monastery, the Medienzentrum der Nordkirche) in Hamburg libraries together amount to approximately in the Natural Sciences (Deutsche Akademie Abbey was purchased by the Jesuits, who then built a library (208,000 volumes). Owned by an ecclesiastical 0.9 ­million books and other media. der Naturforscher Leopoldina) in Halle (291, 000 there for their study centre. The Library is now reckoned to civil law foundation, the Johannes a Lasco Bib­ be one of the finest 19th century rooms in existence. The media). Two representative medical libraries Benedictine monks acquired the holdings, currently number- liothek in Emden (150,000 volumes) is a special Public Libraries are the main library of the German Cancer ing 260,000 volumes, over the period since 1892, the year of library for reformed Protestantism and the ec- Research Centre (Deutsches Krebsforschungs­ their return to the Abbey. In 2013 an extension to the library clesiastical history of the early modern period. The public library (Öffentliche Bibliothek – ÖB) was built in a former cowshed. – Photo: Maria Laach Abbey zentrum) in Heidelberg (100,000 media units) The particular significance of the parliamen- is the most common kind of library in the Fed- and the library of the world-renowned Mathe­ tary, administrative and judicial (court) libraries eral Republic of Germany. The DBS database matical Research Institute (Mathematisches for political science, law and economics has of addresses lists 9,858 public library locations Forschungsinstitut) in Oberwolfach (87,000 (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung) in Bonn, closely as- already been touched on. In addition, six of the (including branches), irrespective of funding volumes). Examples in the field of medicine sociated with the Social Democratic Party of Max Planck Institutes specialize in particular type (updated 31/12/2015). German towns, are the Central Library of the German Cancer Germany and specializing in its history and that branches of law and maintain corresponding municipalities and administrative districts Research Centre (Deutsches Krebsforschungs­ of the labour movements (891,000 volumes); special libraries in Freiburg (450,000 volumes), maintain a total of around 4,982 local public zentrum) in Heidelberg (100,000 media units) the Library of the Latin American Institute (Ibe­ Frankfurt am Main (450,000 volumes), Hamburg library locations (including branches) and and the Physicians’ Central Library of the Uni- ro-Amerikanisches Institut) in Berlin (1.2 million (525,000 volumes), Heidelberg (638,000 volumes), are also responsible for an estimated further versity Clinic (Ärztliche Zentralbiblio­ thek­ des volumes); the Library of the German National and two in Munich (260,000 and 120,000 vol- 2,500 appropriately equipped school libraries Universitäts-Klinikums) in Hamburg-Eppendorf Museum (Germanisches Nationalmuseum) in umes). The library of the German Federal Bank and media centres. In some federal states, the (296,000 media units). Nuremberg, with collections covering the his- () in Frankfurt am Main counties have established county libraries In the humanities, which are particularly tory of art and culture (650,000 volumes), the (238,000 media units) specializes in collecting (Kreisbiblio­ theken­ ) or county and city libraries dependent on literature, special libraries also Library of the German Armed Forces Centre for material on the monetary, banking and stock (Kreis- und Stadtbiblio­ theken­ ), of which there play an important role in the research process Military History and Social Sciences (Bibliothek market systems. are about 40. At the level of the parishes and outside the universities. Some examples are: des Zentrum für Militärgeschichte und Sozial­ Some special libraries are located abroad. church communities, the Catholic and Protes- The Library of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation wissenschaften der Bundeswehr) in Potsdam These include the libraries of the German tant Churches also maintain public libraries

60 | Library Diversity 61 | The Many Different Types of Library (about 4,100 in all). If the addresses of all those Latin derivation “Bibliothek”) though some are The Central Library of the City and Regional Library in Dort- library institutions registered in the HBZ da- named Stadt- or Gemeindebüchereien (city or mund (North Rhine-Westphalia) (architect: Mario Botta) was tabase—whether public, church or private, local libraries, with the more homely Germanic opened in 1999 and set a new accent in urban architecture. and including mobile, music, hospital, school, designation “Bücherei”). They form an essen- A bright, glass-fronted open-access area in the form of a semi-circle or rotunda is set before the long stone main works and prison libraries, and libraries for tially tightly knit library network, though in building. The Library’s facilities include a large music library, the blind—were added together, they would the rural regions it is sometimes a little patchy an art library and a manuscripts department; its holdings amount to a total of around 12,000 locations and growing thinner due to municipal funding total around 1.1 million media. – Photo: J. Feist with full-time or voluntary staff to be reckoned problems. Since local authorities are not legally to the public sector. bound to maintain public libraries, less than It should be noted that the number of librar- half actually do so. Only a few federal states ies recorded in the German Library Statistics grant financial support to municipalities to organisations have campaigned for many years, (Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik) is actually set up and operate a public library or for the the success they have achieved in realising the slightly less than the total number of public maintenance of book and media holdings; in all potential of the library as an information cen- libraries, since not all libraries submit their others, funding is the exclusive responsibility of tre varies considerably from region to region. data. The 9,117 public libraries maintain over- the municipality. This is mostly, if not entirely, due to libraries’ all holdings of more than 118.6 million media, Whereas the better-off municipalities with dependency on local cultural politics and to with 363.2 million items circulating in 2015. high levels of tax-based income, whose de- tight public budgets. However these constant Public libraries collect non-fiction, including cision-makers view cultural and educational financial reservations on the part of the fund- scholarly works from all subject areas, voca- Local Authority Public Libraries matters favourably, actively promote and fund ing agencies appear in a rather different light tional training materials, reference works of all libraries, the poorer communities, or those when the burden of the public library budget is kinds, journals and newspapers, literary and Local authority public libraries are responsible whose managers and administration show examined more closely, for the cost of funding leisure fiction, books for children and young for the provision of basic literature and me- little interest in the area of education, often the library sector is actually comparatively people, and additional collections targeting dia services to the public at large. According lack the necessary support to maintain their modest: in 2015 only around 0.25% of the total special user groups, such as books in the lan- to the DBS 3,023 of these are run by full-time library service. It would seem that there is con- amount spent by all cities and municipalities guages of the major non-German ethnic groups employees, while 1,959 are run by voluntary siderable inconsistency in how decision-makers on culture was related to public libraries. (Turkish, modern Greek, Russian, etc.). Print or part-time staff. Generally they are known see the function and potential of the library. No matter what their funding, public libraries holdings have been continually expanded since as Stadtbi­blio­theken (city libraries, using the Although the various professional librarianship are an important factor in the realization of the 1970’s to include first audio-visual media every citizen’s right to “inform himself without (videos, language and music cassettes) and hindrance from generally accessible sources” games, followed in the 1990’s by electronic and as guaranteed by the Basic Law, Article 5, Para- digital media (compact discs, CD-ROMs, DVDs, graph 1. They enable the citizen to participate Blu-ray discs) and public internet access. Quite in the cultural and social life of the community a few libraries in large and medium-sized towns and so fulfil the requirement voiced by IFLA in have also established art and graphics librar- its 1994 Public Library Manifesto. The public ies (Artothek, Graphothek) or music libraries library, with its services and media resources, (Musikbi­blio­thek) offering access to printed mu- In 1998 a former slaughter- house was converted into a plays a central role in the education system. At sic and other materials. More than 3,200 public modern city library in the city the same time, they help to promote the princi- libraries now offer an online lending service of Landau in the Southern ple of equal opportunity for all. for media such as e-books, e-papers, e-audios Palatinate (Rhineland-Palati- nate), housing around 75,000 In addition to providing information and and e-videos, mostly through lending networks. media. The three-section general education services, public libraries also The two services Onleihe (a name derived from “house within a house” which make an important contribution to profession- the words „online“ and the German for lending, accommodates the Library is constructed of steel, glass, al training and continuing education, to the „Ausleihe“, hosted by the ekz group and avail­ wood, brick and sandstone. promotion of meaningful leisure activities, and able at more than 3,200 public libraries, and the Like many other public librar- especially to the encouragement of reading. Ciando Library service, run by Ciando GmbH ies, Landau boasts a library café where readers can meet In the information society, the teaching of in Munich and offered by around 200 libraries, and communicate. – Photo: media and information literacy will increase continue to attract a large number of users of J. Feist in importance. Furthermore, the public library all ages. has become a place of communication and a Public library collections in the individual meeting point, both factors contributing to its Federal Länder differ considerably in size, rang- increasing significance as cultural centre for a ing from 2,000 media units in small local librar- wide range of events. ies run mostly by volunteers up to between

62 | Library Diversity 63 | The Many Different Types of Library In the last few years new public libraries in choice of location, the exterior aspects of the particular have not only contributed more site, the building itself, standards and regula- than mere architectural enhancement to the tions, library fittings, technical infrastructure, centres of many large and medium-sized cities transport systems, children’s, youth and school but have also proved to be beneficial factors library requirements, training rooms, barri- stimulating business and culture. Considerably er-free access, the move itself, facility manage- more attention is paid to ensuring new or ex- ment and the evaluation of the project once tended library buildings are also aesthetically completed. pleasing. An effort is made to combine func- Reliable assistance in the planning and tional and aesthetic considerations. According equipment of library buildings was previous- to the renowned US American architect Harry Faulkner-Brown libraries must fulfil ten essen- There are about 120 art libraries (Artotheken or Graphothek- tial criteria: They should be easily accessible, en), maintained either by public libraries, community colleg- have an interesting interior design, demon- es or art societies. These libraries not only lend pictures and strate an efficient cost-benefit-ratio, have other works of art but also help to establish contact with contemporary artists and to stimulate discussions on mod- comfortable climatic conditions, be compact ern art. On average, an Artothek holds about 1,500 to 2,500 with all amenities within short walking dis- works for loan, primarily reproductions, and a very limited tance, be easily expanded, protected against number of originals. This photo shows the Art Collection of the City Library in Biberach an der Riss (Baden-Württemberg). fire and resistant to environmental change. In 2009 the library was designated “Library of the Year” for Architects, constructors, interior designers and its innovative media and service concept. – Photo: J. Seefeldt library managers must rise to the challenge of combining a whole range of considerations:

The library system of the City Library in Duisburg (North Rhine-Westphalia) consists of the Main Library opened in 2015 and 13 branches, with a mobile library serving the outskirts. The 490,000 city inhabitants have access to more than 600,000 media. The Main Library is housed on three light and airy floors in the “Window on the City” (Stadtfenster) building. The first floor houses the new children’s and young • 400 m2 space people’s libraries, the design reflecting the “house within a • 30,000 media units (incl. e-media) house” concept. – Photo: krischerfotografie • around 3.2 full-time staff • catchment area of around 20,000 inhabitants • open 18 hours per week one and three million media in individual met- • media provision of 1.4 units per inhabitant, ropolitan library systems (Berlin, Bremen, Duis- 32 journal subscriptions, 2 PCs with internet burg, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Hanover,­ connection Cologne, Lübeck, Munich, etc.). Most libraries • on average almost one activity offered in the larger cities (locations with more than per week, with the emphasis on children 100,000 inhabitants) can offer their users be- and school classes tween 150,000 and one million media units. • 15% of the inhabitants are active users Only a small percentage of public libraries (mostly over 18 years old) manage to realize the goal of 2 media units per • two thirds of inhabitants have visited citizen recommended in library planning docu- the library at some time ments. In 2015 average public spending on new • 33,000 library visitors per year books and media in public libraries amounted • 4.3 media units circulated per inhabitant to 1.20 euros per head of the population. per year According to the DBS German library statis- • ratio of circulation to stock of about 3 tics for 2015 the following characteristics are • publicly funded to about 95% typical of the average professionally-staffed • the most highly frequented cultural public library: institution in the local community

64 | Library Diversity 65 | The Many Different Types of Library small and middle-sized cities with between cept led to library usage doubling over a ten- in the BIB, while the majority of dbv members 10,000 and 50,000 inhabitants provide between year period. The ZLB was established in 1995 as support the idea. The general current of opinion 10 and 25 hours of service. Most large city li- a public foundation, incorporating the Berlin seems to have changed recently from “mostly braries are open daily from Monday to Saturday City Library, founded in 1901, and the America against the idea” to “mostly prepared to think and reach an average of more than 40 opening Memorial Library (Amerika-Gedenkbi­blio­thek), about it”, though the trade union and staff rep- hours per week. With the exception of those opened in 1954. It is a successful example both resentative bodies continue to oppose it. run by the churches, local public libraries are of German unity and the reunification of Berlin. While academic and church libraries are closed on Sundays. The ZLB functions as a regional library with allowed to open on Sundays, the doors of local Characteristic of public libraries are open ac- regional legal deposit rights; it includes histor- public libraries remain firmly closed, unlike oth- cess collections arranged by a combination of ical holdings and literary estates, and naturally er cultural institutions. The reason is that fed- subjects and target user groups. Public libraries the largest collection of works on Berlin in the eral law governing permissible working hours see themselves today as hands-on libraries pro- world. With its 3.5 million digital and print me- (Bundesarbeitszeitgesetz) makes an exception viding their patrons with a wide range of books dia units the library provides the population of for theatres, museums and the reference use and non-book materials geared to their indi- Berlin with scholarly and other literature and of academic libraries. The dbv is calling for the vidual needs and levels. Over the last few years operates as coordinating centre for the district Federal Government to strike the one word it has become increasingly important to offer libraries of Berlin. “academic” from the statute; this would make tailor-made services to specific user groups, The public libraries in the larger cities often Sunday opening possible, but not obligatory. especially in the information field. Most librar- merge to form a library system with a central Local authorities would naturally have to be ies base their acquisitions practice on current library and several branch libraries in the willing to provide the necessary library staff. Model of the organisational structure of an extended ­metropolitan library system demand and weed out unused titles, especially suburbs. In addition, they may also have a The 2015 DBS figures show that approximate- multiple copies. Only either libraries in the larg- number of special units, either at one single or ly 3,023 official city and local community librar- er cities or scholarly city libraries are expected several geographically separate sites, such as ies (including branch libraries) and 162 church ly available in the form of the DIN Technical to archive older and special collections, requir- a children’s and young people’s library, a music libraries were run by full-time employees, com- Report 13 “Planning the building and use of ing corresponding stack accommodation. library, a media centre, an art collection, mobile pared to some 5,932 public libraries run by vol- libraries and archives”. In 2017 this standard Wireless access to the internet via WiFi offers libraries, and school libraries with branch library unteers or part-time staff, with 1,905 owned by was superseded by the DIN Technical Report many public libraries new ways of communicat- function. In some towns there may be a hospital local authorities, 4,100 by the churches and 91 67700 “Library and archive buildings—plan- ing with their users and of providing services patients’ library or a prison library within the by other bodies. According to the 2015 DBS a to- ning requirements and recommendations”. such as e-media and OPAC, or guided tours for penitentiary building (Justizvollzugsanstalt­ ). tal of 51,567 persons work as volunteers or part- The new paper applies both to new library and school groups. Libraries can use Facebook and There have been many new developments time in small local or church libraries, whilst archive buildings and to the conversion of ex- Twitter to provide round-the-clock information in the field of public relations and event man- there are around 13,063 full-time-equivalent po- isting premises; it includes archives and public on their services. Not only can libraries them- agement in the last five years. Libraries are sitions in the professionally-run libraries. Of the and academic libraries of all sizes and with selves combine a variety of different media declaring their readiness to welcome new and total holdings of approximately 118,6 million wide-ranging remits. The Library Service Cen- types, they can also teach the skills needed to experimental ideas and to provide a forum for media units, about 78% (92.9 million) are housed tres have provided additional practical advice actually use the new media. School children hands-on experience. An example is Cologne in libraries headed by a full-time librarian. These in their “Guidelines on public library buildings and senior citizens alike can come together City Library, chosen by the dbv as Library of the libraries account for around 329.4 million or and equipment” published by the Expertise under the guidance of a media specialist in the Year in 2015 and using its “Maker Space” pro- 91% of the 363.2 million circulation transactions Group on Library Building in the Library Portal non-commercial setting of the library to try out ject to encourage people to watch, join in and annually. In the year 2015, according to the Ger- (Bibliotheksportal). This contains recommenda- the latest smartphones or tablet PCs, to keep experiment. The humanoid robot Nao is intend- man Library Statistics, a total of around 105.5 tions, checklists and reference information on up-to-date on subjects such as data roaming, ed to complement the 3D printer and virtual million Euros (2001: 92 million euros, 2005: 89 building regulations, along with basic architec- security, data protection, contact management reality headset already available in an attempt million euros, 2009: 97 million euros) were spent tural principles, can be used to compare various and podcasting or to learn how to use the ap- to introduce the public to new and important on book and media acquisitions, with around technical solutions and product types, and propriate App Store. developments in society. These three innova- 13.6% of the total amount accruing to smaller provides particularly detailed information in One of the libraries operating—in modified tive measures are part of a variety of practical libraries with part-time or voluntary staff. Total those areas with an especially high impact on form—along the lines of the former all-in-one events and discussions organised by the library. public library sector spending on material and the future functionality of the building. library model combining the functions of High on the list of pressing needs libraries staff amounted in 2015 to around 972.3 million Weekly opening times differ considerably, academic and public libraries is the Central should be addressing is the question of open- Euros, of which 590.0 million Euros was spent depending on location and size of library. While and Regional Library in Berlin (Zentral- und ing hours. For years Sunday opening has been on personnel. Statistically, in 2015 every German most libraries run by voluntary or part-time Landesbi­blio­thek Berlin – ZLB). The special qual- the subject of heated discussion within the citizen (total population 80.767 million) had 1.47 staff in small communities with less than 5,000 ity of this library lies in the presentation of its leading professional associations—at both in- media units at his or her disposal; the total pub- inhabitants are often open only four to eight holdings, featuring the direct juxtaposition of stitutional (dbv) and personal level (BIB)—with lic library holdings have an annual turnaround hours a week, libraries with full-time staff in popular and highly scholarly works. This con- the clash of opinions being particularly marked rate of three.

66 | Library Diversity 67 | The Many Different Types of Library Federal State Population No. of Main and Holdings Total Acquisi­ Events, Library on participat- branch in circulation tions exhibitions, visitors 31/12/2015 ing libraries libraries media units budget library (locations) (locations) (€) tours

Baden- 10,717,000 1,010 1,233 17,540,000 61,432,000 19,427,000 55,000 19,039,000 Württemberg

Bavaria 12,692.000 1,708 1,952 22,551.,00 66,839,000 19,166,000 58,000 24,712,000

Berlin 3,470,000 19 80 3,612,000 18,745,000 3,558,000 27,000 6,355,000

Brandenburg 2,458,000 193 270 4,290,000 9,030,000 2,635,000 12,000 2,777,000

Bremen 662,000 3 14 705,000 4,030,000 1,202,000 3,000 1,231,000

Hamburg 1,763,000 4 39 1,692,000 13,740,000 3,539,000 11,000 4,737,000

Hesse 6,094,000 560 690 7,047,000 18,065,000 5,529,000 22,000 6,179,000

Lower 7,826,000 757 957 9,896,000 30,204,000 7,648,000 35,000 9,153,000 Saxony About 5% of the counties and 3% of the larger cities operate mobile libraries (Fahrbibliotheken, mobile Bibliotheken, Mecklenburg- 1,599,000 92 105 2,502,000 4,334,000 1,487,000 6,000 1,526,000 Autobüchereien) or book buses (Bücherbusse). These cus- Mobile Libraries Vorpommern tom-converted buses or trucks are mostly equipped with computer facilities for media issue and literature searching. The photos show the book buses of the Koblenz City Li- In many federal states mobile libraries in the North Rhine- 17,638,000 1,527 1,765 22,738,000 70,913,000 22,871,000 72,000 24,830,000 brary (Rhineland-Palatinate) (below) and the City Library in form of book buses or large trucks are used Westphalia ­Frankfurt am Main in Hesse. (above). – Photo top (exterior): to supplement bricks-and-mortar libraries in J. Seefeldt, photo bottom (interior): Frankfurt am Main City Library city perimeter communities and sparsely pop- Rhineland- 4,012,000 601 663 4,955,000 11,671,000 3,822,000 17,000 3,368,000 ulated rural areas. In 2016 there were around Palatinate 90 mobile libraries operating just under 110 vehicles (in 1995 there were still 150 book bus- Saarland 989,000 93 103 955,000 1,737,000 640,000 2,000 628,000 es). Around 20% of these are funded by local authorities or in isolated cases by clubs, oper- Saxony 4,055,000 439 558 7,992,000 22,562,000 4,917,000 20,000 6,413,00 ating as independent units; the remaining 80% form part of a larger library system, usually located in cities of over 100,000 inhabitants. Saxony- 2,236,000 187 248 3,598,000 6,558,000 1,498,000 10,000 2,126,000 The yearly total circulation figures for all Anhalt the book buses are around 6.5 million media units. The political goal of mobile libraries is Schleswig- 2,831,000 140 151 4,883,000 16,143,000 5,065,000 8,000 4,739,000 to reduce the obvious gap between the library Holstein services enjoyed by the cities and those availa- ble in rural areas. Whereas in many small com- Thuringia 2,157,000 260 289 4,057,000 7,212,000 1,483,000 9,000 2,530,000 munities book buses are often used as places to meet and chat, in large cities they operate Total for the German 80,787,000 7,623 9,117 118,566,000 363,217,000 105,474,000 371,000 119,004,000 as mobile branch libraries, serving schools Federal Republic and nursery schools. In some cases they have

Statistical review of public libraries for the year 2015 (all local authority and church-funded libraries 68 | Library Diversity 69 | The Many Different Types of Library with full-time and voluntary staff) by federal state, DBS participating libraries only, Source: German Library Statistics (Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik), updated to 31/12/2015 ­exhaust emission control, semi or fully auto- to the indispensable role public libraries play matic transmission, toilets and good lighting. It in the modern information society. Six federal is not possible to make the book buses entirely states have made funding available to public barrier-free but it is feasible to install electric libraries for construction programmes and spe- lifts giving access to wheelchair users. cial projects; applications are processed by the The Expert Commission on Mobile Libraries Service Centres and subject to special approval (Fachkommission Fahrbi­blio­thek), set up by criteria. the dbv in 2012, has proved to be an important One of the State Service Centres’ most source of guidance on questions relating to important goals is to offset regional differ- purchase, fittings, operation and design. ences and reduce the effects of the disparity between urban and rural areas, which often State Service Centres means that the rural population is at a disad- for Public Libraries vantage regarding both access to information and to media provision. The range of services The German states have established promotion- offered by the Centres differs enormously from al and advisory State Service Centres for Public state to state, which usually means in practice Libraries (Staatliche Fachstellen für Öffent­ that public libraries in small and medium-size liche Bibliotheken) at regional or state level. communities, school libraries, and their vari- These are also known as State Library Agencies ous funding agencies stand to benefit consid- (Staatliche Büchereistellen), Library Centres erably. (Büchereizentralen) or State Agencies (Landes­ fachstellen). The first of these were founded before and after the First World War, but most Following a century-long peregrination the Central Library of Hamm City Libraries (North Rhine-Westphalia) finally found a of them originated after 1949. Although local suitable home in 2010. The Heinrich von Kleist Forum (archi- deciding who does what and the next appro- libraries are the responsibility of the municipal- tects: ap plan Mory, Osterwalder, Vielmo) houses not only priate steps. ities, the principle of state cultural and educa- the library but also the city adult education centre and the private University of Logistics and Economics, (Hochschule The biggest advantages of mobile libraries tional autonomy makes it incumbent upon the für Logistik und Wirtschaft) funded by the SRH Foundation. are their mobility and flexibility. They can Länder to establish and develop an effective The Forum also accommodates a general-purpose hall and quickly react to changes in population or infra- public information service network. a bistro. The 180,00 citizens of Hamm have access to a total of 240,00 books and other media held by the central, district structure by adding new stops and altering the The main task of the current 24 State Service and mobile libraries. In 2005 the city libraries were designat- timetable, lengthening or shortening the time Centres for public libraries in Germany, with ed nationwide “Library of the Year” although at the time the spent at each stop, and increasing the range of locations in 15 federal states, is to help local Central Library was still located in the old building. – Photo: City of Hamm media on offer. Mobile libraries offer children authorities meet professional library standards the chance of regular visits to a library and are and develop effective library systems, to advise often an integral part of the curriculum. At first both state and local authorities on all public replaced fixed-site branches closed as a result sight their relatively modest holdings of be- library issues, and to give practical assistance of budget cuts. tween 3,000 and 5,000 media along with the lim- when required. The Service Centres are expect- The main target groups are children and ited time of between 30 and 75 minutes spent ed to play an active part in the planning of new young people, parents with small children, at each stop could appear to be disadvantages. libraries or the redevelopment of existing ones, the elderly, and in recent times also refugees. Internet presence and web-based OPACs on the to participate in the equipping of mobile li- Following a successful local petition in 2005, Augsburg City Cooperation with related institutions such as other hand have proved particularly advanta- braries and the planning of library buildings, to Library moved from its former inadequate accommodation nursery, primary and secondary schools is one geous to both the libraries and their users: me- foster the use of new media and technologies, to a new building, opened in 2009 (architects: Hans and Ste- of mobile libraries’ core activities. Like bricks- dia located by searching the collective holdings and to support libraries in the fields of public fan Schrammel). Transparency is the key architectural fea- ture, emphasized by the use of state-of-the-art energy-saving and-mortar libraries, mobile libraries are also either of all mobile libraries or the entire city relations, professional staff development, and technology, by intense colour effects and the unusual use of actively engaged in encouraging reading, system can be ordered as needed and delivered all activities promoting literature and encour- light. Hundreds of mirrors direct daylight into the building’s offering a wide range of library introductions, to the desired book bus stop point. Most buses aging reading. The Service Centres are actively interior, foregoing the need for artificial lighting. Sunlight is refracted by prism rods into the elements of the spectrum, reading hours based on the school curriculum today have an internet connection and WiFi, so involved in developing, coordinating and man- throwing a rainbow of colours onto the white background and subject-centred projects for pre-school that they are also able to help users with ques- aging the flourishing “Summer Reading Camps” wall. – Photo: J. Schambeck groups and school classes. Cooperation tions on Onleihe or e-book readers. New book established ten years ago. At the same time, agreements between the institutions have buses have much better technical equipment: they have the job of heightening the level of been invaluable in defining common goals, air-conditioning, driver assistance systems, political and social awareness with reference

70 | Library Diversity 71 | The Many Different Types of Library er to the diocesan libraries in all federal states and developing children’s libraries (Kinderbi­ A renovated villa combined with an attractive new concrete and glass building is the home of the City Library of West- except Bavaria. The quarterly journal Biblio bliotheken­ ) or children’s departments (Kin­ erstede (Stadtbücherei Westerstede) in Schleswig-Holstein. Theke is the leading publication produced by derabteilungen) especially for this age group. Approximately 25,000 media are on display over 550 m2. The the BV in cooperation with the Catholic Confer- At first libraries combined their services for children’s library has North Sea motifs with a lighthouse and raft. – Photo: J. Feist, ekz ence and often includes the special supplement children and young people, catering for the Leselust (joy of reading). Alongside articles and literature and media demands of the un- reports with a literary focus, contributions on der-sixteen’s. The trend is clearly heading in library practice, and reports on cultural poli- the direction of separate libraries or zones for Public Libraries maintained tics the journal also contains information and the older youngsters. The same goes for the by the Churches advice on library and media work. The BV and children’s departments. Alongside the books the St. Michael’s Association also publish the and magazines, young library visitors will find Considering that just over half of all German quarterly review catalogue medienprofile for an increasingly number of special zones for local authorities boast at least one public li- collection development. all kinds of digital media, including electronic brary, the 3,329 Catholic, 769 Protestant and 91 Responsible for coordinating the work of gaming consoles for playing, “chilling out”, libraries (locations) run by other institutions the Protestant libraries is the umbrella or- “chatting”, working, learning and keeping up to play a significant role alongside the 4,930 local ganisation eliport—the Protestant literature date. Nowadays furniture and fittings in library authority libraries (figures from 31/12/2015). Al- gateway, formerly the German Association of areas for children and young people, or for the most without exception, however, these church Protestant Libraries (Deutscher Verband Evan­ storage of various media formats, are much public libraries are located in the old (Western) gelischer Büchereien – DVEB) in Göttingen. more colourful, individual and bolder in design federal states. In spite of their large numbers, All these umbrella organizations work closely than in the past. Activities for children and it must be remembered that they lag far be- with the ten Protestant book centres run by young people form an important part of the hind the municipal libraries not only regarding the state church offices and the 15 Catholic events programme and public relations agenda holdings, acquisitions, budgets and circulation book centres in the dioceses. Whereas na- in the public library sector. In 2015 public li- figures but also with respect to opening hours tional conventions and their accompanying braries organized around 371,000 events (2009: and expenditure on staff. More than 98% of all annual conferences encourage cooperation, church-run public libraries are managed by vol- provide guidance on projects and initiatives, A working committee established in 1952 by untary staff. As far as literature provision and and ensure compliance with library standards, the State Service Centres went on to become activities aimed at encouraging reading among regional interdenominational state-level work- the most important national council of its children and young people are concerned, they ing parties (such as those in North Rhine-West- kind. In 2007 it adopted the name “Professional nevertheless have an important role to play, phalia) provide a platform for communication Conference of German Library Service Centres” especially in communities lacking a local mu- and specialist interchange. (Fachkonferenz der Bibliotheksfachstellen in nicipal library. Deutschland). This committee, managed by its The Protestant and Catholic Churches regard Special Areas of Public Librarianship own board, perceives itself as a forum for the their library work to a large extent as part of exchange of ideas and the representation of their local community work and as a cultural Children’s and Young People’s Libraries joint interests. Three specialist working groups activity. The public church library (kirchliche (Building, IT, Mobile Libraries) hold regular Öffentliche Bibliothek – KÖB) is intended to Because of the particular social, educational conferences. Besides the obligatory annual encourage communication, offer guidance on and political importance of library work for convention, likewise called the Fachkonferenz questions of faith and give practical support in children and young people in key areas such as (Professional Conference), and the coordination promoting of reading and media education. encouraging children to read, helping them to of new activities and concepts, the State Ser- The activities of the Catholic libraries are enjoy good literature and teaching them media vice Centre Server (Fachstellen-Server) provides closely linked to the Borromäus Society literacy skills, all public libraries give this target access to general professional information (Borromäusverein – BV), in Bavaria to the St. user group their special attention. Children and about libraries and the topics covered by the Michael’s Association (St. Michaelsbund) in young people up to the age of 14 use the library State Service Centres for Public Libraries by Munich). The BV was founded in 1844, and also much more intensively than any other group making important documents available elec- provides a Bonn-based book and media mail in the population and in many cities there is a The children’s library of the City Library of Bernburg on the tronically. In view of the fact that there is no order and book review service for public librar- special children’s and young people’s library, or Saale (Saxony-Anhalt) was completed in 2000 and houses national coordination centre for public librar- ies. Until 2003, it also maintained a state-rec- at any rate a corresponding department within around 14,000 media. It was furnished with great imagi- ies in Germany, the Service Centres and the ognized college for public librarianship and the public library. nation and an eye for detail as an adventure reading area. The total library holdings comprise around 65,000 media. functions they fulfil as a whole are of national a central library there. In 2017 the ekz Library For some time now librarians have been – Photo: J. Feist, ekz importance. Service replaced borro Medien as library suppli- focusing on the four- to twelve-year-olds,

72 | Library Diversity 73 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship network Summer Reading Clubs (Leseclubs im close relationships they cultivate with schools Sommer) was founded to encourage the nation- and school libraries. In spite of the widely rec- wide exchange of ideas. In 2016 libraries record- ognized educational and political significance ed an average of 220 participants who each of school libraries, afforded additional weight read six books and of whom 60% were girls. by the Unesco manifesto “The School Library In spite of the astonishingly wide range in Teaching and Learning for All” in 2000, the of activities on offer, many public libraries equipment, furnishing and staffing of many are still finding it difficult to persuade young school libraries in Germany is still woefully ­people to become regular library users, es- unsatisfactory. Although general awareness pecially boys between the of 13 and 16. Ex- of the library’s presence in daily school life is perience has shown that young people are increasing, the library is still often sidelined in happy to learn from their coeval peers and are practice. The importance of the school library, willing to participate in creative activities if or its more modern counterpart the school the right encouragement is offered; they are media centre, is not called into question per se, technology and media-savvy and at home in but unfavourable parameters have resulted in social networks and with modern hardware a marked regional unevenness of the school and software. Libraries try to entice youngsters library landscape when compared to the effi- back into the library by providing appropriate cient countrywide systems of the Scandinavian media and activities in age-related, attractive countries, the Netherlands, Great Britain or and colourful surroundings with the empha- South Tirol in Italy. sis on “cool” design. Young people are often Many specialists compare school libraries encouraged to take an active part in media to developing countries, despite the fact that acquisition or to help decide on furniture and the former are experiencing a certain upswing decorations in the hope of re-awakening their in the wake of the various PISA studies and the interest in the library. introduction of all-day schools. Unfortunate- ly, there are very few statistics and studies The International Youth Library (Internationale Jugendbiblio- thek – IJB), founded in 1948 and housed in Blutenburg Palace School Libraries providing reliable information on the current 304,000) throughout Germany, of which about in Munich (Bavaria), has the world’s most comprehensive state and potential of school libraries. The two-thirds targeted the 4–16 age group. Press holdings of international literature for children and young Libraries and schools have long been closely mere existence of a school library does not people: over 600,000 books in 130 languages published over publicity, marketing and event management a period of four centuries. The Library’s varied programme linked despite the fact that cooperation be- throw any light on its quality, since the spec- have emerged as core activities essential to and range of publications form a unique access point for tween schools and their libraries on the one trum of performance indicators is extremely community identity but also requiring addi- this literature and a scholarship program provides financial hand, and public and academic libraries on the broad. Some of the recent modern “lighthouse” support for research and international exchange. 40,000 chil- tional library staff training. dren and adults visit the Library each year. Every two years other, has been sadly neglected for decades. libraries co-exist peacefully alongside ill- The idea of Summer Reading Clubs origi- authors from all over the world are invited to participate in The reasons for this neglect are manifold, with equipped and out-of-date school libraries and nated in the USA and has enjoyed increasing the renowned White Ravens Festival. – Photo: IJB both schools and libraries bearing their share book corners often dating back to the 1970s popularity in Germany since 2002. The public of the blame. After the shock of the PISA study and 1980s. libraries in North Rhine-Westphalia, the first in 2000, numerous projects were initiated to A critical examination of the current German state federal to try out the idea, were joined Dein Sommer” (53 Degrees—Your Summer) the alleviate the problems caused by the two sides school library landscape reveals its still patchy by those in 10 further states in Summer Read- target audience is clearly the 6–16 age group. working both alongside and against each other. structure; in federal states with adequately ing Club projects under a variety of names. At the end of the action tens of thousands of It became clear that in many areas schools and equipped library service centres, motivated Known as the “Julius Club” in Lower Saxony, participants celebrated its success by regu- libraries—whether public or academic—were working groups or in cities with School Library “Book Summer RLP” in Rhineland-Palatinate, larly flocking to the over 1,000 parties held at often working towards the same educational Offices (Schulbi­blio­thekarische Arbeitsstellen) “Summer Holiday Reading Club” in Bavaria the participating libraries, where certificates goals; both sides could considerably improve developments are impressive. In practice there and “Book Summer XXL” in Saxony-Anhalt the were awarded and gifts presented. Most clubs their standing by collaborating more closely. are no binding standards governing the equip- programmes endeavour to generate a thirst for were initiated and organised by the state and As schools gradually became all-day institu- ment of a school library, but a body of reliable books and an appetite for reading with events church library service centres or library head- tions—a nationwide trend that started at the guidelines, reference works and articles has like “Bock auf Buch” (In the Mood for a Book) quarters in cooperation with local libraries. turn of the century—so the need also increased nevertheless been widely adopted. and “Cool am Pool” (Cool at the Pool), whereby Around 100,000 children and young people for attractive multi-media learning spaces suit- The main problem is that there is no general slogans such as “Abenteuer beginnen im Kopf” borrowed more than 575,000 books from 950 able for active and independent learning. educational, political or legal framework of (Adventures Begin in Your Head) “Beim Lesen libraries during the school summer holidays in The educational and political mandate of binding and comprehensive regulations. A con- tauche ich ab” (Dive Into a Book) or “53 Grad – 2016, rating them by various criteria. In 2008 the the public libraries is at its most obvious in the stant impediment is the unclear ­administrative

74 | Library Diversity 75 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship classification of the school library. If, as has the public library) is that the school library is range of services. Cooperative models are also ary schools, hardly any of which have libraries. hitherto been the case, libraries are defined as funded by the public library, freeing the school becoming more prominent, with teaching Only the grammar schools have any kind of purely administrative entities, then they are from staffing or other costs while allowing it to methods using the internet and digital media adequate library provision. Only in very few regarded as the responsibility of the school benefit from the proximity of the public library. to encourage collaboration with district, city cases, mainly in new grammar (Gymnasien), funding body, i.e. the municipality or the This model also ensures a reasonable degree and regional media and image centres. The comprehensive (Gesamtschulen) and all-day county, as are buildings or maintenance staff. of compliance with library standards, whereas most common form of school library is the in- schools (Ganztagsschulen), is there any kind of This means that at federal state level school an independent school library run by teachers dependent type, widespread in larger schools adequate compliance with space and media ­libraries are assigned to the ministry respon- tends to develop a certain amount of “indi- and school centres, while the combined school provision standards. Over 90% of the work sible for culture, in the same way as public vidual creativity” and can only offer a ­limited and city public library model is usually found involved in managing and maintaining school libraries. In reality school libraries ought to be in large cities. libraries is carried out by part-time teachers assigned to the Ministry of Education since Broad estimates indicate that about 18–20%, and volunteer parents or pupils. Occasionally The school library or school media centre’s systematically they also contribute to the educational and ­indexed media stock is fully adapted to the teaching curricu- or about 8,500 of the approximately 44,300 staff may be supplied by job creation schemes didactic work of their schools. Many projects la and can be used both for subject-based teaching and me- general and vocational schools in Germany, or the Federal Volunteer Service (Bundesfrei­ have failed because the two departments kept dia skills instruction. The library’s stimulating environment have a school library or reading corner. Seen willigendienst). is an ideal learning space for project teams and workgroups passing the buck. – and can also be a great place to relax in free time, as can objectively, at the very most 2,500 schools (5%) There is general agreement among experts The dbv Commission “Library and School” be seen here in the Media Centre of the secondary schools have well-equipped libraries, and professional- on the most important services school libraries (Bibliothek und Schule) complements the in the Heinz Engler Forum in Biberach an der Riss (Baden-­ ly trained librarians are in short supply nearly and media centres should be expected to pro- Württemberg). The Centre is part of the City Library Media activities of the regional commissions and and Information Centre and provides pupils and teachers everywhere. The situation is particularly criti- vide, always presupposing adequate funding, working groups by giving library development with access to around 12,000 media units spread over an cal in the primary, middle and higher second- staff and premises: reading encouragement a welcome boost at federal level, its most im- area of 300 square metres. – Photo: J. Feist, ekz schemes, information centres, teaching rooms, portant achievment being the creation of the communication platforms, cultural centres (in- web portal Schulmediothek.de (school media cluding media production centres) and leisure centre) hosted by the network portal German activities. There are various descriptive service Education Server (Deutscher Bildungs­server) models and it is often not easy to distinguish of the German Institute for International between them. These models describe school Educational Research (Deutsches Institut für libraries as “teaching spaces”, “learning and Internationale Pädagogische Forschung – DIPF). reading spaces”, “self-learning centres”, “social The portal provides access to comprehensive spaces”, “school-free spaces” or as “local librar- information and useful guidelines for school ies”. With the rise of all-day schools and regular ­libraries. Other promising developments are afternoon teaching schedules the idea of the the School Library Service Models (Modelle school library as an institution which can be schulbi­blio­thekarischer Versorgung), plans used for learning and for relaxation and super- for a curriculum, the editorial column School vision has come increasingly popular. Libraries Update (Schulbi­blio­thek aktuell) in the One of the drawbacks is that library staff are journal kjl&m, formerly Beiträge Jugendliteratur often insufficiently qualified. There is a lack of und Medien, and the advent of the first subject-­ appropriate training at national level, though specific training course. a few federal states have initiated day courses, School libraries can be part of all kinds of school library conferences or regional work- organisational structures. If the library is run shops, following suggestions submitted by as an independent unit within the school, then library service centre projects (Bavaria, Lower the school itself is responsible for funding the Saxony, Rhineland-Palatinate), regional working library’s service from its own budget or from groups at association level (Hesse, Branden- donations and grants from a Friends Associa- burg, North Rhine-Westphalia) or school library tion or booster club. A frequent alternative is service centres (Cologne, Frankfurt am Main, the integration of the school library into an ex- Hamburg). School library-related subject mat- isting public library, utilising the same building ter seldom finds its way into teacher training and infrastructure, either as a public library us- curricula. The dbv Commission “Library and ing rooms in the school (model 1) or as a school School” has long demanded that basic school using a nearby public library (model 2). Apart library knowledge be integrated into teacher from the shared premises the main characteris- training courses. Teachers responsible for run- tic of the second model (where the school uses ning school libraries should have their teaching

76 | Library Diversity 77 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship hours appropriately reduced, or temporary Music Libraries The German Music Archive in the fourth extension of the German National Library, opened in 2010 in Leipzig (Saxony), school librarians should be employed to help acts as Germany’s long-term musical memory bank. Its par- during the initial establishment or reorgani­ The changes taking place in the digital society ticular value lies in the comprehensiveness of its collections, sation of the library. and their effects on libraries are particularly which include many unique individual items. Although the Music Reading Room houses a reference collection of 5,000 In recent years the regional associations of evident when we look at music libraries. The volumes, it is less a place to read than to listen to music, the dbv have signed cooperative agreements attractive new music libraries such as those providing access to two million audio recordings. For special with the Ministries of Education in 14 federal founded in recent years in Stuttgart, Essen, acoustic requirements there is a playback studio situated states, thus putting collaboration between Nuremberg, Wiesbaden or Detmold cannot within the exhibition area. – Photo: Kunstmann public libraries and (all-day) schools on a firmer conceal the fact that the whole sector is faced footing; at regional level this has stimulated with formidable challenges. In spite of the political discussion on the significance of li- 88 public music libraries and 929 municipal brary work, reading and media skills, and digi- schools of music in Germany there is no ques- the old Special Subject Field (Sondersammel­ tal literacy. In 2015 the dbv published its latest tion of them providing comprehensive music gebiet – SSG) Musicology, allocated to the BSB statement on the contribution libraries make teaching and performing opportunities. In in 1949, has been reorganised and renamed to those areas detailed in the Federal Govern- view of the decline in the circulation figures “Specialised Information Service Musicology.” ment’s Digital Agenda. The report “Reading for physical media there is a pressing need to Further data sources and content will be added and Learning 3.0.: Media training belongs in the develop new ideas for the continuing develop- to the ViFaMusik to form a European music school library!” (Lesen und Lernen 3.0: Medien­ ment of music library services. catalogue. bildung in der Schulbiblio­ thek­ verankern!), also Although there are some independent music Most music libraries in the public library sec- known as the “Frankfurt Statement”, emphasis- libraries, most are departments, collections tor have reacted flexibly to change in society. es the particular role played by school media or special areas within the larger city libraries Users of music libraries are no different to the centres and makes concrete reference to the or state or regional libraries and schools of users of other library services in their desire for resolution adopted by the Standing Confer- music, with the libraries of the television and media and information to be available in elec- ence of the Ministers of Education on 8/3/2012 radio broadcasting companies also falling tronic form on their PC, tablet or smartphones on Media Training in Schools (Medienbildung into this category. Some are members of the wherever they are and whenever they wish. in der Schule). The Statement focuses on ways International Association of Music Libraries, Music libraries have hitherto only partially of teaching and improving media literacy, Archives and Documentation Centres (AIBM). been able to fulfil this wish, since many record- since without the associated knowledge and Whereas the academic and institutional music ing companies have not made the pre-requisite skills it is impossible to behave in an appropri- libraries have a clearly defined function and an lending licences available to libraries. For this ate, autonomous and responsible manner in a appropriate legal foundation, the public music Leipzig, ­London, Munich and Vienna as well as reason many public libraries subscribe to the world dominated by digital media. Three prin- libraries are an optional service provided by music bibliographies and international source digital lending platforms Onleihe and Ciando ciples—the school library as media centre, as the municipalities and subject to the will of indexes such as the Répertoire International Library, which make available sound recordings learning environment and the qualified school the funding body. des Sources Musicales (RISM) in addition to (almost exclusively in the form of packages librarian as media educator—form the core Music libraries not only collect and index ­digitized printed music and sound recordings. for classical, jazz and pop music) and music of this catalogue of educational and political printed music, books on music and sound Within the remit of the new DFG programme literature (music teaching titles, biographies demands. recordings; they also digitize these holdings Specialised Information Services for Research The constitutional reform envisaged for 2017 and make electronic resources and services (Fachinformationsdienste für die Wissenschaft), by the Federal Government and the Federal available to their customers in digital libraries States aims at improving the government’s or internal institutional repositories. The most Music rooms and digital pianos are standard in many big city ability to provide funding within the school comprehensive music collections are to be music library departments, as can be seen here in sector and may possibly involve extending the found in the large state and regional libraries, City Library. The Library was founded in 1914 as an independ- scope of hitherto isolated funding measures such as in Berlin, Munich, Dresden and Karls­ ent unit; later it was merged with the City Library to form the “People’s Library and Music Library”, housed in the historic such as the IZBB programme “Education and ruhe. Dalberghaus building. Holdings comprise around 25,000 Support—the Future” (Zukunft Bildung und The Virtual Subject Library ViFaMusik, a books, music works, journals, CDs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, audio Betreuung) to include nursery school, librar- DFG-funded project initiated in 2005 and jointly books and music films on DVD. Three special subject collec- tions “Mannheim School”, “Mannheim Music” and “Women ies and adult education centres. Attention is administered by the Bavarian State Library Composers” include valuable rara such as early printed increasingly focusing on improving reading and the State Institute for Music Research works, manuscripts and images. Parts of the “Mannheim skills, particularly with the help of digital (Staatliches Institut für Musikforschung) in School” collections are available in digital form. – Photo: D. Jakob media.­ Berlin, provides a platform for digital music resources. Included are the catalogues of all the large European music libraries in Berlin,

78 | Library Diversity 79 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship Printed Printed Secondary Secondary CD CD Total Total Acquisitions music music literature literature holdings circulation media circulation budget holdings circulation holdings circulation holdings (media units) (media units) (media units) (media units) (media units) (media units) (media units) (in Euro)

859,500 827,400 266,800 291,700 577,600 2,828,600 1,871,100 4,196,300 781,800

Performance figures for the 44 participating music libraries (Source: German Library Statistics DBS 2015, updated to 31/12/2015)

of ­musicians, introductions to musical works) Libraries and the Promotion of Reading as part of their service. The DBS 2015 (31/12/2015) lists 44 music li- The results of the PISA studies from 2000 helped braries returning statistical data, nearly all of to establish the promotion of reading as a core which are part of one of the larger city library activity in German public libraries. The programme Lesestart – Drei Meilensteine (Starting to system. The following table shows how well- The terms reading promotion (in particular Read –Three Milestones), seen here in the inviting children’s used the library stock is: reading skills and reading performance) have department of the City Library in (Mecklenburg-­ need help with their reading and literary social- Public libraries also provide facilities for ac- become fashionable in the past few years, yet Vorpommern) on the poster next to various book bins full isation. As far as reading promotion in primary of stories for reading aloud is one of the country’s most tive musicians. For example Essen City Library’s are defined and used in quite different ways successful promotion projects of the past few years. schools is concerned, it has been shown that Music Library offers “music packs” for those by teachers and librarians. The English word – Both photos: J. Seefeldt most promotional activities are designed to working with school classes and children’s literacy is often used by teachers, parents, edu- improve spelling, not reading. But once reading groups, coordinates the acquisition of teaching cationalists and librarians to mean those skills itself has become automatic, independent book materials with the School of Music and organ- associated with reading, writing and narrative with ­language or the printed word. At the reading can lead to an improvement of literacy ises joint taster courses for beginners with the culture—in short, the ability to handle the writ- same time it reinforces the reading promotion by bundling sub-skills. adult education centre. Other libraries organise ten and spoken language. work of the nursery schools so that children In the light of this knowledge, public libraries sing-along concerts for families and the elderly, “Promotion of reading” is generally used as from homes with few books come into contact are in a unique position to provide suitable make rooms available to young performing a somewhat vague collective term for a variety with literature and deficits can be dealt with. reading materials since they are able to draw musicians, and include concerts and music of methods intended to promote and improve The reading promotion programmes offered on book and media holdings specially tailored ­performances in their cultural and public reading fluency or text comprehension. The by many public libraries in large and medi- to age and development-specific needs. In the ­relations programmes. idea is that it should stimulate reading and um-sized cities are continually expanding, but past decade and a half libraries have evolved a stabilize reading behaviour, whereas literary there is often a lack of specially training staff whole range of pro-active activities designed education focuses on the accessibility of lyrical and suitable rooms for them to be able to offer to make their holdings known to a wider public text and content. Reading practice is centred these groups on a regular basis. and entice various target groups into the li- on the acquisition of skills and strategies fa- Nowadays the home, the school and the brary. These programmes are complemented by cilitating the act of reading and working with library are seen as the three most important the efforts of the library service centres, which all kinds of text content. So-called pre-skills facilitators of reading and writing skills. Where- are often an important pre-requisite of learn- as the obligatory reading instruction in school, ing to write. Such skills can be further honed especially in primary school, is aimed at mak- by libraries, for example in pre-school pro- ing sure children possess basic reading skills, grammes involving activities such as rhyme, reading promotion tries to exert a positive singing and finger games, or leafing through influence on their motivation to read and on picture-books together and reading stories their reading habits. Originally reading promo- aloud. This kind of activity complements chil- tion in schools concentrated on children who dren’s development at home and affords them clearly still had problems with reading even their first encounters with reading and books. after initial instruction in reading and writing. Pointing with their fingers, speaking aloud and Now, however, it has been extended to cover repeating words help them to connect pictures all children at all levels and in all schools who

80 | Library Diversity 81 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship have developed nationwide projects either ultimately politicians. Research studies show to encourage children to read of their own themselves or in cooperation with others, and that gender-based prejudices can influence accord. 4.5 million children received Lesestart are designed to support libraries or encourage not only the academic achievements of girls sets from 2010 onwards: the first set from their them to participate in collective activities. and boys but also their choice of career. This local paediatrician’s practice, the second from The main goal of the reading promotion activ- involves neither maintaining out-dated ideas their local library and from 2016–2018 the third ities offered by public libraries is the improve- on gender roles or levelling down. It is impor- and final set from their primary school. An ment of reading motivation and reading ability, tant to find out what the individual needs and evaluation returned such positive results that leading to an increase in imagination, creativity interests of boys and girls are while also taking the Reading Foundation and their partners and concentration. account of their preferences. It is generally rec- have been motivated to make the programme Space does not permit more then a cursory ognised that while boys need their own special permanent. mention of a small number of the many exam- form of reading promotion it is also important The project “Reading is Strength: Reading ples of these activities. Ultimately it is a case to encourage girls in order to recognise when and Digital Media“ (Lesen macht stark: Lesen of getting children interested in the library by they show interest in subjects not typically und digitale Medien), also jointly funded by showing them how to find information, an- classed as feminine. the BMBF and the dbv in partnership with the swers to their homework problems or things Modern reading promotion is focusing Digital Opportunities Foundation (Stiftung to do in their leisure time: increasingly on digital and multi-media pro- Digital Chancen), aims to create more than grammes alongside conventional book-based 350 “Alliances for Education” (Bündnisse für The currently biennial International Children’s Book Exhibi- • regular story hours for children aged media. Examples are hybrid picture-books Bildung) in 16 federal states between 2013 and tion (IKiBu) has been held since 1971 in Duisburg City Library from three to six, or from six to ten which work on the lines of Augmented Reality 2017. All the projects promoting reading and and is a showcase project for intercultural work. Its centre- • picture-book cinema sessions for the (AR). They let children of nursery-school age media literacy have focused on autonomous piece is the exhibition of literature for children and young people, with new titles, nominations and award-winners of over-fives experience the traditional picture-book with and creative media use by the young partici- the German Youth Book Prize, author readings and topics of • public readings and meet-and-greet text in a rather different way via various apps pants, and all activities begin with them read- international interest. – Photo: krischerfotografie Duisburg sessions with authors on their tablet or smartphone, i.e. with sound ing a text themselves, or listening to it being • handicraft afternoons using ideas in and video clips. Older children have the chance read aloud, before continuing with the help books of using apps to create their own books or can of digital media, social media applications, process, and doubts on the willingness of some • modern methods such as interactive take advantage of social reading platforms to gaming, geo-­ or edu-caching and film and dra- migrant groups to integrate, through to early board-stories, social reading and trans­media share texts. ma projects. Local­ volunteers help to support language learning in children, the future lack storytelling Some time ago the Federal Government their full-time alliance partners. The Digital of skilled workers or the equal participation of • reading workshops and literature discussion augmented the state-funded measures with Opportunities Foundation ran a free training migrants. As early as 2008 ­IFLA’s manifesto on groups for various ages its own support for the promotion of reading. campaign to help participating volunteers the multicultural library had already called on • writing workshops This was mainly in the form of cooperation in- obtain the qualifications­ needed to use the libraries to ensure accessibility for all members • Reading Nights with school classes or mixed volving the Federal Ministry of Education and new media forms. of society. Reading promotion and especially groups of children and young people Research, the Reading Foundation (Stiftung the acquisition of the national language of the • provision of special reading boxes or media Lesen), the German Library Association, the The Intercultural Work country of residence were seen as the impor- blocks with fiction or non-fiction suitable Borromäus Society, the evangelical literature of the Public Libraries tant “key” to successful integration. for different school classes portal, the St. Michael’s Association and the Established in 2009, the dbv Commission • media exhibitions for children Convention of Library Service Centres. Public libraries have also reacted to the large for Intercultural Library Services (Kommission • help from librarians when setting up In 2009 the nine-year project Lesestart – Drei numbers of refugees who have sought asylum Interkulturelle Bibliotheksarbeit) explores school libraries Meilensteine (Starting to Read—Three Mile- in Gernany since 2015. On launching its pro- ways of adapting library services to the needs • various forms of guided tours for school stones) was launched by the Reading Founda- gramme “National Action Plan On Integration” of users with a migration background. The classes, with an adventure, subject tion with funding from the BMBF as the first (Nationaler Aktionsplan Integration) three years Commission utilises talks and conference or information-based focus nationwide reading promotion programme. earlier in 2012 the Federal Government had discussion panels to raise awareness whilst • setting up a swap-shop, reading corner It consists of three interdependent phrases described the integration of people with mi- encouraging the development of intercultural or bookshelf in the classroom designed to help families with small children, gration backgrounds as one of the “key tasks” services and providing assistance, evaluation from birth until they start school. The free of our time, not merely because demographic and documentary support. At the same time Libraries pay especial attention to gender-sen- Lesestart sets, containing an age-appropriate development patterns would inevitably lead to the Commission screens potential project sitive methods of promoting reading which children’s book together with advice and tips problems in a constantly ageing society. Since funding sources, has evolved library standards can be implemented when various partners on reading aloud and storytelling in a home then debates on integration, inclusion and for the provision of intercultural service and come together and complement each other, environment, are at the heart of the project; participation held at federal, state and local made recommendations on the shared use and which are addressed to parents, educators, the idea is to make sure reading and storytell- level have covered topics ranging from the of holdings, the networking of acquisition teachers, libraries, bookshops, publishers and ing is firmly established in everyday life and involvement of all social strata in the inclusion ­channels and ­consortium options.

82 | Library Diversity 83 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship language, dictionaries, English-language titles profit institutions, libraries are committed to and foreign newspapers have all proved help- serving all members of society and to cham- ful for those recently arrived in Germany. Con- pioning equal opportunities, integration and tact and networking with institutions offering educational equality. This is one sphere of local and regional support has intensified. library work particularly adversely affected by Much valuable financial support is received via the cutbacks implemented by the public and donations from a wide range of partners and church funding institutions in the 1990s and sponsors such as active civic trusts and sav- which have often led to services being heavily ings bank foundations (Sparkassen-Stiftung), reduced or even discontinued. However this so-called service clubs such as the Lions Club, area does seem to be experiencing a slight, Rotary, Kiwanis and Zonta, or the German if cyclical, growth in popularity thanks to in- child welfare organisation Deutsches Kinder­ creased political interest in intercultural and hilfswerk and the German lotteries, including demographic issues. social lotteries like Aktion Mensch. Many specialists have long been calling for The Goethe Institute in Germany is also measures to increase the social and political active in this area, organising free founda- acceptance of this kind of library work and tion-level courses or provid- are demanding better funding to ensure that ing videos for loan showing how to deal with these facilities are available to all. Initially, local authority procedures, everyday situations target-group orientated library work was nar- or job-search support. In 2010 more than 300 rowly defined as the provision of “books on book packages containing several thousand wheels” services to the handicapped at home German-language book for children and young or to patients in hospital; later prison services people translated into Arabic were donated were included in this definition. There has since to libraries, which duly incorporated and cat- been a distinct broadening of the term itself alogued them. The Arabic translations and and the goals associated with it. The category editions were published with the support of “people with special needs” has long included a translation funding programme. the elderly, the socially and physically disad- vantaged, refugees (in temporary centres and Library Services for reception camps) and persons with educational The City and Anniversary Festivals organised by Heidelberg City Library in June 2016 to celebrate the 50th anniversary Special User Groups or language disadvantages or migration back- Most libraries see those with a migration of the inauguration of the new building in Poststrasse pro- grounds, all of whom are now targeted for background as a new and important target vide a welcome opportunity for using cultural library work Integrative library work for special user groups, special library and media provision services. to attract people from all social strata and groups into the group, especially if they are refugees or asylum libraries. – Photo: Heidelberg City Library sometimes known as social library work but Libraries are rising to the challenge of making seekers. Despite the not inconsiderable prac- nowadays more often known as target-group tical problems and difficulties, intercultural orientated or target-group specific library library work is generally becoming increasingly young people it has become almost a matter of work, is dedicated to providing special services important. The role of the library as an institu- course to issue free library cards to refugees. to persons with specific disabilities or who tion willing and able to make a tangible contri- Other measure include multilingual book pack- are in a difficult personal situation. As not-for- bution to the integration of minority groups is ages and media boxes for parents and children, undoubtedly being seen in a new light. some of which are distributed to refugee ac- Like many other public libraries, the Main City Library in The extent to which integration work has commodation centres; low-threshold language Bremen has equipped different areas to cater for special increased is clear from the many ongoing courses offer a first taste of the German lan- user groups. The young people’s library “Teen Spirit” was projects and measures. Many libraries have guage and culture, often with additional staff designed with the target group in mind and with the help of young people’s focus groups. The special shelving system developed new ideas for intercultural activities supplied by friends’ associations or the local by the library suppliers ekz and trendy furniture help to and receive political backup from local author- adult education centre. Libraries are function- create an atmosphere which encourages the youthful users ity committees. In some West German cities ing as public spaces for social interchange as to spend time in the library, either indulging in a little “cool” surfing at the eight PC and internet terminals, listening to the proportion of inhabitants with migration users take advantage of internet workstations music CDs or watching videos, or playing computer games backgrounds can be as high as 25%, including and WiFi networks to maintain contact with at one of the eleven multimedia computers. as many as 50 different nationalities and lan- family and friends abroad. Picture-books, ­bi- – Photo: Bremen City Library guage groups. In addition to special tours of and multilingual literature for young people the library and story hours for children and and adults, stories and non-fiction in simple

84 | Library Diversity 85 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship The West German Audio Blindenhörbücherei e.V) in Münster and the staff are seen as part of a holistic concept of Library for the Blind e.V. in Münster lends CD-au- German Catholic Library for the Blind (Deutsche health care designed to promote the patients’ diobooks in DAISY format Katholische Blindenbücherei) in Bonn. These rapid recovery and to meet their need for infor- on all subjects to the libraries produce and circulate (electronically mation about their illness. The “Guidelines for blind and sight-impaired. Physically handicapped or by post) books, periodicals and texts both in Patients’ Libraries” (Richtlinien für Patientenbi­ users unable to use audio and in traditional Braille formats, which blio­theken) have established an important conventional books are they produce in their own studios in coop- professional basis for the work of librarians in also welcome to use the service. The WBH offers eration with a number of associations. Their hospitals. In the wake of recently introduced subscriptions to five total holdings comprise about 250,000 sound legal standards on hospital quality control and DAISY audio journals. recordings (audio books and audio journals on the stipulated certification procedure associat- The website explains that can be audio-cassette or compact disc in DAISY for- ed with them, patients’ libraries perceive them- downloaded or saved mat) and 160,000 books, periodicals and music selves as an important factor in this quality to memory cards or USB books in Braille. DAISY, which stands for Digital control procedure. thumb drives submitted by the user. Opening Accessible Information System, is the name of Around a third of hospital or patients’ librar- the website triggers the a worldwide standard for navigable and bar- ies are members of Section 8 of the German automatic text-to-speech rier-free multimedia documents. Audio books Library Association (Deutscher Bibliotheks­ function which accompa- nies the whole process can now be downloaded from the library sites verband e.V.); the Section’s Working Group on from login to download or saved to memory cards or thumb drives sup- Patients’ Libraries works together with the and catalogue search. plied by the user. evangelical literature portal and the Catholic – (Screenshot www. wbh-online.de) Most items are still borrowed by post, which Borromäus Association to organise longer train- continues to be free of charge for materials for ing courses in Hofgeismar (Hesse). The confer- the blind. The wide range of services provided ence agendas are compiled to take account of by the libraries for the blind are complemented current trends in the health and library sectors; by those of the church libraries, the special problems of stock development and structure departments for the blind available in some are treated alongside lobbying in the hospital metropolitan libraries, digital text-to-speech- or the benefits of literature therapy (biblio- transformers (e.g. in the German National Li- therapy), for which there is admittedly no firm brary), and other facilities. In 2004 libraries and scientific evidence. associations in Germany joined forces as the A distinction should be made between hospi- an active contribution towards implementing with notebooks, laptops, books and brochures Media Society for the Blind and Sight-Impaired tal libraries serving only patients and forming the provisions of the National Action Plans for designed to improve access to specialised (Mediengesellschaft für blinde und sehbehin­ part of the public library network, and special Integration (2007 to 2015) or the General Equal subject information, to provide information derte Menschen e.V. – Medibus). medical libraries (medizinische Fachbi­blio­ Treatment Act (­Allgemeines Gleichbehand­ on practical courses and media and to offer In 2016 about 33% of Germany’s around 1,960 theken) serving the clinic physicians, which lungsgesetz – AGG). low-threshold self-learning motivation. hospitals and clinics were state-run while 35% belong to the category of scientific special There are estimated to be around 7.5 million There are just under a dozen libraries for were run by charitable institutions and 22% by libraries. New standards for these libraries were German-speaking functionally illiterate citizens the blind (Blindenbi­blio­theken), providing the private enterprise. While the number of hospi- introduced in 2004, outlining goals and guide- in Germany, which means that nearly every 165,000 blind and around a million visually-im- tals has been continually declining for years, lines for buildings, budgeting, staffing and oth- tenth adult who is fit for work has not learned paired people in Germany with information the number of privately funded clinics is grow- er resources. to read and write properly. In 2017 the Federal and literature services; most are constituted on ing. According to the HBZ library search engine Around 220 German prisons maintain small Government will be asking clubs, associations a private law basis, some with Braille holdings there are 422 hospital or patients’ libraries reg- prison libraries (Gefängnisbi­blio­theken), also and employers to carefully reach out to these but the majority in the form of audio libraries. istered nationwide with the service in Cologne, called prisoners’ libraries, with holdings of people. Several federal states are making ef- Among the largest Braille or audio libraries of which 222, or about 11% of all clinics, supply between 1,000 to 10,000 media units; they have forts to improve the situation through action for the blind are the German Central Library statistical feedback to the German Library Sta- been the responsibility of the Federal states plans and campaigns, with particular attention for the Blind (Deutsche Zentralbücherei für tistics and can be regarded as active. Hospital since the federal reform of 2006. Qualified staff focused on the Alpha Points project Lesen Blinde – DZB) in Leipzig, the German Library for or patients’ libraries (Patientenbi­blio­theken) are employed by only three federal states; as macht Leben leichter (Reading Makes Life Eas- the Blind (Deutsche Blinden-Bibliothek – DBB) provide literature and other media services a rule a prison officer is in overall charge of ier) currently being jointly developed in coop- in Marburg, the Bavarian Audio Library for the mainly to patients during their stay, though library work in the prison, while the inmates are eration with 13 adult educations centres and Blind (Bayerische Blindenhörbücherei e.V – BBH) they also serve hospital staff. responsible for the main day-to-day running of 17 public libraries in Schleswig-Holstein. Alpha in Munich, the Hamburg Libraries for the Blind Their holdings, averaging 6,000 to 8,000 the library. In North Rhine-Westphalia there are Points are information points located in librar- (Hamburger Blindenbüchereien), the West Ger- books, journals and audio-visual media, and special Library Service Centres in each of the ies and adult education centres and equipped man Audio Library for the Blind (Westdeutsche the advisory services of their full and part-time prisons in Münster and Cologne, while Ham-

86 | Library Diversity 87 | Special Areas of Public Librarianship burg prison libraries receive support from the competition called “Prisoners’ and Detainees’ A rare example of a company works library can be found in Burghausen (Bavaria). The special service centre Prison Libraries of the Library of the Year 2016”; in 2017 it plans to company Wacker Chemie AG maintains a Book Halls (Fachstelle Justizanstaltsbüchereien award this title to five institutions in various works library with holdings of about 40,000 der Bücherhallen) and in the city state of Bre- federal states. In 2017 Bremen Prison Library media for its 10,000 employees and their families. The library was endowed in 1921 by men the prison library is a branch of Bremen was awarded the Library Prize by the VGH the company’s founder Alexander Wacker City Library. ­Foundation of Lower Saxony. to provide “instruction and entertainment”. Prison libraries are for entertainment, leisure It is open 19 hours per week, employs three staff members and has a registered circula- and further education purposes and form part Other Libraries tion of 120,000 items per year (2009). of the re-socialisation process. Their media – Photo: Wacker AG lending service not only provides prisoners Besides the categories already listed, there access to information but also enables them to are a number of other libraries, comparable take participate indirectly in the life of the soci- in their function to public libraries, but open ety of which they are part. By teaching informa- to a limited group of users only. For instance, tion and media literacy like all other libraries, in addition to its special military university The Information Infrastructure The German Society for Information and prison libraries help to ensure that inmates libraries, the German Federal Armed Forces Knowledge (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infor­ do not lose contact with society. They often (Deutsche Bundeswehr) maintain numerous With the Federal Programme for the Pro- mation und Wissen e.V. – DGI), founded in 1948, support prison alphabetisation programmes, smaller “troop libraries” (Truppenbüchereien), motion of Information and Documentation, forms an important interface between the acting as cultural facilitators by offering cre- which provide general information and en- 1974–1977 (Programm der Bundesregierung various information specialists operating in ative writing workshops or literature groups. tertainment for the soldiers, with holdings zur Förderung von Information and Dokumen­ libraries and documentation units; its goal is to Ultimately one of the main purposes of a prison of audio media and DVDs. The German Army tation 1974–1977—IuD-Program) there began define new perspectives for information ser- library is to ease the re-integration of prisoners maintains a total of around 100 libraries for the the systematic development of a network vices and to develop new techniques in know­ into the social and work environment on their use of its troops. of information and documentation centres. ledge management, release. The fact that nearly 90% of regular Only company employees have access to the Since subject-oriented information provision The FIZ Karlsruhe—Leibniz Institute of Infor­ inmates and up to 100% of juvenile offenders diminishing number of company works librar- is basically regarded as a commercial under- mation Infastructure, founded in 1977, is a good take advantage of the library service shows ies (Werksbi­blio­theken), of which only about taking which has to hold its own in the market, example of a renowned institute It is a recog- how important it is. 15–20 still exist; their purpose is to provide the first of these IuD programmes (and to an nised non-profit limited company and has been Exchange of views and opinions among their users with information on general topics even greater extent its successors) was seen charged with the task of making published prison librarians takes place partly at federal and leisure interests in addition to material for more as a contribution to the economy than scientific information available worldwide and state level. The association Friends of Prison professional training and continuing education to the advancement of science. Hence these of providing the accompanying services. In Libraries (Förderverein Gefangenenbüchereien purposes and they thus have a quite different programmes concentrated from the outset on order to achieve this, the FIZ Karlsruhe indexes e.V.), founded in 2006, organised conferences function to the company’s technical library, science and engineering. vast amounts of data from a wide range or for employees of prison and youth offenders’ which serves the interests of research and de- The most important outcome of the IuD sources, develops and markets innovative infor- institutions as part of the velopment within the company and is classed Programmes affecting libraries was the estab- mation services and e-research solutions, and in 2010, 2012 and 2016. The association acts in as a special library. lishment of subject-based information systems conducts its own research projects. As one of parallel with the dbv’s small Working Party on Picture libraries (Artotheken), formerly also (Fachinformationssysteme – FIS) together with the leading non-university institutions within Prison Libraries to promote the further devel- known as Graphics Libraries (Graphotheken), corresponding subject-based information cen- the informational infrastructure, and as mem- opment of media services for those in prison or have a particular place in the hearts of art lov- tres (Fachinformationszentren – FIZ) formed ber of the Leibniz Association, the FIZ Karlsruhe detention, future goals being the integration ers. Picture lending libraries are maintained by by merging already existing institutions. The is committed to promoting the national and of digital media into the libraries’ holdings and various funding agencies—public and academ- development of subject-specific databases and international transfer of scientific knowledge more cooperation between prison and city ic libraries, departments of culture, museums, the increasing numbers of electronic records and innovation. libraries. art associations etc. and offer a free or low-cost led to a rising demand for this literature, es- The FIZ Karlsruhe has hosted the STN Inter­ In 2007 Münster Prison Library was designat- lending service for paintings or prints of var- pecially for journal articles. Initially it was the national (Scientific and Technical Information ed “Library of the Year”, attracting considerable ious epochs. Their holdings consist of items task of the Central Subject Libraries (Zentrale Network) in Europe since 1984. STN Interna- attention both nationally and internationally. owned by, or on loan to, museums or artists. In Fachbi­blio­theken) to provide the documents tional is one of the leading online scientific Following the evacuation of Münster prison addition to providing these services they also indexed in the databases of the Fachinforma- and technical database providers, covering all in July 2016 the library had to be put into stor- organise exhibitions, lectures, guided tours and tionszentren; today the centres perform part of branches of the natural sciences and technolo- age and it is still uncertain whether it will be demonstrations of various artistic techniques this function themselves using electronic de- gy, together with international patent informa- re-opened in a renovated building. To raise and activities. The interests of the 120 picture livery services. Since this kind of information is tion. In cooperation with its partner libraries, awareness of the importance of library work libraries in Germany are represented by the As- a commercial commodity, a charge is made for the FIZ Karlsruhe retrieves the information behind bars the Friends’ Association celebrated sociation of German Picture Libraries (Artothe­ all these services, from searching to document ordered by its clients, providing them with its 10th anniversary by launching a nationwide kenverband Deutschland e.V.), founded in 2000. delivery. quick access to the full texts through its docu-

88 | Library Diversity 89 | The Information Infrastructure ment delivery service FIZ AutoDoc. In addition ­develop a framework for a subject information 4 PROFESSIONS changing demands on libraries and this is not the FIZ offers innovative e-science solutions ­infrastructure. just due to the rapid development of infor- across all disciplines, underpinning the entire The suggestions contained in the “Recom- AND ASSOCIATIONS mation and communications technology. The research process from concept to publication mendations of the Commission on the Future expectations which library users today place and including long-term digital archiving. Since of the Information Infrastructure” (KII) submit- The Organization(s) in media, information and reference services 2012 it has been responsible for managing the ted in 2011 under the auspices of the Leibniz of German Librarianship are radically different from the problems and technical operation of the German Digital Li- Association list eight central areas of action: information needs of users twenty or thirty brary (DDB). licensing, hosting / long-term archival, non-text The Library Professions years ago. The high level of these expectations The German Society for Information and materials, retrospective digitization / cultur- is most probably a result of increasing demo- Knowledge (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infor­ al heritage, virtual research environments, Librarians are professionals responsible for the cratic awareness amongst the public at large, mation und Wissen e.V. – DGI), founded in 1948, Open Access, research data, and information transfer of all types of stored information and who rightly demand that the modern library be forms an important interface between the literacy / training. The Commission has issued for dealing with the fundamental raw material a user-friendly, competent, up-to-date and well- various information specialists operating in concrete recommendations for each of these “knowledge”—whether they are employed in equipped service unit. libraries and documentation centres; its goal fields, divided into the four categories or- university libraries, school libraries, or in the The various professions in the areas of in- is to define new perspectives for information ganisation, finance, technology and law and special libraries of business enterprises. Their formation, literature, and modern media have services and to develop new techniques in placing particular emphasis on networking task of collecting, managing, indexing, cata- gained in relevance and scope during the last knowledge management. between the participants and other parts of loguing, and acting as intermediary for books decades. In addition to the traditional librarian A fresh attempt at improving cooperation, the infrastructure. The KII concept is a nation- and other media makes them professional especially between the specialist information wide plan. The federal states have acted on the partners in the media and information fields. The check-out and return of books and other media play an centres and the national subject libraries, was recommendations at state level, for example They are already today, and will in greater important role in the work of the typical Technical Library the launching of the “information networks” in the proposal for the further development measure continue to be in the future, naviga- Assistant for Media and Information Services (Fachangestell- at the start of the 21st century. The project of the academic infrastructure in Baden Würt- tors through the many data networks, making ter für Medien und Informationsdienste – FAMI). The photo shows the modern circulation desk at the new Duisburg was initiated by the BMBF’s strategic posi- temberg published in 2014 under the name electronic information accessible and ensuring City Library (Stadtbibliothek Duisburg Düsseldorf) in North tion paper published in 2002 under the title “E-Science”, which addressed five of the KII its quality and relevance are maintained. Rhine-Westphalia. Often integrated into the circulation area “Activating Knowledge through Information activity areas. The fields licensing, digitization, In Germany, the spectrum of library work are information and user services, the registration of new users and other activities now being often assigned to FAMIs, Networks” (Information vernetzen – Wissen Open Access, research management and virtual has expanded considerably along with the who call on fully-qualified librarians only when dealing with aktivieren). Database providers, libraries and research environments represent the greatest particularly complex enquiries. – Photo: Duisburg City Library research institutions in a given subject area challenges currently facing Germany’s academ- cooperated within these information networks ic libraries. to set up and administer joint literature and information services. As professional providers of full-text access to scholarly texts, including commercial products, the information net- works offered their customers the choice be- tween a subscription or pay-per-view service. Alongside the FIZ in Karlsruhe and DIMDI in ­Cologne a number of these information net- works were created for technology (Frankfurt am Main), chemistry (Berlin), planning and ­building (Stuttgart), the agricultural sciences (Bonn) and law and psychology (both in Saar- brücken). Together with the Virtual Subject Libraries and the Electronic Periodicals Library they formed the nucleus of a national know­ ledge portal. The subject information landscape in Ger- many still continues in a state of upheaval. In 2009 the Federal and State Joint Science Conference (Gemeinsame Wissenschaftskon­ ferenz des Bundes und der Länder – GWK) commissioned the Leibniz Association to

90 | Library Diversity 91 | The Organization(s) of German Librarianship (Bibliothekar), new professions have evolved, The German employment market affords Well-equipped modern working such as Documentalist (Dokumentar), Infor- information specialists increasingly good pros- areas in university and higher educa- mation manager (Informationswirt), Archivist pects, providing applicants are mobile, flexible tion libraries help to meet the needs (Archivar), Technical Library Assistant for Media and achievement-oriented. It is important of students for books and non-book materials. The photo shows the and Information Services (Fachangestellter für that they gain as much experience as possible Multimedia Reading Room of the Medien- und Informationsdienste) and Infor- through internships, projects of their own, or German National Library (Deutsche mation Broker—all these are branches of the student jobs during their training, that they Nationalbibliothek) in Frankfurt am Main (Hesse), popular with students information profession with converging, albeit are familiar with the terms and conditions of and boasting the latest in modern still distinctive activities. Whilst information current employment contracts and that they technology and a multimedia brokers trade in the “marketable aspects“ of can show they are at home with databases, in- processing system supporting the acquisition, administration, retrieval information, which they acquire via data net- ternet technology and digital archive systems. and presentation of electronic publi- works for commercial purposes, documental- However, exact forecasts regarding the future cations. – Photo: S. Jockel, DNB ists in documentation and information centres employment outlook for information special- are responsible for optimal indexing and for ists have generally proved to be extremely providing current information via data from inaccurate. economics, research, and technology. Archivists The noticeable convergence of professional in the community and state archives are mostly training schemes for the different informa- concerned with the storage and indexing of tion professions has been preceded by a long documentary evidence and sources from past period—influenced by German tradition—of In publicly-funded libraries, library staff are church-run libraries but not to employees in and present. All these professions now employ demarcation. The professional image has been either employed on a salaried basis as “em- company libraries, where employment con- trained technical staff as technical assistants influenced for decades not only by the sepa- ployees in the public service” (Beschäftigter im tracts are negotiated on an individual basis in libraries, image agencies, archives and doc- ration of the public and academic library sec- Öffentlichen Dienst, formerly Angestellter or and are subject to normal civil legislation. Here umentation centres. Librarians and informa- tors but also by demarcation issues between Arbeiter) or as tenured public servants. Library salaries are only occasionally based on those of tion managers (now with degrees at bachelor librarians and documentalists which still exist staff with civil servant status have a special the public service tariffs. and master’s level) form an indispensable link today. Even within the staff structure of a sin- service and loyalty obligation towards their between all these professions and the corre- gle library the professional landscape is often employers and are paid according to federal or The History of Professional sponding libraries, whatever their holdings finely subdivided. state laws. Library staff with “employee“ status Librarianship Training and services. The reasons for this are less the result of (Angestellte) are paid according to private law. Today there are approximately 24,000 full- the structure of German librarianship than of For decades they were bound by the collective Professional training for librarianship and other time trained professionals in Germany in the German labour and professional occupational wage agreements known as “The Federal Em- related professions has been in constant flux general sector of libraries and similar institu- legislation. Since public service careers for the ployees’ Tariff Agreement” (Bundesangestell­ during the last two decades, and it would be tions, around 11,000 work in public libraries. In so-called academic and research library service tentarif – BAT), negotiated by the unions and presumptuous to try to cover everything. On the addition, there are 50,000 volunteers or part- were first established at the end of the 19th the public employers, until this was succeeded one hand, the constant changes are an expres- time staff in smaller public libraries and school century, it has been the strictly hierarchical in 2006 at municipal and federal level by the sion of a political readiness to adapt to current libraries supported by municipalities and structure together with all its corresponding “Federal Collective Tariff Agreement for the developments, especially at European level, and churches, and who acquire the practical skills rules and regulations rather than the principles Public Service” (Tarifvertrag Öffentlicher Dienst to modernize course content accordingly. On for their library and information work through of customer service which has led to the pro- –TVöD) and at state level by the “Federal State the other, they also reflect the uncertainty of specialist continuing education courses and nounced value placed on status and the result- Collective Tariff Agreement” (Tarifvertrag der the political decision-makers who have seen the training sessions. ing need for demarcation. Länder –TV-L). The hierarchical structure of the amalgamation and fusion of individual training The rapid development of information and At the beginning of the 21st century, the remuneration system in the TVöD and TV-L is institutions as the only possible solution in view communications technologies and the transi- distinction between the professional sectors is similar to the salary brackets applicable to the of the general pressure to cut costs. tion to the information and service society has fading somewhat, in favour of new subdivisions public servants. Formal training for the library profession led to extensive changes in the professional rating libraries and their staff by size, targeted In the public service, the tenured Beamte and did not begin in Germany until the end of the landscape generally, not only in this country. user groups, the level of professional qualifica- the corresponding Angestellte are assigned to 19th century. In 1893, the Prussian government This transition goes hand in hand with the tions, or alternatively by library performance different career bands: the unskilled or basic passed a decree stipulating professional train- noticeable convergence not only of related indicators or the scope of their services. Within (einfacher), the skilled or middle (mittlerer), the ing for librarians and prescribing its content. professions but also of vocations hitherto as- the professions and their training programmes, upper (gehobener), and the higher (höherer) Those with a university degree who aspired to sociated with other fields. This has given rise the main emphasis in the future will be on service levels. These bands also determine their become librarians were required to complete a to whole new areas of employment, such as those core qualifications, skills, and competen- salary or pay scale, assignment to a particular postgraduate training programme. The training electronic publishing, multimedia, the culture cies common to all the professional branches band depending on education and qualifi- scheme for the higher public service career industry, and media design. and required of every library employee. cation. A similar ruling applies to the staff of band (Referendarausbildung) can be traced

92 | Professions and Associations 93 | The History of Professional Librarianship Training back both to this Prussian regulation and to an Stuttgart Media University (Baden-Württemberg) is one of ordinance of the Bavarian government of 1905; several training facilities for librarians in Germany.It was it has for decades has been the standard meth- founded when the former College of Library and Information od of training for academic and research librar- Science was merged with the College of Printing and Me- dia, undertaking coverage of all media-related disciplines. ians and is still in force in some federal states Library and information management courses are among today. The professional librarianship training the over 20 accredited bachelor and master’s degree pro- system upon which most of the courses in the grammes available to the 4,500 students. The construction of suitable new buildings has enabled all the university’s Universities of Applied Sciences are based be- formerly separate sites to be relocated to a central campus. gan in 1914 with the founding of the first library – Photo: HdM Stuttgart school in Leipzig. As a result of the German partition, librarian- ship training developed along heterogeneous lines following the Second World War and particularly in West Germany was strongly in- The name Fachhochschule is increasingly being fluenced by the federal structures and sectoral replaced with “University”. A degree course demarcation there. After reunification, the formerly lasted between seven and eight semes- further reform and continuing development ters and included work experience periods of of librarianship training was anything but uni- variable length or practical training semesters form. Even today the general picture is still very as an integral part of the course structure. The higgledy-piggledy, though there is agreement current bachelor’s degree courses generally last on a common subject content core. Standard for six semesters, the subsequent optional mas- content includes above all management stud- ter’s degrees a further four semesters. Practical ies, marketing and library management, data- work experience plays a greater role in these base and internet applications, search strategy, new bachelor courses than in the traditional information and communications technology, university degree courses. In the federal, state information services, service and customer ori- and local government public services, qualified entation and the literature and media markets. sity degree and have usually completed a spe- have qualified with the degree title “Master of library staff with diploma or bachelor’s degree Another decisive characteristic of all study and cial graduate course in librarianship following Library and Information Science” (MLIS/MALIS) are assigned to the upper public service level. training courses is the emphasis placed on the the completion of their first degree, either in or “Master of Arts” (M.A.), depending on wheth- There is only one recognised librarianship practical aspects of librarianship. the form of a four-semester graduate course er they graduated from a university of applied training course organised according to German or a two-year training programme. The former sciences or the Humboldt University in Berlin. dual system principles (combined theoretical Librarianship Training and variation is a conventional or in-service univer- Typically, librarians at the higher level in aca- training and on-the-job practice); it replaced Training Institutions in Germany sity course where the participants have normal demic and research libraries will be responsible the former qualification “Library Assistant” student status, while the latter is part of the for the selection and classification of subject (Assistent an Bibliotheken) in 1999. On leaving In practice, professional library activities in traditional preparatory training for the public literature, for reference and advisory services, secondary or grammar school, trainees can most academic and larger public libraries are service, with probationary status. In either for the coordination of internal and external take a three-year course to qualify as “Technical organized on four levels: At the highest level are case the training programme will include both library organization, and for planning of, and Library Assistant for Media and Information academic librarians with a university education practical and theoretical aspects. The practical cooperation within, projects involving new Services (Fachangestellte für Medien- und In­ (Höherer Dienst / Master’s degree), followed part involves a period spent in a certified aca- information technologies. Many of these acti­ formationsdienste – FAMI). The course content by certified librarians or qualified information demic training library or on a practice-related vities require leadership skills. focuses on five separate special study areas: managers with a professional librarianship or project while the theoretical part consists of The Universities of Applied Sciences (FH/ libraries, archives, general information and information management diploma from a Uni- formal teaching at a university institution of TH) are responsible for the bachelor (formerly documentation, image agencies, or medical versity of Applied Sciences. At the next level are higher education. At the end of the two-year “diploma”) and master’s degree courses in li- documentation. Student numbers vary consid- the Technical Library Assistants for Media and training programme, candidates sit the state brarianship, offered by nine German university erably depending on the chosen option; since Information Services (Fachangestellte für Me­ examination for the higher public service institutions. The previous library schools were around 75% of trainees come from libraries, the dien- und Informationsdienste – FAMI) or Bibli­ (Staatsexamen). In the past, those who chose gradually restructured, initially into independ- vocational schools experience a clear library-re- otheksassistenten at the middle public service the four-semester graduate course qualified ent Universities of Applied Sciences; they have lated bias. In second place is the special subject level, with semi-skilled library employees at the as “Academic Librarian” (Wissenschaftlicher since been incorporated into the larger Uni- Archives with about 10.0%, then Information lowest level. Bibliothekar) or “Magister Artium“ (M.A.); since versities of Applied Sciences or the Humboldt and Documentation with about 8.0%, while Most librarians employed at the academic 2007/2008 most of those completing courses in University of Berlin as separate faculties or de- only 5.0% opt for medical documentation and level (wissenschaftlicher Dienst) have a univer- librarianship and information science or similar partments offering appropriate study courses. a smaller number still for image agencies.

94 | Professions and Associations 95 | Librarianship Training and Training Institutions in Germany In Frankfurt am Main it has been possible • Vocational training schools (Berufsschulen) Continuing Professional Education although following the closure of the German since 2012 to go on to take a further training offering training courses for the middle and Training for Library Staff Library Institute (Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut) course to qualify as Fachwirt für Informations­ public service band for FAMIs opting for the in 2002 there is sore need of a coordinating dienst (Information Services Specialist). In library specialization Librarianship training has for years been the body for all professional education providers Bavaria trainees with university entrance qual- • Departments of Library and Information subject of intensive discussion in Germany and and a central professional education and train- ifications who have successfully passed the Science (Fachbereiche für Bibliotheks- und is generally considered to be of very uneven ing database. The attempt to establish the pro- public service selection examination can go on Informationswesen) or of Information and quality. In order to meet demands for enhanced fessional education portal Wissen-bringt-weiter to qualify as Diplombi­blio­thekare. Communication Science (Informations- und professional standards in librarianship and (Knowledge Helps You Go Further) set up by Vocational education committees (Berufsaus­ Kommunikationswissenschaft) at public information science, the development of a the University of Applied Sciences in Hamburg bildungsausschüsse) in the Chambers of Com- institutions of higher education or internal systematic and well-structured programme of at the end of 2005 was deemed to have failed merce (Industrie- und Handelskammer – IHK) administrative academies. continuing professional education and training in 2014. Since then the website library-training. and special units at the district administrative • University degree programmes in library for library staff has long been called for. Train- de hosted by the BIB and VDB has provided or top state government level advise on and science (universitäre Studiengänge der ing in the sense of life-long learning involves regular and reliable information on the training coordinate the individual components of the Bibliothekswissenschaft), of which the only above all incorporating qualification into inter- ­courses offered by 12 providers. FAMI training courses. An Education and Train- example is at the Humboldt University in nal staff development programmes as part of ing Master Plan (Ausbildungsrahmenplan) and Berlin at the Institute for Library Science the basic library management concept. Cooperation Among German Libraries an on-the-job training plan define sequence, (Institut für Bibliothekswissenschaft), which In Germany, there are around 25 regional and objectives and content of the combined theo- offers distance-learning postgraduate and national institutions offering continuing profes- The principle of federal state cultural auton- retical and practical training programme. There conventional bachelor’s degree courses. sional education for librarians, among others: omy and Germany’s federal structure are the are no fixed formal entry requirements for this main reasons for the surprising variety of qualification; most candidates graduate from Courses of study for the library professions at • the professional associations dbv, BIB independent libraries and funding bodies. high school with the secondary school leaving universities, institutions of higher education and VDB with their regional subsections This variety gives individual ideas and creative certificate known as the Mittlere Reife. and universities of applied science are possible • the library network headquarters methods free rein, though individualization Training institutions for librarianship can today at a total of nine locations in Germany— • the state, university and regional libraries carries with it an inherent danger of fragmen- be categorized as follows: see illustrated plan of the training institutions. • the universities and Universities of Applied tation. But since no library is self-sufficient, Sciences offering librarianship courses extensive cooperation between libraries and (e.g. the Centre for Library and Information the establishment of national-level institutions Librarianship Training Institutions in Germany 2017 Degrees: Science Training at the Technical University and services assumes a particularly important Berlin Humboldt-University of Berlin (IBI) BERLIN: Library and information science of Applied Sciences (TH) in Cologne, the role, especially since the active representation Bachelor (BA) Institute of Library Science Master (MA) incl. MA Distance Executive Programme, Doctorate Training Centre at the Freie Universität of library interests at federal level is imperative. Berlin or the part-time distance learning The lack of an agency for library development Darmstadt Darmstadt University of Applied Sciences (h_da): DARMSTADT/ Dieburg Campus: Information Science Bachelor of Engineering (B.Sc.) courses at the University of Applied as advocated both in the DBI position paper Campus Dieburg: Faculty of Media Studies (Information Science) Master of Science (M.Sc.) Sciences in Potsdam) “Libraries in 2007” (Bibliothek 2007) and in the Hamburg Hamburg University of Applied Sciences: HAMBURG: Library and Information Management (BIM) • the public and church library service centres 2007 concluding report of the parliamentary Bachelor of Arts (BA) Faculty of Design, Media, Information Master of Arts (MA) Information, Media, and Library Management • the larger city libraries Committee of Enquiry into Culture in Germany • the ministries and administrative authorities is most sorely felt. It is not only a question of Hanover Hanover University of Applied Sciences: Faculty III: HANOVER: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Information Management (also as part-time in-service training) (e.g. the training course database of the preventing libraries from duplicating each oth- Media, Information and Design; Information and Knowledge Master of Arts (MA) Information and Knowledge Management Management Division, Dept. of Information and Communication (in-service study programme) qualification gateway e-teaching.org) er’s work unnecessarily and helping them to • the Chambers of Commerce and municipal improve their services; the main objective is to Cologne Cologne Univ. of Applied Sciences: COLOGNE: Library Science Bachelor of Arts (BA) academies (responsible for testing fight fragmentation by developing appropriate Faculty of Information and Communication, Master of Library and Information Science (MALIS – part-time Dept. of Information Science in-service), individual modules also available through the ZBIW candidates’ aptitude and for training strategic and structural library policies. the trainers) Since the onset of the 20th century, numer- Leipzig Leipzig University of Technology, Economics and Culture (HTWK): LEIPZIG: Library and Information Science Bachelor of Arts (BA) • the state-owned library suppliers ekz. ous library organizations, institutions, and Faculty of Media Master of Arts (MA) Bibliotheksservice GmbH associations with national functions have been Munich University for the Public Services of Bavaria: MUNICH: Certified Academic Librarian (FH – until 2017) • commercial enterprises and foundations, created. These have moulded librarianship Certified Archivist (FH) Dept. of Archive Management and Librarianship Bachelor of Arts (BA) Library and Information Management private institutions, societies and asso­cia­ in Germany and inspired new developments. tions in the educational and cultural sectors. Some of them can look back on a long tradition. Potsdam Potsdam University of Applied Sciences: POTSDAM: Bachelor of Arts (BA) Archival Studies, Library Manage- ment, Information and Data Management; Master of Arts (MA) There are both advantages and disadvantag- Faculty of Information Sciences Information Sciences, Archival Science, part-time in-service With around 800 continuing professional ed- es to the fact that library cooperation is not Stuttgart Stuttgart Media University STUTTGART: Library and Information Management ucation courses being offered annually, the state-regulated or organized. It manifests itself Bachelor of Arts (MA) (HdM) Master of Arts (MA), part-time in-service selection is both comprehensive and varied, primarily within the framework of non-govern-

96 | Professions and Associations 97 | Cooperation Among German Libraries ment professional societies and institutional (Bibliothek & Information Deutschland e.V. – the specialist committees and speakers’ coun- associations. It is important to distinguish Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheks- und cil. In addition the BID has a seat in the German between these two categories: Professional so- Informationsverbände – BID). After the DGI left UNESCO Commission and in the German Insti- cieties consist of qualified librarians and other the Federation at the end of 2012 the name affix tute for Adult Education (Deutsches Institut für library employees who have joined together was suitably shortened in 2013. Erwachsenenbildung). to further their mutual professional interests. The BID e.V. (=eingetragener Verein, regis- The BID’s international activities are an im- They also function as professional discussion tered non-profit-making society) is German portant aspect of its work and are funded by forums and public representatives of their The Federal Union of German Library librarianship’s umbrella organization, uniting the Foreign Office in Berlin and the Commis- members’ joint interests. Institutional associ- and Information Associations (BID) the three institutional and professional as- sioner of the Federal Government for Culture ations are made up of libraries, library-related as Umbrella Organisation sociations, the library suppliers ekz and the and Media (Beauftragter der Bundesregierung institutions and representatives of their fund- prominent cultural establishment Goethe Insti- für Kultur und Medien – BKM). This funding ing agencies; their mission is the pursuit of The harmonization of professional and library tute. At one time the Bertelsmann Foundation enables the BID’s standing committee Library common library interests, the development of political interests necessary for the further and the German Society for Information and & Informational International (Bibliothek & uniform standards and the enhancement of encouragement of interlibrary cooperation and Knowledge were also members of the Feder- Information International – BII) to further the the position of libraries and librarians in poli- the effective representation of library inter- ation. As non-profit association the BID repre- international exchange of professional opinion tics and society. ests before the public was first realized in the sents the joint interests of all its members at and know-how by awarding travel bursaries In the mid 1990’s an unsuccessful attempt 1960’s and 1970’s with the foundation (in 1963) national and European level, and on interna- to German and non-German librarians to help was made to merge the four (now two) associ- of the German Library Conference (Deutsche tional committees. them spend time studying and working abroad ations of professional librarians BIB and VDB Bibliothekskonferenz – DBK) and the compi- In view of the increasingly active support for and take part in international conferences., with the institutional association dbv to form lation of the Library Plan ’73 (Bibliotheksplan library interests from the individual member The umbrella organization awards the a single German organization. The task of de- ’73). To strengthen the public image further, organisations, the main remit of the umbrella Karl Preusker Medal (Karl-Preusker-Medaille) veloping an organizational structure like that the National Federation of German Library institution is to provide its members with a dis- in memory of Karl Preusker (1786–1871), the of Switzerland, Great Britain, the United States, Associations (Bundesvereinigung Deutscher cussion forum, to enable them to network with founder of the first German public library or, at international level, of IFLA, still remains Bibliotheksverbände e.V. – BDB) was founded each other, to prevent paralysing conflicts, and in Grossenhain near Dresden, opened on a long-term goal in the eyes of many German in September 1989 as successor to the German to coordinate national and international advo- 24.10.1828. The medal is awarded to committed professional librarians. Library Conference. When the DGI became cacy groups. Common objectives are now at the individuals in recognition of special services to The leading professional bodies are those a member in 2004 the name was changed root of all forward-looking strategic plans, with German librarianship; there is a full list of the united under the umbrella organization to Libraries & Information: Federal Union of the Commissions and Working Groups of the recipients in the Appendices. Federal Union of German Library and Infor- German Library and Information Associations member organisations all contributing their Every three years Bibliothek & Information mation Associations (Bibliothek & Informa­ expertise to the process. In view of the plethora Deutschland e.V. and the German Library Con- tion Deutschland – BID), together with other of the educational and technological challeng- gress (Deutscher Bibliothekartag) jointly host ­institutions to be described below. Members of the Federal Union of German es it faces, the BID aspires to the image of an the Leipzig Information and Library Congress, ­Library and Information Associations (BID) efficient, sustainable and unified lobby group one of the largest professional conferences Updated 1/1/2017 whenever it engages in dialogue with munici- in Germany. Since 2000 the Congress has been pal associations, federal states or the Federal held immediately before the Spring Fair exhibi- BIB DBV Government. tion in Leipzig. Association German The BID is based in Berlin. Its organs are the In 2009 the BID published the promotional of Information Library and Library General Meeting or Members’ Assembly (Mit­ brochure “21 Good Reasons for Good Librar- Association Professionals gliederversammlung), the Executive Committee ies” (21 gute Gründe für gute Bibliotheken), (Vorstand) and the President (with two depu- intended to help library professionals further ties). Annual reports document the BID’s work. the cause of libraries in their discussions with ekz VDB The BID is a member of the International Fed- political and financial decision-makers and Library Association eration of Library Associations and Institutions to provide a general basis for lobby work. The Suppliers BID of German GmbH Librarians (IFLA), and represents the interests of German brochure contains three supplements: “Basic libraries and professional associations in the principles of good libraries—guidelines for European Bureau of Library, Information and decision-makers”, “Indicators of Achievement Documentation Associations (EBLIDA). Its mem- and Quality” for public and higher education GI bership in the German Literature Conference libraries, and a draft Library Law for Germany. Goethe (Deutsche Literaturkonferenz) means it is also Institute indirectly a member of the German Cultural Council (Deutscher Kulturrat), working with

98 | Professions and Associations 99 | Cooperation Among German Libraries and essential if libraries are to succeed in join- of any sector to encourage competitive quality, ing other education and culture institutions in creativity, innovation and digitization. Initially dealing effectively with the challenges of digital endowed with 30,000 euros, now 20,000 euros change, integration and media education. it is the only national library award. The recip- The dbv focuses on defining and achieving ient library is selected by an independent jury library-related strategic goals, and publishes with members nominated by the sponsors, the German Library Association a range of reports and position papers on cur- state Ministries of Education, the Federal Gov- (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband e.V. – dbv) rent topics. The annual Report on the State of ernment, the Standing Conference of Cultural Libraries (Bericht zur Lage der Bibliotheken), Ministers, the German Association of Towns The history of the German Library Association published each year on October 24th, is de- and Cities (Deutscher Städtetag), the Zeit Foun- (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband e.V. – dbv) began signed to provide decision-makers and the me- dation (Zeit-Stiftung) and the BID. The prize-giv- in the western half of divided Germany in 1949. dia with information on library-related issues ing ceremony takes place on “Library Day”; the In the GDR, a separate German Library Asso- and problems. To maximise its influence on names of the winning libraries are listed in the ciation (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband – BV) parliamentary decision-making and legislative appendices at the end of the book. was established in 1964 to represent libraries processes the association acts through its 16 re- Since 1987 the dbv has presented the German with professional staff and other professional gional associations to maintain regular contact Libraries’ Award for Journalism (Publizisten­ institutions concerned with librarianship, infor- both with federal and state parliaments and preis der deutschen Bibliotheken) to journalists, mation and documentation. Until 1990 it was ministries and with leading local organisations authors and presenters in any branches of the known as Library Association of the German and regional authorities. Using election perfor- media for outstanding achievements in pre- Democratic Republic (Bibliotheksverband der mance benchmarking to put questions to the senting a modern image of current library work Deutschen Demokratischen Republik). political parties before elections—and later to and developments. The Award was inaugurated After reunification of Germany, the West and keep a critical eye on coalition negotiations— by the former dbv Chairman Helmut Sontag, East German Library Associations merged to the dbv is able to define forthcoming library-re- who held the position from 1983 to 1986. Since form the current German Library Association lated political objectives and talk to politicians Member organs and division of the dbv into sections 2010 the call for nominations has been issued and regional associations (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband e.V.). This new about current topics and events. jointly by the dbv and the publishers Wissen­ broad-based institutional association had In 2016 the Association posted its latest prod- schaftliche Buchgesellschaft (WBG); the award approximately 2,100 members and more than uct on the internet—a substantial online pack- cation. The campaign provides libraries with a is endowed with 5,000 Euros, of which each 3,000 libraries at the start of 2017. Regular mem- age of tools designed to help library lobbyists. platform where they can actively engage with organisation contributes one half. bership is open to all professionally run librar- It contains practical materials and arguments the digital changes taking place in society. The “Library Day”, which has been celebrated ies, state and church library service centres, including strategies for future-proofing, general forerunner project, which ran from 2008 to each year on October 24th since 1995, is intend- and other institutions related to librarianship information, and tips on how best to commu- 2013 under the motto Treffpunkt Bibliothek – ed to spotlight the varied activities and events and documentation. nicate with politicians and the press. To help in Information hat viele Gesichter (Meeting Point at around 10,000 libraries in Germany and to The association strives above all to raise the preparation of lobby discussions the asso- Library—Information has many faces), was the draw attention to their huge range of services. awareness of the importance of libraries in cul- ciation has published short factsheets listing first to concentrate on raising library aware- Other activities include ture, education and science and to reinforce the the latest library-related figures and including ness; the events were accompanied by celebrity role they play in society and politics. Its main checklists on efficient lobbying. library ambassadors, a national advertising • Publication of specialist opinions and objectives are the nationwide provision of an The dbv’s press and public relations work has campaign and activities in thousands of librar- professional reports on matters of particular up-to-date library service and the expansion significantly raised public awareness of the im- ies, with information available on a central importance and consolidation of a legal and financial frame- portant role libraries play in education, culture website to help promote local, regional and • Provision and supply of professional work for comprehensive library services. The and science and of the need of every citizen to national public-relations and publicity actions. information promotion of reading, media and information play an active part in society. The Association The title “Library of the Year“ (Bibliothek des • Organisation and realisation of professional literacy and the general media and information posts current information on its own website, Jahres) has been conferred by the dbv since information and continuing professional skills required to deal with the wide variety of on social media and in its newsletter and con- 2000 on selected libraries from all sectors for education courses, including webinars in digital formats have the same priority as the tributes regular articles on professional topics their outstanding and innovative achieve- the online webinar academy equal treatment of print and electronic publica- to a range of media. ments. Until 2013 the award was sponsored • Initiation of scholarly research on German tions, updating the legal regulations governing The national federal campaign “Network until 2012 by the Ebelin and Gerd Bucerius librarianship libraries, reinforceing the information infra- Library”, a project funded from 2013 to 2017 Foundation (Zeit-Stiftung Ebelin und Gerd Buce­ • Development of promotional programmes structure in research and science and the Sun- by the Federal Ministry of Education and Re- rius) and the weekly newspaper Die Zeit; in 2017 in cooperation with the German Research day opening of public libraries. The forging of a search and coordinated by the dbv secretariat, the Deutsche Telekom Stiftung took over the Foundation (Deutsche Forschungs­ national strategy for future library development focused attention on digital services and the role of sponsor. The title is given for outstand- gemeinschaft), the Federal Ministry of and adequate library funding is a major priority achievements of German librarianship in edu- ing, exemplary and innovative work by libraries Education (Bundesbildungsministerium),

100 | Professions and Associations 101 | Cooperation Among German Libraries the Commissioners for Culture and the awards (e.g. in Bremen, Lower Saxony, degree courses at the general and applied the main municipality associations (Deutscher Media (Beauftragte für Kultur und Medien) Hesse, Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and sciences universities in the field of library and Städtetag and Deutscher Städte- und Gemeinde­ and the Standing Conference of the Thuringia), state-level library days (e.g. in information science (LIS) in Germany. Structural- bund) for years. The German Rural District As- Ministers of Education and Cultural Affairs Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Rhineland- ly speaking, the KIBA is a member of Section 7 of sociation (Deutscher Landkreistag) did not feel (Kultusministerkonferenz der Länder – KMK) Palatinate), library legislation initiatives the dbv and also belongs to the Training Section the need for external counsel so that the rec- • European and international cooperation and and programmes to secure the survival of of the German Association for Information and ommendations do not apply to the libraries in the sharing of professional library knowledge libraries and library service centres. Knowledge (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infor­ these areas. The paper refers to a variety of cur- mation und Wissen e.V. – DGI). As lobby group rent expectations and spheres of activity while Within the dbv the chairmen of the regional for the training of information professionals also pointing to future developments in the pub- associations support the work of the executive it asserts its influence on professional associ- lic library sector. In particular it details the con- committee in their function as members of the ations, politicians, business and other training tribution libraries can make to solving problems advisory council. Many of the regional asso- institutions outside the higher education sector. caused by demographic change, digitization or ciations are registered non-profit making or- At a European level it represents its members migration and indicates ways in which they can ganizations. The Association of Libraries of the in international organizations such as the Euro­ support education projects at local government State of North Rhine-Westphalia (Verband der pean Association for Library and Information level, or help improve media literacy in relation Bibliotheken des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen Education and Research (EUCLID). to both old and new media. The main focus is on e.V – vbnw), founded in 1948, deserves special In 2003 the dbv expanded the scope of its forming networks of libraries and other partners mention as the largest regional association activities considerably when it assumed re- in the local education and administrative sector with around 350 members; it publishes the sponsibility for the Commissions and Expert (e.g. nursery schools, school, adult education highly-regarded scholarly journal Pro Libris. Groups of the former German Library Institute centres, retirement homes). The dbv is structured into eight sections, (Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut – DBI). The grouping together libraries of similar size and Commissions, including all the former Expert sector and enabling them to exchange knowl- Groups, operate on a voluntary basis, have edge and discuss pertinent issues. Further their own budgets and are coordinated by the specific topics are dealt with by working groups secretariat of the dbv or the VDB. The Federal within each section. The work of the sections Directorate both advertises posts and selects covers a wide spectrum of subjects, ranging suitable applicants, if necessary with the help Network of Excellence for Libraries from questions relating to project funding, the of the VDB board. In 2017 there were 12 Com- (knb) of the dbv provision of digital services, quality manage- missions: Library Buildings (dbv / VDB), Conser- ment measures and the promotion of open vation, Libraries and Schools, Acquisitions and The Library Expertise Network (Kompetenznetz­ access to the structuring of bachelor and mas- Collection Development, Mobile Libraries, Infor- werk für Bibliotheken – knb) was advocated ter’s degree courses in the field of information mation Literacy (dbv /VDB), Intercultural Library by the dbv and duly established by the KMK The “Heinrich Heine” City Library in Halberstadt (Stadtbiblio- thek Heinrich Heine Halberstadt) (Saxony-Anhalt) moved into studies or discussions on the importance of Work, Libraries for Children and Young People, in 2004, receiving its funding from the federal a former chapel in the 600-year-old Petershof on the Dom- library work with specific user groups. Customer-Centred Services, Management (dbv / states. The knb is an alliance of institutions platz in the year 2000 and in the same year was selected as The German Special Libraries Association VDB), Provenance Research and Cataloguing, which have proved their worth in coordinating the “Library of the Year”. Around 100,000 media are displayed over 1,770 m2. The high rooms enable the use of mezzanine (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezialbi­blio­theken and Law. library work in the past; it has a decentralised floors, thus increasing the amount of usable space. e.V – ASpB), founded in 1946, is also a member In addition there are seven Working Groups approach to handing important national is- – Photo: J. Feist, ekz of Section 5 and welcomes both institutional in two Sections dealing with current topics sues, with the German Library Association dbv and personal memberships, with over 1,000 and projects: In Section 4 (Academic General responsible for coordinating its activities. The current members. Its aim is to promote cooper- Libraries) there are the ad-hoc Working Groups knb is managed by a committee of six mem- • The dbv’s library policy interests are ation between special libraries, represent the Library 2030, Manuscripts and Early Printed bers, consisting of one member each from the also vigorously promoted by its regional interests of this particular type of library in the Books, Performance Measurement, Private library networks, libraries with a national remit associations, which represent the interests public arena, and to contribute to the exchange University Libraries, Regional Libraries and and the state service centres, plus two from the of the member libraries at federal state of professional expertise. To this end, the ASpB Specialised Subject Services, and in Section 8 dbv and one from the KMK. The incumbent dbv level while also providing a platform for hosts a biennial professional conference and (Works Libraries, Hospital Patients’ Libraries president also heads the knb governing council. the mutual exchange of information and publishes the proceedings. and Prison Libraries) the Working Group for The main goals of the knb are to make in- professional knowledge and lobbying the The Conference of Training and Degree Cours- Prison Libraries. formation and factual material available for appropriate federal state parliamentary es in Library and Information Science (Konferenz The guidelines “Libraries as powerful agents planning and decision-making at federal and committees. The 15 regional associations der informations- und biblio­ theks­ wissen­ schaft­­ for education and culture in the city and munici­ state level, to identify strategic priorities, gen- were, and still are, responsible for launching lichen Ausbildungs- und Studiengänge –­ KIBA) pality” published in May 2016 are the first joint erally reinforce the role of libraries and to fur- many new ideas, such as the regional library represents the interests of the training and statement to have been made by the dbv and nish an infrastructure for library cooperation

102 | Professions and Associations 103 | Cooperation Among German Libraries whilst also providing support for innovative formance levels to funding agencies, the public, related subjects) and is thus the larger of the tee (Vereinsausschuss), comprising represent- developments and the enhancement of inter- and the libraries themselves. A revised version two associations for professional librarians. atives of the 15 state groups (Landesgruppen), national relations. The work of the knb covers of the statistics is expected to be available in Although it does not see itself as a trade union the National Executive Committee and the a wide range of activities, all of which have in 2018. organization, its focus is nevertheless primarily seven Commissions (Training and Professional common that they can best be pursued at na- Since 2006 the library gateway Bibliotheks­ on the professional representation of its mem- Profiles KAuB, Pay Scale Guidance KEB, Training tional level, require continuity and are aimed at portal, designed for professional librarians, bers’ interests, with particular emphasis being FobiKom, One-Person Libraries OPL, Association furthering levels of library cooperation whilst journalists and politicians, has also assumed placed on the improvement, modernization, Marketing and Communication KVV, Web Com- not being subject to any of the limitations of the function of central point of contact and and standardization of librarianship training, mission Web-Komm, “New Professionals” Inter- short-term projects. The formal basis for the knowledge base for those requiring compre- the forging and implementation of a modern est Group). A three-quarter majority is required work of the knb is the administrative agree- hensive information on the German library professional image, negotiation of fair rates for the approval of important constitutional ment on the Network of Excellence for Libraries system as a whole. According to this portal the of pay for trainees and appropriate pay-scale changes. The main offices of the Association (Kompetenznetz­werk für Bibliotheken) reached website www.bi­blio­theksportale.de, which is grouping for practising librarians, and staff are in Reutlingen. on November 6th 2003 and the “Round Table” supplemented by a yellow pages-style index of qualification through targeted continuing Published checklists on various issues in report of March 24th 2003 addressed to the companies offering a range of library-related education measures. The professional associ- management and practical aspects of librarian- KMK Working Group on Libraries. services and products, is accessed on average ation makes a significant contribution to the ship provide support for practicing librarians. The dbv has created new sections with 287,000 times a month. improvement of staff qualification through its Some important publications of the past few full-time staff within its secretariat in Berlin many training courses (such as summer cours- years are: to accommodate the fields of international es and ekz-BIB seminars), mainly organized by cooperation, advice on EU and third-party fund- the 15 regional groups. Since 2006 the BIB has • Leitfaden FaMi-Ausbildung (FaMi Training ing, the library portal, and the coordination of maintained a training database (DAPS) which Guidelines). 2nd ed. 2011 the network as a whole. External institutions lists training and work experience institutions • Neue Wege in der Aus- und Fortbildung: have been engaged to service two important alongside universities and vocational training Vorträge zum 101. Dt. Bibliothekartag in areas: the University Library Service Centre institutions offering librarianship programmes. Hamburg 2012 (New Paths and Methods in (Hochschulbi­blio­thekszentrum) in North The database targets professionals at entry lev- Training: Papers held at the 101st German Rhine-Westphalia is responsible for compil- Association of Information and Library el, job seekers, potential and current students, Library Conference in Hamburg 2012). ing the German Library Statistics (Deutsche ­Professionals (Berufsverband Information trainees and training libraries offering work • Checklists published by the OPL Bibliotheksstatistik – DBS) and managing the Bibliothek e.V. – BIB) experience programmes. Commission. Already published in pdf expertise group Performance Measurement Notable areas of activity typically concern format: 1 / 2003: Bibliotheksumzug (Moving and Comparison aimed at widening the scope The Association of Information and Library planning and structural issues relating to the your library)—39 / 2015: Recherchieren in of the DBS to embrace quality management (as Professionals (BIB) was formed in the year 2000 German library system, the establishment of Wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken (Doing a replacement for the BIX Library Index discon- following the amalgamation of two formerly national and international relations, manage- research in academic libraries tinued in 2015). The German Standards Institute separate associations, the Association of Li- ment topics, and– together with the VDB—the (Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. – DIN) brarians and Library Assistants (Verein der Bib­ planning and execution of the German Library Up until its demise in 2013 the biennial Year- Institute has been charged with representing liothekare und Assistenten e.V. – VBA), and the Congress (Deutscher Bibliothekartag), second book of Public Libraries (Jahrbuch der Öffent­ Germany on international standards councils. Association of Certified Librarians in Academic in size only to the German Library Congress. The lichen Bibliotheken), which served as an In cooperation with the HBZ, the journal B.I.T and Research Libraries (Verein der Diplom-Bib­ conference papers of past years are available address book, was published by the BIB. The Online and infas, the dbv took on responsibility liothekare an wissenschaftlichen Bibliotheken online on the document server BIB-OPUS. The Association’s most important print title is the from 2006 to 2015 for the Library Index (Biblio­ e.V. – VdDB, founded in 1948). The VBA was itself BIB operates at national and European level professional library journal “BuB: Forum Bibli- theksindex – BIX), originally created in 1999 by formed as a result of a merger in 1997, in this and beyond, cooperating closely with non-Ger- othek und Information first published in 1949; the Bertelsmann Foundation. The Association case between the Association of Librarians in man and international organizations and main- the current circulation is approximately 9,000. and the HBZ were forced to discontinue the Public Libraries (Verein der Bibliothekare an taining international links (BII, EBLIDA, IFLA) Since mid-2016 the journal can also be read on national benchmarking system for libraries Öffentlichen Bibliotheken e.V. – VBB), founded and cooperative agreements with professional tablets, smartphones and notebooks via an app after 16 years when all attempts to establish a in 1949) and the National Association of Library associations in Italy, Austria and Switzerland available free of charge to BIB members. sustainable long-term financial model failed. Assistants and Other Staff in Libraries (Bun­ via the conference series “The Learning Li- In 2015 209 public and academic libraries had desverein der Bibliotheksassistent/innen und brary”. The Association is able to offer support opted to submit their performance data for Assistenten und anderer Mitarbeiter/innen an for members looking for internships abroad, comparison. The BIX index was seen as a cat- Bibliotheken e.V – BBA, founded in 1987). particularly in the USA, Great Britain and alyst with an innovative effect on the DBS. An Today, the BIB comprises approximately 6,300 ­Scandinavia. expertise group from the dbv and HBZ has been members (librarians, media archivists, library The National Executive Committee (Bundes­ working on an adaptation of the DBS to enable assistants, cultural managers, information bro- vorstand) of the BIB, consisting of up to five more effective ways of presenting library per- kers, documentalists, trainees and students of members, is assisted by an Association Commit-

104 | Professions and Associations 105 | Cooperation Among German Libraries für Bibliothekswesen und Bibliographie – ZfBB By 2017 around 3,000 (Journal of Librarianship and Bibliography). The public libraries in the VDB’s best-known publication is the biennial German-speaking coun- Yearbook of German Libraries (Jahrbuch der tries had already signed up for Onleihe (the name Deutschen Bibliotheken), first published in comes from a combina- Association of German Librarians 1902. It is divided into two sections: one with tion of ‘online’ and the (Verein Deutscher Bibliothekarinnen details and statistical data on academic and re- German word for ‘lend’), the majority members und Bibliothekare e.V. – VDB) search libraries, and the second on individuals, of one of the regional hence fulfilling the function of a membership networks with up to 70 The Association of German Librarians (VDB), directory. participating libraries. The ekz group leads the founded in 1900, is the oldest library associa- The VDB has organized the annual Deutscher German-speaking market tion in Germany. Bibliothekartag (German Library Conference) in the digital circulation Until the mid-1970’s, the VDB was responsible since 1900; it is the most important professional of media such as e-books, e-papers, e-audios and for all national-level institutional librarian- conference and currently alternates with the e-videos. – Photo: ekz ship work in Germany. Then the dbv, or more BID’s Deutscher Bibliothekskongress (German specifically the DBI, took over and the VDB Library Congress), held every three years. The relinquished these functions to become an Bibliothekartage 2012 to 2016 took place in association of individual professional librari- Berlin, Hamburg, Bremen and Nürnberg respec- ans. There are currently around 1,700 members, tively. In 2017 the conference will be held in most of whom hold senior positions in the Frankfurt am Main. Up until the 97th Deutscher academic sector, are undergoing training or Bibliothekartag in Mannheim in 2008 the con- identify closely with the association’s objec- ference proceedings appeared as special issues tives. The VDB’s goals are to encourage contact or supplements to the Zeitschrift für Biblio­ between academic and research librarians, to thekswesen und Bibliographie, published by ekz has mainly focused on public libraries in represent their professional interests, to help Klostermann. Starting with the 98th Deutscher Germany, the last few years have seen a sig- them continue to develop their professional Bibliothekartag held in Erfurt in 2009 the pro- nificant change: from its origins as primarily skills and to promote academic librarianship. ceedings were published by Olms as the series a book and library furniture supplier, the ekz The association concerns itself with all profes- Deutscher Bibliothekartag: Kongressbände. has expanded to become one of the European sional library issues, organises training courses From 2014 onwards the congress papers have ekz Library Service, Reutlingen market’s leading library service providers at and conferences, issues statements on topics appeared in the library journal o-bib under a the onset of the 21st century, with a compre- of current interest, publishes contributions on Creative Commons Attribution Licence (CC-BY). The library suppliers ekz.biblio­ theksservice­ hensive range of media supply, library plan- librarianship and works together with other As a member of the BID the VDB also belongs GmbH (ekz), founded at the suggestion of ning and consultancy services. The ekz has organisations in the field of library and infor- to the International Federation of Library librarians in 1947 in Reutlingen (Baden-Würt- adapted successfully to current market trends mation work. Particular importance is attached Associations and Institutions (IFLA), the Ligue temberg), have a unique position among Ger- by developing new services such as event to the qualification of young librarians and to des Bibliothèques Européennes de Recherche man national library institutions. The ekz is a sponsoring, training courses and staff quali­ continuing professional training in theory and (LIBER) and the European Bureau of Library, commercial enterprise constituted as a limited fication ­seminars. practice. The VDB is divided into eight regional Information and Documentation Associations company and targeting libraries in particular. The ekz has set itself the goal of offering associations and maintains three of its own (EBLIDA). Independently of its links with these 18 of its current 19 partners are public sector libraries a one-stop service for all their needs, Standing Commissions: on professional quali- organisations the VDB is constantly striving regional corporate bodies: Federal states, cit- enabling them to mix and match individual fications, legal issues, subject specialist issues, to strengthen the contacts between its mem- ies, and counties. They command over 32.9% of products, The ekz is also making a name for while a further three are organised jointly with bers and their colleagues in Germany and the stock and possess exclusive minority vot- itself as a data supply centre for public librar- the dbv: the Buildings Commission, the Com- elsewhere, maintaining cordial relations with ing rights. The ekz Group currently has a staff ies with its bibliographic and indexing ser- mission for Information Literacy and the Man- numerous foreign professional associations, of around 280 (in 2017) and is also one of the vices. Media in print can be delivered quickly agement Commission. particularly those of Germany’s immediate founding members of Bibliothek & Information thanks to online ordering, and the cataloguing The internal voice of the Association from neighbours. There are joint agreements be- Deutschland e.V. (BID). data can be transferred in machine-readable 2011 to 2014 was the VDB-Mitteilungen, pub- tween the VDB and the BIB with the Library The ekz’s contribution to library develop- form to the purchasing library. All products lished twice a year in print and available on the Association of South Tirol (Bibliotheks­verband ment is through the sales of specially designed can be viewed on the ekz’s website, allowing VDB website. Publication ceased in 2014 with Südtirol – BVS) and the Austrian Association of products and services for stock-building, clas- potential customers to search the product the advent of the Open Access journal o-bib. Librarians (Vereinigung Österreichischer Biblio­ sification, conservation, library equipment, range, submit enquiries and contact ekz staff. Further announcements were published in thekarinnen und Bibliothekare– VÖB). fittings and interior design, and library organ- The ekz’s editorial department participates the Association’s former organ, the Zeitschrift ization. Although over the past decades the in the production of the book review services­

106 | Professions and Associations 107 | Cooperation Among German Libraries with its “ekz on tour”, visiting a number of different cities and regions and presenting the latest developments to libraries directly on-site. The establishment of branches in Austria and France bear witness to the European com- mitment of the ekz Group as a whole, including the NORIS Transportverpackungs-GmbH in Nuremberg. The purchase of the RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) specialists Easy- Check GmbH in Göppingen marked the ekz’s entry into the library technology market and it has been supplying libraries with complete RFID self-issue and media anti-theft security solutions since 2006. Among the most important products of the ekz-bibliotheks­ service GmbH in Reutlingen (Baden-Württemberg) are still The service DiViBib GmbH, which markets their various services including laminated bind- the lending service (Onleihe) and the corre- ing and cover reinforcement for . Following the sponding media licences Onleihe requires, is optimization of their logistics system, the ekz also modern- ized their fully-automated laminating machine at the end of another move towards expansion. This subsidi- 2005. Although it is capable of processing several thousand ary, founded in 2005, has been able to move the books a day, it is still necessary to finish off by hand before public library business model forward into the the books are ready for circulation. – Photo: ekz digital world of online lending services with Onleihe. By the beginning of 2007 nearly 3,000 public libraries, mostly members of regional (ID-Informationsdienste etc.) within the coop- networks with up to 70 participating libraries, erative agreement (Lek­to­rats­ko­ope­ra­tion) with had signed up for Onleihe. With its DiViBib the German Library Association (Deutschen service the ekz Group leads the German-speak- The newly-erected City Library of Gütersloh (Stadtbibliothek Biblio­theksverband e.V. – dbv) and the Associa- ing market for digital internet-based lending Gütersloh) (North Rhine-Westphalia) was built in 1983 with tion of Information and Library Professionals services for e-books, e-papers, e-audios and ­Foundation is perhaps best known for initiat- the financial support of the Bertelsmann Foundation and (Berufsverband Information Bibliothek e.V. – e-videos. In 2016 the Médiathèques de l’Eu- ing the project “BIX—The Library Index“, a rank- was the first public library to be constituted as a limited liability company; the city of Gütersloh now holds 51% of BIB) rométropole de Strasbourg was the first pub- ing list of library operational data intended to the shares, the Bertelsmann Foundation 49%. 120,000 media In the last few years, the ekz has equipped lic library system in France to adopt the ekz help public and academic libraries evaluate occupy an area of approximately 2,500 m2.Located in the not only many public libraries, but also an Group’s Onleihe technology when it launched their own performance and provide input for centre of the three-storey building and directly behind the circulation desk is the library café, inviting readers to drop increasing number of academic and research the project “l@ppli Books”. managerial decision-making to improve effi- in for refreshments. – Photo: D. Güthenke, Gütersloh libraries, among them the German National In 2016 the newly established subsidiary ciency. The BIX index, which the knb continued Library in Frankfurt am Main, where the ekz LMSCloud GmbH presented its open source ap- to compile from 2007 to 2015, has since been supplied the open access shelving. It has also plication Koha, in combination with an exten- discontinued.­ the establishment of a Library Development won a number of European library equipment sive data pool, as a centrally hosted web-based Still worthy of particular mention is the Agency (Bibliotheksentwicklungsagentur – contracts. library management solution. Warendorf City Foundation’s decision to prepare a major BEA)—did at least find its way into the final The ekz’s flagship library conferences Library in North Rhine-Westphalia was the first library strategy statement on the future devel- report of the Parliamentary Committee of In- “Chances” and the spring trade fair “Inspi- German public library to offer this new service, opment of libraries in Germany. The result of quiry “Culture in Germany” in 2007. In 2007 the rations”, with their specialist lectures, are which replaces the conventional web-based the project, which ran from 2002 until 2005 in Foundation withdrew from its active support targeted at an international audience, their OPAC with a Discovery system. cooperation with the BID, was the report “Li- of libraries and professional librarianship asso- reputation extending far beyond the German brary 2007” (Bibliothek 2007), which addressed ciations, now only occasionally participating borders. The training trade fair “Chances” has The Bertelsmann Foundation, Gütersloh a range of demands to the political deci- in an advisory capacity. been held in various places since 2012 and sion-makers, who nevertheless chose to ignore concentrates on topics with a library focus, The Bertelsmann Foundation was founded in them. A possible reason may have been the while “Inspirations” has taken place in Reutlin- 1977 by Reinhard Mohn. In the first few years federalism reform of 2006/07, as a consequence gen since 2013 and presents the current range its many studies and projects provided ac- of which the Federal Government withdrew of the company’s services and products. The tive support for public libraries, focusing on its support for library funding. However, one library service provider also takes to the road social, educational and economic issues. The of the strategy paper’s main requirements—

108 | Professions and Associations 109 | Cooperation Among German Libraries help teachers, universities and official bod- ies to promote the German language, award around 1,700 bursaries to German language teachers and provide their 108 network part- ners (40 German reading rooms, 10 Dialog- The Goethe Institute e.V., Munich punkte Deutsch, 43 partner libraries and 15 information and learning centres) with up-to- The Goethe Institute e.V engages in activities date information material on Germany. In 2015 in international cultural and educational re- 11 million people took part in the cultural pro- lations on behalf of the German government. grammes. Around 38,000 students from abroad Its three main objectives are: to facilitate in- took part in the language courses held at the ternational cultural cooperation, to promote 12 Institute branches within Germany itself. the German language abroad, and to convey a The Institute has so far provided funding for broad-based image of Germany by disseminat- the translation of around 200 books into 40 lan- ing information on German cultural, social and guages. Each year the Goethe Institute awards political life. The Goethe Institute, which has the Goethe Medal, an official award of the Fed- its headquarters in Munich (and an office in eral Republic of Germany to individuals for out- the capital Berlin), is not a state institution, but standing achievements in the promotion of the a society subsidized by the Foreign Office. The German language and intercultural exchange. Institute was founded in 1951 and following a The Jahrbuch (Yearbook) and the twice-yearly merger with Inter Nationes (founded in 1952) cultural magazine Das Goethe document the in 2001 is the largest German cultural and ed- association’s worldwide activities and coop- ucational institution in the world with a staff eration programmes with its partners in the of some 3,500, of whom 2,800 are employed international network. The Library in the Polish capital Warsaw is only one example outside Germany. The GI has the legal status of In the past few years the Goethe Institute of the over 100 libraries and information centres maintained a registered society, consisting of a members’ has increased its activities in the field of in- by the Goethe Institute. The Library’s holding include current information on trends, events and publi­ council, a presidential committee and a board. formation and library work with the objective printed and audio-visual media in both German and other cations, and the development of multi­media languages; other services include internet access, work­ The members’ council is made up of represent- of encouraging an international professional spaces and comfortable chairs inviting users to read and materials on aspects of German culture, atives of the Federal and state governments, dialogue on the various concepts, methods, relax. Most Institutes offer language courses and author current events and developments in Europe. the Federal Parliament, and German cultural and applications of information and knowledge reading events. – Photo: A. Burakowski, Goethe Institute • Information Management: The Goethe Warsaw life. The seven members of the presidential management, of library organization, and of Institute provides a wide range of up-to-date, committee include representatives from the training and continuing education. Internation- high-quality media and effective and reliable Federal Foreign Office and the Federal Ministry al cultural journals, books, information material countries. The Institute headquarters in services tailored to local needs, based of Finance. The board is chaired by the Secre- on Germany, cinema and documentary films, Munich provide individual libraries and not only in the libraries and information tary General and is responsible for day-to-day and a wide range of online resources are avail- information centres with lists of recent centres in the Institutes themselves but affairs. In 2015 the Goethe-Institute had an an- able to interested users all over the world. The publications as selection guides for the also in all 108 network partners listed above nual budget of 336 million Euros at its disposal, visitors’ programme enables more than 1,200 overseas institutes, the chosen titles then (reading rooms, Dialog Points, learning and of which around 229 million Euros were funded opinion-makers from the press, media, and being ordered directly by the institutes. information centres). These services are by the Foreign Office; over 86 million Euros culture to visit Germany every year to update All holdings are searchable in the online usually linked to local library structures, were raised by the Institute itself through its their knowledge. catalogue via the link www.goethe.de / i.e. the “host library” provides space, its language courses and examinations in Ger­ Areas of the Institute’s information and bi­blio­thekskatalog and the results can own infrastructure and German speaking many and abroad, covering around 40% of ­library work include: be filtered by location. library staff while the Goethe Institute its outgoings. • Literature and translation sponsorship: provides a basic selection of appropriate The Institute maintains branches in 12 cities • Library cooperation and holdings indexes: The cultural institutes abroad promote media, updated annually, together with the within Germany and 159 cultural institutes in To encourage professional communication German-language literature and finance necessary equipment and staff training. 98 countries, divided into 13 regions. In addi- in the publishing, media and libraries sec­ translations, working closely with the press, tion the Institute provides funding, advisory tor, the Institute organizes professional publishers, book trade, and libraries in the and quality assurance services for the 1,000 or conferences, workshops, study trips, train­ host countries. so institutions belonging to the GI’s partners ing and continuing education events etc., • Qualified information and advisory service: all over the world. The Institutes offer language in 97 library and information centres in Fundamental to the international work courses, hold examinations (“Start Deutsch”), conjunction with institutions in the host of the Goethe Institute is the provision of

110 | Professions and Associations 111 | Cooperation Among German Libraries The German Society for Information especially in fields such as copyright, e-books, The representatives of national German Landesbiblio­ thek –­ Staats- und Universitätsbi­ and Knowledge (Deutsche Gesellschaft für access to information, and data protection. librarianship campaign alongside the in- blio­thek Dresden), and the Goethe Institute. Information und Wissen e.V. – DGI) The umbrella organization coordinates ternational library association IFLA for net The DFG subsidizes the IFLA membership international goals and activities through a neutrality, the right to be forgotten (on social of these associations and BI International The German Association for Information and network of various associations, councils and media) and freedom of access to information. provides regular financial support to enable Knowledge (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infor­ libraries. The main organisational burden is Following on from the results of the WSIS academic librarians to attend the IFLA confer- mation und Wissen e.V – DGI), founded in 1948 borne by the BI-International, a BID standing (World Summits on the Information Society) ences. The IFLA National Committee keeps IFLA as the German Association for Documentation committee responsible for the international and the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), IFLA members in Germany up-to-date via its website (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation), is exchange of expertise, the Network of Excel- has focused its efforts on defining the global and mailing lists, coordinates the nomination an academic and professional learned society lence for Libraries / International Cooperation role of libraries and ensuring their inclusion in of delegates to the IFLA committees, commis- for the advancement of research, teaching of the dbv, and the Goethe Institute with its the sustainability goals envisaged by the UN sions translations and the online publication and practice in the area of information and world-wide network of around 100 libraries. Agenda 2030. of important IFLA documents, and organises documentation an association of German in- The BI-International (BII) also subsidises the In addition to the five professional associ- webinars and events on IFLA issues at the formation specialists; in 2004 it was one of the many colleagues from overseas keenly inter- ations, around 70 German library institutions ­Library Congresses. founding members of the newly established ested in an exchange with a German library, and individuals are members of the Interna- At European level, the German library as- umbrella association BID. Earlier, in the year who wish to attend an international confer- tional Federation of Library Associations and sociations are represented by the European 2000, the DGI and BDB had joined forces for the ence or a Library Congress in Germany, or who Institutions (IFLA), the international umbrella Bureau of Library, Information and Documen­ first time to co-host the congress as the 90th are planning a study tour. German librarians organization for libraries founded in 1927 in tation Associations – EBLIDA), an umbrella Library Congress and the 52nd Documentalist too receive financial support from the BII, ena- Glasgow. Elected German delegates sit in near- group founded in 1992 in the Hague to lobby Conference in Leipzig with the title “Informa- bling them to spend time abroad, go on study ly all of IFLA’s 47 specialist subgroups, sections for the interests of the library associations and tion and the Public.” Efforts to bring the two trips or attend conferences. and core activities circles. At top management institutions, documentation and information associations and their interests closer together The field of international cooperation in the level, representatives of German librarianship centres, and archives in Europe. EBLIDA mem- ended on December 31st 2012 when the DGI knb within the dbv is an important address regularly sit on IFLA’s Governing Board. IFLA’s bers include representatives of the profession- unexpectedly decided to leave the BID. for those seeking help to develop innovative headquarters are located in The Hague; the an- al associations of all European countries. The and creative ideas for knowledge transfer and nual conference is staged at various venues all main focus of the group is to ensure continu- networking between German libraries: The knb over the world. In 2017 it will take place in Wro- ing freedom of access to information and un- maintains a constant flow of information on claw (Breslau) in Poland, and in 2018 the venue derpin the role of libraries as essential service current developments and trends to profes- will be Kuala Lumpur. From 2007–2009 Claudia providers and guides through the information sional librarians in Germany, provides support Lux held office as the third German president, labyrinth. for bilateral cooperation between associa- succeeding Gustav Hoffmann (1958–1963) and Expertise groups are responsible for drafting tions, addresses the needs of young librarians Hans-Peter Geh (1985–1991). reports and policy statements on questions of and seeks to foster international exchange as The committee Freedom of Access to Infor­ digital literacy, copyright and other legislative a means of implementing the United Nations mation and Freedom of Expression (FAIFE), areas (EGIL), and for lobby work. EBLIDA main- International Cooperation Agenda 2030. A further key aspect is the rep- consisting of four of IFLA’s most important tains a ‘Knowledge and Information Centre’ resentation of library interests on European working groups, focuses its attention on the (KIC) and coordinates its European lobby activ- Essential to the continuing positive develop- and international committees, including those role and responsibility of libraries in the con- ities closely with those of IFLA. ment of librarianship in Germany is the regular outside librarianship. flicting areas of freedom of access to informa- NAPLE (National Authorities on Public Librar­ transfer of knowledge between, and close As a result of political developments in tion, censorship, corruption, ethical issues and ies in Europe) was founded in 2002 by a group cooperation with, partners here and abroad Europe, there has since the end of the 20th freedom of opinion. of national European library administration from all areas of library and information work. century been a shift of those areas of expertise The IFLA National Committee was formed in organizations. It has set itself the goal of pro- International cooperation has assumed an of particular relevance for German librarian- 1974 to coordinate German participation in the moting the strategic development of the politi- increasingly important role against a back- ship from German to European institutions. organization; its headquarters has been locat- cal and administrative strata of public libraries ground of globalization, world-wide electronic Issues relating to lending and copyright are ed in the International Cooperation depart- in Europe. Joint international library confer- networking, cross-border legislative regulation subject to the European legislative process. ment of the knb within the dbv in Berlin since ences have been an integral part of NAPLE and the work of the associations, and finally Library-related areas such as the visibility of 2004. Among its members are the constituent and EBLIDA’s­ members’ meetings since 2009; the increasing mobility of library users. libraries, their contribution to the democratic associations of the BID, the German Associa- EBLIDA has also organized joint conferences In many areas decisions with far-reaching process in view of rising extreme right-wing tion of Special Libraries (Arbeitsgemeinschaft or working groups with LIBER. consequences for library work are now taken and nationalist tendencies, political participa- Spezialbi­blio­theken – ASpB), the German Natio­ The international coalition of academic at a European or global rather than at national tion and social development or digital strategy nal Library, the State Libraries in Berlin and and research libraries LIBER (Ligue des Biblio­ level, making it imperative that the interests of have now attained a European or international Munich, the Saxonian State Library—State thèques européennes de recherche = League those involved be appropriately represented, dimension. and University Library of Dresden (Sächsische of European Research Libraries) was formed

112 | Professions and Associations 113 | International Cooperation bundle of adult education measures known since 2014 as “Erasmus+”. The EU project advisory office was estab- lished at the German Library Association (dbv) in 2012 following a resolution made by the knb governing council. Its remit was expanded to include advising libraries on EU and third-par- ty funding, i.e. on sources of financial support at European, national, regional and local level. In view of the plethora of potential funding sources for libraries one of the main purposes of the advisory office is to pass on the appro- priate detailed criteria and information. It remains to stress that the practical dis- crepancy between the goal of motivating and encouraging libraries to apply for EU funding and the reality within the institutions concerned is considerable, as indeed the knb The new Philology Library of the Free University of Berlin, inaugurated in 2005, was designed by the British architect admits. There is often a shortage of resources, under the aegis of the Council of Europe in Sir Norman Foster, well known for his spectacular buildings. or the courage needed to fulfil the staffing 1971 and has taken the constitutional form of The building was nicknamed “The Berlin Brain” on account and funding requirements of an EU project is of both its contents and its design. In 2006 it was awarded a foundation since 2009. Its members include a the renowned Berlin Prize for Architecture, only awarded simply lacking. This leads to a shift in the main number of German state, regional and univer- every two years. The oval, balloon-shaped building houses focus of the advisory office towards promoting sity libraries. LIBER has a membership of over eleven institutes and seminar libraries which had previously networking activities on the one hand and pro- suffered from inadequate accommodation and staffing. 400 academic, national and university libraries The open access area has a capacity of 800,000 volumes viding low-threshold incentives for recruiting in 45 countries, including almost 50 regional, and has 650 workspaces for library users. partners for various cooperative projects on state and university libraries in Germany. – Photo: P. v. Recklinghausen the other, centering chiefly on public founda- LIBER exists to help academic and research tions or trusts at regional and local level. libraries in Europe build a functioning net- Starting in 2017, the Council of the European work across national borders. Common issues Union is planning to fund a programme of free include Open Science, the preservation of the and services to foster an appreciation of the internet access provision at local municipal European cultural heritage, future-proofing common European heritage. CENL laid the level with the initiative “WiFu4EU”. The budget of libraries and the development of innova- foundation for the Europeana with the “Euro- is expected to be 120 million euros and will tive research environments. EU projects and pean Digital Library”. Europeana went online be used to set up fast public WiFi hotspots in annual conferences help to bring the member in 2008, with the goal of making the European places like libraries, parks and public build- libraries together. For 2017–2018 notice has cultural and scholarly heritage available to ings. Between 6,000 and 80,000 communities already been given that the training course the public. The project receives partial funding are expected to have taken advantage of this LIBER Emerging Leaders Programme will again from the European Commission and is a foun- chance by 2020. The budget model consists of a take place; the course aims to give future lead- dation of the Dutch National Library. simply credit voucher system. European cities ers working in the academic library sector the German libraries draw increasingly on EU can apply for funding to the EU and receive a opportunity of improving their management funding programmes to advance their digitiza- voucher which can then be redeemed with the and leadership skills by taking part in seminars tion projects, expand the scope of their servic- appropriate telecommunications company in and gaining practical experience in Greek and es and safeguard the cultural diversity of their exchange for the extension and maintenance French ­libraries. member countries and regions as defined by of the WiFi network. The voucher is then re- The Conference of European National Li- the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and turned to the EU, which pays the company for brarians (CENL) is an independent network Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expres- the work. More information on these and other comprising 48 member libraries in 46 of the sions. Among the EU support programmes with EU and national third-party programmes can countries with seats in the Council of Europe. relevance for libraries are the research frame- be found on the knb’s library gateway. Its purpose is to heighten awareness of the work programme ‘Horizon’ with a time-span of cultural assets preserved within the national 2014–2020, the grants scheme for study abroad libraries and to use appropriate media tools for students, trainees and volunteers, and the

114 | Professions and Associations 115 | International Cooperation 5 LIBRARY COOPERATION IN GERMANY

Cooperation within Local, Regional and National Services

Intensive and successful cooperation within the German library system is by no means a recent phenomenon. Its roots go back to Prussia at the beginning of the 20th century and this tradition was later to be continued in the German Empire. The economic problems caused by First World War and the immense losses wreaked by the Second had already led librarians to seek new areas of cooperative effort. However, it was not until the expansion of the educational sector during the 1960’s and the vast increase in demands for literature provision and information services that any attempt was made to introduce a measure of rational planning into the development of the German library system. The introduction of In 1992 the Lower Saxony State and University Library of data processing and the expansion of electro­ ­Göttingen (Niedersächsiche Staats–und Universitätsbibli- nic networks gave new impetus to the idea of such as models for the assessment of budget, The formal basis of interlibrary cooperation othek Göttingen) moved into a modern building (architect: cooperation and made it clear that the age of staff and space requirements. is still in principle the position paper “Librar- Gerber and Partner), enabling 1.5 million of its 4.2 million vol- umes to be placed on open access. The Library has taken on the Digital Library was dawning. Lacking a central agency responsible for ies ’93” (Bibliotheken ’93), compiled by librarians several areas of national responsibility including the admin- the German library system in its entirety, the from all over Germany and published by the istration of the Special Information Services Anglo-American The Principles of German Library Conference (Deutsche Biblio­ Federation of German Library Associations culture, geo-sciences, and mathematics; it is also making confident advances in the direction of the Digital Library. In Library Cooperation thekskonferenz)­ , at that time the top-level (Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheksver­ 2002 it was awarded the title “Library of the Year” by the dbv organization in academic and public libraries, bände) in 1993. It includes all types of libraries for its outstanding achievements. – Photo: SUB Göttingen In 1964 the German Council of Science and acted on its own initiative and produced the and has at last succeeded in breaking down the Humanities (Wissenschaftsrat), the most highly structural development plan “Library Plan ’73” traditional notional barriers between the two respected among the advisory bodies in aca- (Bibliotheksplan ’73). As its subtitle indicates, the opposing public and academic library poles. demic research and technology, published its plan was intended as an “outline plan for the de- As in the previous plan, Bibliotheken ’73, each feature of the German library system, as can “Recommendations for the Development of Ac- velopment of a comprehensive library network type and size of library is assigned its individual be demonstrated by the large number of col- ademic and Research Libraries” (Empfehlungen in the Federal Republic of Germany.” It assumed place in the literature provision network, this laborative projects and the many interlibrary zum Ausbau der wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek­ that the “continually increasing demands made position defining the library’s aims, which in working groups and associations. This points en). These encompassed not only fundamental on all areas of general education, vocational their turn determine the scope of the resources to the fact that the unusual structure of the ideas on the future structure of the academic training, teaching, and research” could only be required. Functions of a global nature are best German library system is by no means neces- library system in the contemporary Federal met “if all forms of literature, which will contin- fulfilled by central agencies or organized on a sarily a disadvantage, but can, on the contrary, Republic, but also concrete recommendations ue to form the basis for learning in the future, cooperative interlibrary basis. deliver impressive results if responsibilities for 82 individual libraries together with budget- are made available together with other informa- The necessity for joint action has been are shared and cooperation properly planned. ing models for university libraries. Furthermore, tion sources to everyone, everywhere”. The only rendered more urgent by the decentralized Nevertheless, cooperation is no compensa- the recommendations set the ball rolling on way of achieving this goal, it was concluded, structure of the German library system, the tion for deficient funding and no alternative important projects such as the establishment was through the unification of the library sys- wide variety of funding agencies, the political to the establishment of central coordinating of textbook collections and the creation of tem and the cooperative efforts of all the librar- and administrative framework of the federal agencies.­ inner-university union catalogues. They also ies involved. The Library Plan ’73 was drawn up state, the absence of a national planning and There are two kinds of functions particu- encouraged the development both of overall after consultation with the German Association management authority, and many other fac- larly suited to cooperative methods: those of planning concepts and of individual measures, of Towns and Cities (Deutscher Städetag). tors. Cooperation has become a constitutional national significance, for which a division of

116 | Library Cooperation in Germany 117 | The Principles of Library Cooperation tion, Open Access publishing, e-research tech- While the Unter den Linden Building of the Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage houses the Historical nologies, and information infrastructures for Research Library with literature published up until the turn research data. of the 19th and 20th centuries, the building at Potsdamer Until 2014 the core of the DFG’s library sup- Platz accommodates the Lending and Reference Library for literature published since then. The General Reading Room, port programme was the system of national providing a reference collection of 150,000 volumes spread literature provision based on the following over four floors and 800 work desks, is complemented by three types of libraries: universal libraries four additional subject specialist reading rooms: The Manu­ script, Eastern European, Cartography, and Oriental and with special subject collection areas, special East Asian Reading Rooms. The library users are primarily research libraries, and the Central Subject students. – Photo: C. Seelbach Libraries. Building on the 19th century model, the DFG developed a Special Subject Fields Collection Programme (Sondersammelgebiets­ Cooperation in Market Scanning plan) in 1949 for the academic library system. and Acquisitions The Programme was drawn up to ensure that even during the difficult years of reconstruc- Academic libraries have for many decades tion following the Second World War at least worked closely together in the field of acqui- one copy of every essential foreign work of re- labour is dictated by the sheer scope of their sitions. There have also been isolated cases of search literature would be available in Germa- aims and objectives, and those of a repetitive cooperative acquisition projects in the public ny. Over time the programme developed into nature, affecting a large number of libraries library sector too; for example, the large city li- a fully-fledged national literature provision and thus lending themselves to cooperative braries of North Rhine-Westphalia have agreed system serving the interests of the scientific The new building of the Baden Regional Library (Badische rationalization. There are, therefore, opportuni- among themselves on the allocation of special Landesbibliothek) in Karlsruhe (Baden-Württemberg, archi- and research community. It underwent many ties for cooperation at local, regional or nation- acquisition responsibility for particular subject tect: ), radiates severity and assertive changes but still remained true to the idea of al level, or again in a European or international areas, with federal state funding. The projects timelessness. The geometric centre of the building is the a “Virtual National Library”. main reading room, featuring a dome in the style of 19th cen- dimension. Many German libraries are engaged described below are concerned with specific tury reading rooms. The Baden Regional Library cooperates Around 35 of Germany’s most efficient state on cross-border projects and associative collection development. However, an increas- with other academic libraries in the region within the frame- and university libraries together with over 30 schemes, for example in the Baltic countries ing proportion of acquisition funds is being work of EUCOR (European Confederation of the Universities special libraries participated in a clearly de- of the Upper Rhine). – Photo: C. Seelbach (Bibliotheca Baltica), the Alpine region (ARGE used for the purchase of usage rights. Like their fined system of around 110 subject or regional- Alp), the Upper Rhine area (EUCOR and BIBLIO counterparts abroad, German libraries have ly oriented special acquisition fields. Following 2) or in the EUREGIO Maas-Rhine area. They are formed consortia for the cooperative licensing reunification, the former exclusively West Ger- involved in the work of international organiza- of electronic media. Particularly in the case of man system was expanded; new subject areas tions and committees, including membership high-priced digital products, consortia agree- For this purpose the DFG receives grants from were created and existing fields reallocated to of IFLA. German libraries also participate in ments enable libraries to increase the number the central Bund and the regional Länder, with include libraries in the former East German re- the various initiatives and development pro- of titles on offer without overextending their a small amount also coming from private sourc- gion. The task of the participating libraries was grammes of the European Union and in the acquisitions budgets. es. The DFG group “Academic Library Provision to build special subject collections in their allo- activities of UNESCO. In the following exam- and Information Systems”(Wissenschaftliche cated fields on a systematic basis and to make ples, however, the emphasis is on outstanding The German Research Foundation Literaturversorgungs- und Informationssys­ these available nationwide with the help of cooperative programmes of national signifi- and the Specialised Information Services teme – LIS) promotes the development of DFG funding. The subject field definitions were cance in the fields of acquisitions, cataloguing ­Programme for Research effective information services and innovative broad and included all forms of information and user services. infrastructure systems attuned to the needs media, including digital information media. The German Research Foundation (Deutsche of researchers in German universities and The scope extended to non-German language Forschungsgemeinschaft –DFG) is the central research centres. The funding programmes, periodicals, and microforms autonomous body appointed to promote which had a total budget of around 45.2 million published after 1950 and also encompasses research in universities and publicly funded euros in 2016, concentrate on implementing non-German digital publications in both physi- research institutions in Germany. It serves all long-term measures at national level in the cal and online form. academic disciplines by financing research following areas: The Specialised Information The DFG had supported the funding of na- projects and encouraging collaboration among Services Programme, national licences, the tional licences for current periodicals, journals researchers. The DFG was founded in 1949 to acquisition of complete literary estates and col- archives, databases and document collections carry on the tradition initiated by the Emer- lections, cataloguing and digitization, develop- for the Special Subject Fields since 2004, with gency Council of German Science (Notgemein­ ment of a suitable infrastructure for electronic the objective of providing researchers, students schaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft) in 1920. publications and digital scholarly communica- and others with scholarly interests with free

118 | Library Cooperation in Germany 119 | Cooperation in Market Scanning and Acquisitions The new building, opened in 2002 (design: Ortner and Ortner) enabled the Saxon State and University Library to unite all its previously scattered separate departments (special collections, textbook collection, German Photographic Library) under one roof. Readers have a choice of 900 workspaces, 200 of which are in the spacious Reading Room. In 1993, the Saxon State and Univer- sity Library took over responsi- bility for the DFG special subject field of contemporary art of the post-war era. – Photo: F. Bieler

access to databases, digital document collec- logued, subject-indexed and recorded in the tions and electronic periodicals. Nationwide regional and national union catalogues. In access to the resources was offered not only by addition, it was disseminated to interested all German university and regional libraries but researchers in the form of special conventional also some non-university institutions. A number or electronic publications, such as new acqui- of institutions signed licensing agreements sitions lists or periodical contents indexes. with publishers, professional associations and Although this literature was initially made other information suppliers and offered both available through the German interlibrary loan The notion of the makerspace has not only appealed to the libraries and individuals access on the basis of service, all subject field libraries, along with larger city libraries, as for example in Cologne; academic the agreed terms. The Alliance Licences, which the Central Subject Libraries, then also went on (ALS), dedicated to the cooperative indexing of libraries too have caught on to the idea. The photo shows replaced the national licences, enabled region- to offer document delivery via the subito ser- research-related internet sources. the FabLab (Fabrication Laboratory at the Saxon State and University Library Dresden, a joint project run by the library, al consortia to play a more active role in prod- vice. Easier access to the Special Subject Field In view of far-reaching structural changes various departments at the Technical University, and the uct selection. holdings also accelerated the digitization of affecting both the academic publications mar- Creative Workshop, a peripatetic hi-tech workshop with Information on the DFG Special Subject these resources. ket and research processes in the digital age 3-D printers and laser cutters. Makerspaces are like the “digital era hobby” – spaces for experimenting and creating Fields and the libraries to which they had been From 1998 onwards the Special Subject the DFG conducted an in-depth evaluation and something, anything, out of physical objects, and open to assigned, and on the range of Virtual Subject Fields Collection system was augmented by review of its Special Subject Fields programme all. No longer must tech nerds labour alone in secret – here Libraries already established, could be ob- the DFG-funded Virtual Subject Libraries pro- at the start of 2014. The acquisition guidelines they can find others like themselves try out new techniques with them and exchange views. – Photo: L. Boxberger tained from the web-based information system gramme, although it did not prove possible to based on the continual accession of com- Webis—Special Subject Field Acquisition in cover all subject areas. The Virtual Subject Li- prehensive collections were replaced by the German Libraries, which was also a source of braries were intended to provide access to print- Specialised Information Services Programme information on the idea of a decentralized dig- ed materials and high-quality internet sources (Fachinformationsdienste – FID). The name of ital research library. While the demands of the pertaining to their individual subject areas. The the new programme was chosen to convey the nologically sophisticated and staff-intensive main disciplines medicine, science and tech- umbrella portal Vascoda—Internet Gateway idea that library services focus on the concrete digital services. For this reason nearly half the nology, and economics were met by the Cen- for Academic Information, uniting the 40 or so demands and current information needs of total budget has been invested in staff. Another tral Subject Libraries, the remaining subject Virtual Subject Libraries with the information the relevant academic discipline, chiefly at top new feature is the policy of e-only, meaning areas were distributed among a large number networks provided a unified search interface. level. Instead of comprehensive, providential that electronic versions of scholarly journals of universal and special libraries. These were In addition to advanced search functions, Vas­ stock-building the new system concentrates on and other forms of literature have undisputed responsible either for individual subject fields, coda offered access to reliable information selective acquisition. priority. It is planned to establish an Excellence such as botany, forestry, psychology and theol- sources and full texts; it had been registered as The FID programme is a departure from the Centre for Licensing to provide libraries with ogy, or for linguistic, cultural or geographical a non-profit making organization since 2005, previous acquisitions policy centred on conti- the necessary support when negotiating with regions, such as Southern Africa, South Asia and had a membership of over 40 libraries, spe- nuity and sustainability. The emphasis on opti- publishers. and Oceania or the languages of the Indian and cialist information institutions and academic mising access to information is new, by which During a three-year interim period from Inuit peoples. institutions before being discontinued in 2011. is meant the focus is no longer on acquisition 2013 to 2015 the programme targeted those The literature acquired under the national Many libraries hosting Virtual Subject Libraries and archiving. This implies an improvement in institutions that had been responsible for a literature provision programme was cata- are also part of the network Academic LinkShare location and search systems and other tech- special subject area in the past. Since 2016 the

120 | Library Cooperation in Germany 121 | Cooperation in Market Scanning and Acquisitions • 1450–1600: Bavarian State Library, Munich Book Review Cooperation in Public Libraries The historical Reading Room of Tübingen University Library in Baden-Württemberg, built in 1912 (architect: Paul Bonatz), • 1601–1700: Duke August Library, Wolfenbüttel (Lektoratskooperation) is graced by a large mural depicting the struggle between • 1701–1800: State Library of Lower Saxony and the present and the wisdom of the past. Tübingen University University Library of Göttingen The Lektoratskooperation (LK), an inestimable Library, founded in 1477, is part of a two-tier library system and is responsible for the subject areas theology, religious • 1801–1870: University Library Johann aid to collection development in public librar- studies and criminology from the Specialised Information Christian Senckenberg in Frankfurt am Main ies, was initiated in 1976. A festschrift published Services programme. – Photo: C. Seelbach • 1871–1912: State Library of Berlin— in 2016 to commemorate the LK’s 40th anniver- Prussian Cultural Heritage sary documents its history and presents mem- • 1913 to present: German National Library ories and statements as Facets and Future of an Idea. The LK aims to reduce duplicate effort Each of the member libraries acquires for its in the task of choosing print and non-book me- allocated period all printed material published dia. Its main objective is to aid public libraries in German-speaking countries and all material in evaluating the more than 90,000 new media in the German language, regardless of where it published every year in Germany and to help was published. This remit also includes printed them decide which titles to order. music published before 1800, assigned to the The Lektoratskooperation combines the ad- programme has been open to all libraries that have therefore decided to adhere to the prin- Bavarian State Library, and between 1801 and vantages of a decentralized, practice-oriented have shown an interest in subjects of any are- ciple of a partially providential stock-building 1945, assigned to the State Library of Berlin, market evaluation system with the efficiency of as not hitherto included in the system. As the policy and to budget ­accordingly. which is also responsible for maps and newspa- a centrally organized reviewing resource. Parti­ Specialised Information Service Programme is pers published between 1801 and 1912. Priority cipatory bodies are the German Library Asso- organised on a project basis, applicants will in The Collection of German Imprints is given to the purchase of imprints not yet ciation (Deutscher Bibliotheksverband – dbv) future have to provide evidence of their con- (Sammlung Deutscher Drucke) available in a freely accessible German library. with around 80 subject specialists (Lektoren) tinuing efficiency every three years. And since All printed materials acquired through the all measures are dependent on the proven in- While the large national libraries of other project are registered in the national catalogue terests and declared information needs of the countries house comprehensive collections databases and can thus be searched worldwide researchers, first and subsequent applications of their own national literature, Germany first on the internet. In many cases, the historical must be closely coordinated with the scholarly established a central archive of printed German imprints are in need of special preservation community if they are to succeed. By the start culture with the founding of the Deutsche measures; in addition, the question of filming of 2017 over 30 institutions had submitted suc- Bücherei in 1912. The member libraries of the or digitalizing a document may also have to be cessful applications, mostly university libraries Working Group on the Collection of German considered. but also including a number of state libraries Imprints (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sammlung Even though around 200,000 works have been and a few research institutes. The number of Deutscher Drucke), set up in 1989 and gener- acquired in their original print form and more funded FID projects is currently 35. They cover ously supported with 12.5 million euros for the than 40,000 on microfilm, the development of 52 of the 69 special subject fields that had re- first ten years by the Volkswagen Foundation this virtual national library still has a long way ceived funding until 2013. (Volkswagen-Stiftung), have set themselves to go. It is impossible to say how many books The Special Subject Fields Collection Pro- the task of systematically completing the have been published in Germany since the in- gramme had defined German scholarly litera- fragmentary records of materials published in vention of letter-press printing. Estimates have ture provision for decades and was in the eyes German-speaking countries up until 1912. From indicated that several more decades of collec- of international librarianship both exemplary publication year 1913 onwards, the German tion at the present level will be necessary, mak- and successful. Its discontinuation therefore National Library (Deutsche Nationalbi­blio­thek) ing the Sammlung Deutscher Drucke a project meant a complete paradigm shift. The focus has been able to continue the Collection of of monumental dimensions. of the new programme benefits cutting-edge German Imprints on the basis of its legal depos- research, especially in the natural sciences. In it copies. It has thus been possible to create an The Duke August Library (Herzog August Bibliothek) in contrast, in the humanities the advantages of increasingly complete virtual national library. Wolfenbüttel (Lower Saxony) was founded in 1572 by Duke long-term accessibility of comprehensive spe- Acquisition responsibilities have been divided August, and by the 17th century was one of the largest cial collections still carries considerable weight. among the participating libraries on a chrono- collections of literature in Europe. Today it is a centre for the research and study of European cultural history. The Material currently seen as unworthy of collec- logical basis. The individual segments have been core collection, containing about 135,000 titles, is housed in tion is no longer acquired, is invisible to re- allocated to those libraries already possessing the museum-like Augusteerhalle of the Bibliotheca Augusta search and cannot be retrospectively acquired substantial holdings from the period in ques- (built between 1884 and 1887), the central building of the Wolfenbüttel library complex. – Photo: Duke August Library in the case of a change of research focus. In the tion. The six member libraries of the Working interests of the humanities some FID libraries Group are responsible for the following periods:

122 | Library Cooperation in Germany 123 | Cooperation in Market Scanning and Acquisitions in about 60 libraries, the Association of Informa- cation “New Books for Schools” (Neue Bücher tion and Library Professionals (Berufsverband für Schulen) appears twice a year and contains Information Bibliothek – BIB) with around 230 notes on around 400 titles suitable for primary freelance reviewers, and the library supplier and secondary levels. ekz.bi­blio­theksservice GmbH, whose review There are two ID editions for non-book department has adopted an overall executive media: the weekly ID Non-book Complete function as coordinator. The LK itself is over- (ID Nonbook groß) containing details of 5,000 seen by three bodies: the board and a steering new titles, and the fortnightly ID Non-book committee acting as a clearing-house, both of Abridged (ID Nonbook klein) with about 1,000 which include members of the three partner titles. Electronic cataloguing data for all the institutions, and the executive. The task of the above-mentioned ID publications can be sepa- member editors is to critically view and evalu- rately ordered, either as a complete or selective ate new non-fiction titles, while the reviewers package. All the adult non-fiction titles are screen literature for children and young people, ranked according to one of four recommenda- fiction and audio and non-book media. The ekz tion levels, ranging from (1) Priority to (4) Condi- review staff are responsible for scanning the tional Recommendation. market and for the postal distribution of the In addition, numerous standing order offers media to be evaluated together with the subse- arranged by subject and on a sliding financial quent publication of the review texts. Around scale enable libraries to use those ekz central 20,000 titles are received by the ekz; of these services resulting from the Lektoratskoopera­ around 15,000 are pre-selected for distribution tion for current collection development at the to the editors and reviewers. Their feedback local level. This opportunity saves libraries both The large city libraries under Sections 1 and 2 of the German forms the basis of a number of review services. time and money at a time when the increasing Library Association classification (cities with over 100,000 Libraries can subscribe to these evaluation scarcity of staff resources is of considerable inhabitants) are especially active participants in the cooper- schaftsdatei – GKD) and Uniform Title File of services for a fee. The complete, limited, and significance, although some librarians have ative book evaluation scheme. The City Library of Würzburg, the German Music Archive (DMA-EST). In 2014 it extended in 2001, is responsible for the evaluation of the selected editions of the ekz Information Service criticised the service. subject area Geography. in 2009 it was one of the first public was adapted to comply with the Entities of the (Informationsdienst – ID) are published at var- Public libraries profit from a subscription to libraries to introduce the “Onleihe” (online checkout) sys- new RDA cataloguing rules. Like its forerunners ious intervals. The weekly “full edition” of the the ekz Information Service in several ways. tem, allowing the downloading of digital media for a limited the GND is run by the authority file users on a time. – Photo: K. Trutzkl ID, containing 15,000 titles annually, is aimed Firstly, they receive recommendations and cooperative basis and is hosted by the DNB. The at large and medium-sized city library systems references they can use to develop their own Committee for Library Standards is responsible with specialized collections. The ID weekly collections. Secondly, they can take advantage for the strategic management of the GND, with “basic edition” with 11,000 titles each year is of the ekz’s other services, such as the cata- widely used in German academic and public day-to-day business having been handled since for the libraries of medium-sized towns with loguing records and subject headings of the libraries, and the Subject Cataloguing Rules 2017 by a GND cooperative committee. correspondingly smaller acquisition budgets. German National Library, or the classification (Regeln für die Schlagwortkatalogisierung – The production of standardised formal rules The ekz’s parallel monthly publication “BA. notations of the four most frequently used RSWK), used by many research libraries. and the creation and maintenance of compre- Reviews and Annotations” (BA. Besprechungen public library classification schemes (ASB, SSD, The task of indexing the so-called metadata hensive authority files are not only a pre-req- und Annotationen), an excerpt of the basic KAB, SFB). Thanks to the increasing deployment is greatly facilitated by the Universal Authority uisite for successful cooperation between the edition, ceased publication at the end of 2010. of modern information technology, the organ- File (Gemeinsame Normdatei – GND), which libraries of the German-speaking countries but The weekly “selected edition” of the ID contains izationally and logistically challenging system lists standardised entries for persons, corpo- also an example of it. 8,000 titles per year. The weekly “ID 3000” with works remarkable quickly and well, delivering rate bodies, conferences, regions, subject terms Of course it had always been possible to around 3,000 individually selected appraisals is up-to-the-minute appraisals and reviews. and titles. Though intended for library catalogu- utilise external services in a conventional cata- targeted at public libraries in small towns and ers it is being increasingly used by archives, loguing environment, as was indeed often the communities of less than 10,000 inhabitants. Cooperation in Cataloguing museums, projects and web applications, and case, but they first came into their own when The bi-monthly ID 1000 containing 1,000 reviews and Subject Indexing in 2015 included around 11.3 million records. combined with data processing in formal and is distributed to smaller and volunteer-run The GND data are available under a CC licence subject cataloguing. Only when the German libraries independently of their budget. Since Cooperation in the cataloguing sector or the free of charge to anyone and can be accessed National Library in Frankfurt am Main devel- 2007 these same libraries have been able to exploitation of central services are only possi- in a variety of ways. In 2012 the GND replaced oped the German Machine Readable Exchange subscribe to “BibTipp“ a twice-yearly list of rec- ble if participating libraries agree on a common the existing Name Authority File (Personenna­ Format for Libraries (Maschinelles Austausch­ ommended titles published by the state library set of cataloguing rules. Examples of such rules mendatei – PND), Subject Headings Authority for­mat für Bibliotheken – MAB) in the 1980s was agencies and containing around 1,500 book are the Descriptive Cataloguing Rules (Regeln File (Schlagwortnormdatei – SWD), Corporate the foundation laid for the reciprocal use of reviews of printed and audio books. The publi- für die alphabetische Katalogisierung – RAK), Body Authority File (Gemeinsame Körper­ machine-readable catalogue data.

124 | Library Cooperation in Germany 125 | Cooperation in Cataloguing and Subject Indexing Starting with the bibliographic year 2009 the to facilitate the cataloguing of their own new puter centres. These centres are responsible Five years later the restructuring of the German National Library began delivering its acquisitions. The cooperative exchange of cata- for the upkeep of the network’s online union German library network system is still a work data in the MARC 21 format. The preparatory loguing records, initially limited to descriptive catalogues, which the members use as central in progress and the results at best provisional. work had been already completed by the coop- data, but later extended to include subject in- cataloguing and search instruments supplying Two different project-based models for the fu- erative project “Changing to MARC 21” (Umstieg dexing, has had a considerable rationalization data to their local systems. Today the vast ma- ture of the library networks have been posited, auf MARC 21). effect on book processing. In addition, compre- jority of academic libraries are members of one one concentrating on library data infrastruc- The German National Library is the leading hensive record files were created which have of the regional networks. The map and table ture, the other on local library systems. supplier of bibliographic services, delivering proved of inestimable value as search tools in indicate the technical systems employed by The project “Cloud-based Infrastructure over 100 million current records per year. Until the management of inter­library lending. the federal states, and their relative holdings. for Library Data” (Cloudbasierte Infrastruk­ 2016 catalogue entries for all titles in the various The library networks were originally region- Cooperation between the library networks tur für Bibliotheksdaten – CIB) involving the German National Bibliography (Deutsche Natio­ ally based, but have developed over the years has been organized since 1983 by the Working networks in Bavaria (BVB), Hesse (HEBIS) and nalbibliographie) series were generated accord- into institutions spanning the Länder borders. Association (AGV) with its secretariat at the Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), directed its efforts ing to the Descriptive Cataloguing Rules for Though initially their main objective was the German National Library. The AGV has two at standardising library location records by Academic and Research Libraries (Regeln für die cooperative development of a common cata- standing working groups, one for lending ser- combining the metadata of German libraries alphabetische Katalogisierung in wissenschaft­ logue database, the networks have since taken vices and one for cooperative library network on cloud-based international platforms similar lichen Bibliotheken – RAK-WB), then subsequent- on new responsibilities and expanded their applications. In spite of this cooperative pool to those employed by OCLC for WorldCat or ly in compliance with the RDA cataloguing rules; services to become competitors in the informa- the library networks have not yet managed to the company Ex Libris for its special network the entries are available for order in convention- tion technology market. Examples of the net- exchange their catalogue data or even to set zones. Both these leading suppliers of local al or electronic form. Subject terms or headings works’ activities are the maintenance of union up a national network database. They are how- library systems have opted for virtual system generated in accordance with the RSWK have catalogues as records of older ti- ever striving to develop shared interfaces and environments, the Cloud platforms Alma and been included since 1986 in all subject-indexed tles held in the region and the later conversion to create unique identifiers for data records. WorldShare Management Services, as the basis new title records. In 2006 the Dewey Decimal of these catalogues into machine-readable Since 2010 the networks and the DNB have ex- for a “New Generation of Library Systems”. Classification (DDC) was introduced as an addi- form (retrospective conversion), the planning changed the scanned tables of contents, , However it transpired that a lack of syn- tional subject-cataloguing instrument. and management of the IT development within indexes etc. generated for catalogue enrich- chronisation prevented the simultaneous In 2004, the Committee for Library Standards a regional network, support for the operation ment. Most networks supply their data to the transfer of all library-related processes to the announced its decision to take an active part in of local systems, and the implementation of OCLC database WorldCat. two cloud-based system platforms that had the compilation of the new cataloguing guide- document delivery systems. Further fields in- Both the German Council of Science and been the original project goal. The project was lines Resource Description and Access (RDA), clude the development of digital libraries, cat- Humanities (Wissenschaftsrat) and the Ger- therefore abandoned as a non-starter. Instead, designed for international use. It is hoped that alogue enrichment, table of contents services man Research Foundation DFG have looked the CIB Consortium recommended that prima- catalogues compiled on the basis of the RDA for journals, hosting services for local library at the future of the library networks, coming ry cataloguing take place in OCLC’s WorldCat can make an important contribution to the publications and archive systems, open access to similar conclusions; these were published as the sole available—albeit extremely ex- development of the “Semantic Web” by linking repositories, consortial licencing programmes in 2011 as the joint statement “The Future of pensive—explicitly international cataloguing terms, names and descriptions semantically and for commercial databases, full text services the Library Networks as part of the German resource. This was hardly what had been thus enabling search engines to do more than and e-books, research data management and National Information Infrastructure” (Zur intended by a reform of the German library merely compare character strings, while at the long-term archiving provision. Zukunft der Bibliotheksverbünde als Teil einer network system. same time paving the way for more intelligent For example, the HBZ in Cologne also hosts überregionalen Informationsinfrastruktur in The alternative Modell “libOS—Library search methods. The changeover to RDA in the open access publications (Digital Peer Publish- Deutschland). In view of the duplication of Operating System: An Open Platform for German-speaking countries took place within ing) and compiles the German Library Statistics services caused by parallel operations the ­Cataloguing, Holdings and Library Services” the framework of a cooperative project. The Ger- on behalf of the knb. The BSZ in Konstanz host- statement strongly recommended a radical favoured by the remaining library networks man National Library is closely involved in the ed the German Internet Bibliothek from 2008 reform of the library network system in favour (Library Service Centre Baden-Württemberg— further development of international standards, to 2013, developed the virtual enquiries desk of unifying core services. In particular it called BSZ, the Common Library Network—GBV, nominating the Europe Regional Representative InfoDesk currently in active use in a number of for a reduction in the number of networks the University Library Service Centre—HBZ, in the RDA Steering Committee and collaborat- academic libraries, and from 2001 to 2015 host- from the current six, the merging of the vari- and the German National Library envisages ing with the governing board of the European ed the culture gateway BAM, one of the first of ous location search systems into one unified merging the ­regional network databases to RDA Interest Group and IFLA’s committees. its kind in the German-speaking area. The BAM location tool and the pooling of resources to form a single national data platform offering portal was a pioneer of data presentation, tran- develop innovative, open systems reaching its data as Linked Open Data and facilitating The Regional Library Network Systems scending the boundaries between libraries, ar- across the networks and sharing the workload. international connectivity whilst maintaining chives and museum, but its importance waned In addition the suggestion was made to create non-proprietary status. The idea behind the regional network systems with the creation of the German Digital Library. a DFG-funded project to kick-start the neces- Independently of such ambitious designs for created in the 1970s was that libraries should However, the main job of the library net- sary changes within the library networks, and the future the BSZ and the central office of the be able to use data generated by other libraries works is still the maintenance of library com- this project was announced in 2012. GBV, already strategic partners since 2014, are

126 | Library Cooperation in Germany 127 | Cooperation in Cataloguing and Subject Indexing Amazon. It is now also possible to search for Library Network Software Regions Libraries and Holdings digital media. Aggregators such as the German and Headquarters or the European Digital Library, or the Central Index of Digitised Printed Works (Zentrales Common Library OCLC PICA Bremen, Hamburg, 430 participants (university, Verzeichnis Digitalisierter Drucke – ZVDD), can ­Network, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, state and public libraries), be selected alongside the American Internet Göttingen (GBV) Lower Saxony, Saxony- holdings information on Archive, the electronic editions available under Headquarters: State Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, 100.5 m copies of 40 m titles the DFG national licensing scheme and two and Univ. Library Thuringia und libraries of Open Access directories for books and journals. ­Göttingen GREEN the State Library of Berlin Further search options are and the European Register of Microform and Digi- Berlin-Brandenburg ALEPH Berlin and Brandenburg 250 participants (university, tal Masters (EROMM). Co-operative Library public, research centre and The KVK is now one of the most important Network (KOBV). special libraries), holdings search instruments in the Federal Republic Headquarters: Zuse information on 20 m copies of and is consulted by over 1.5 million users each ­Institute Berlin, 12 m titles, successively inte- month, reportedly providing access to over 80 YELLOW grated into the database of million books and journals. Several similar vir- the Bavarian Library Network tual catalogues based on the idea and technol- HBZ Network hosted ALEPH North Rhine-Westphalia, 55 participants (university, ogy of the KVK have since been realized by the at the North Rhine-­ Rhineland-Palatinate state, public libraries), KIT Library for individual regions (e.g. Rhine- Palatinate University (excluding Rhinehesse holdings information on land-Palatinate and Switzerland), subject fields Library Service Centre with Mainz and Worms) 42 copies of 19 m titles (e.g. theology and ecclesiology), geographical in Cologne (headquar- literature areas (e.g. Länder bibliographies) and ters) DEEP RED media types (e.g. videos). Equally popular is the Digital Library (Digi­ Regional Library Network Systems in Germany, 2017 Hesse Library Infor­ OCLC PICA Hesse, with cooperation 492 participants (university, (Table notes on page 129) Bib), developed by the University Library Ser- mation System (HeBIS), partner Rhinehesse state libraries), holdings vice Centre in Cologne, hosted jointly by the Frankfurt am Main. (in Rhineland-Palatinate) information on 29.5 m copies university libraries in North Rhine-Westphalia Headquarters: Johann of 10 m titles planning to merge their data holdings (23 and and Rhineland-Palatinate and open to the Christian Senckenberg 55 million records respectively, with 70 and 105 participation of any state-owned public library University Library location IDs) and to agree on a functional coor- in Germany, Austria and the German-speaking Frankfurt am Main, dination of their library services. This will mean regions of Switzerland and Luxemburg. The LIGHT GREEN that by the end of 2017 a common library net- current DigiBib Release 6 has a modern, barri- work catalogue will have been created across er-free user interface with a simple single-field Southwestern ­Library OCLC PICA Baden-Württemberg, 1,200 participants (university, ten federal states plus the Foundation of the search option enabling the user to search Network (SWB) Saarland, Saxony (Saxon state libraries), holdings Prussian Cultural Heritage, containing 175 mil- simultaneously in over 300 library catalogues, ­Library Service Centre Library Network), Libraries information on 65 copies lion holdings records. full-text servers, internet search engines and Baden-Württemberg of the Goethe Institutes and of 20 m titles The lack of a national union catalogue is literature databases from all over the world. (BSZ), Konstanz the Max Planck Institutes compensated for by the “Karlsruhe Virtual Additional advanced functions, search engine (headquarters), GREY Catalogue” (Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog – technology, various forms of catalogue enrich- KVK), maintained by the library KIT (Karlsruhe ment and Web 2.0 features (export to literature Bavarian Library ALEPH Bavaria 150 participants (university, Institute of Technology). The KVK, established management systems such as BibSonomy, ­Network (BVB), state, special libraries), in 1996, links the regional union catalogues RefWorks, bookmarking and sharing services Headquarters: Bavarian holdings information on 48 m independently of their various software plat- etc.) complete the range of features. State Library Munich, copies of 23 m titles forms to form a virtual union catalogue. The If the target text is found, the user will be in- PINK KVK search interface allows parallel searching formed whether it is available online, via a doc- in around 70 library and book trade cata- ument delivery service, in a library or for sale Special case: ADIS/BMS Berlin districts 102 participants (public logues in addition to the regional network in an online bookshop. If it cannot be retrieved, Berlin Public Libraries and mobile libraries in catalogues. The pool includes WorldCat, the links will guide the user by subject to online Network (VÖBB), 12 districts, school libraries, union catalogues of Great Britain and France, databases (e.g. dictionaries and subject data- Headquarters: VÖBB Central and Regional Library and the database of the internet booksellers bases) or to high-quality web sites. ­Members Service Centre Berlin, Senate library). Holdings searchable in KOBV 128 | Library Cooperation in Germany 129 | Cooperation in Cataloguing and Subject Indexing institutions are involved in its development delivery services of the individual regional The search interface of the Karlsruhe Virtual and upkeep. Around 170 of the larger libraries, library networks. A web-based cataloguing Catalogue at https:// some of them in Austria, catalogue their print client has been developed as an easy way for kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/ and electronic journal titles and location de- special libraries and academic institutions to is also available in four other languages. tails directly in the database. The ZDB currently enter their holdings. The changeover to the includes 15.6 million holdings records for over international cataloguing guidelines RDA has 1.5 million titles, of which over 500,000 are cur- been completed. rent publications. The editorial office employs data maintenance and standardization to guar- The Electronic Periodicals Library antee the quality and consistence of the title records. Owing to the high standard of its bib- The Electronic Periodicals Library (Elek­tro­ni­ liographical records, the ZDB has achieved the sche Zeitschriftenbi­blio­thek – EZB) was estab- status of an authority file for the formal cat- lished by the Regensburg University Library in aloguing of periodical titles, an achievement 1997 as the first step into the world of digital which together with the cooperative nature of journals and was adopted by numerous Ger- its operation has led to an efficient division of man libraries, which subsequently adapted it labour between the participation libraries. The to their local needs. The EZB enables partici- functionality of the ZDB’s online catalogue has pating libraries to manage their collections of been constantly improved over the years but both licensed and freely accessible e-journals the version currently available online still only through a common database with a standard has beta status. interface. Each participant can manage its The ZDB is managed jointly by the State Li- licensed periodicals independently, including brary in Berlin and the German National Library. the integration of library-specific user informa- The SBB is not only accountable for the work tion, and is provided with a customized inter- of the editorial office but also for the further face indicating the titles for which the library development of the ZDB together with its has purchased a licence, using a system of partner, the DNB. All libraries and institutions “traffic lights”. Each title is marked by a green, are welcome to contribute to the ZDB. For sev- yellow or red dot. Green means that the journal eral years now the metadata have been freely is freely available on the internet; yellow sig- available under the Creative Commons CC0 nifies the title is only accessible to registered licence, which includes commercial use. This library users, either in the library itself or via a means that holdings can be used for all kinds of remote access connection; a red dot indicates formats and interfaces. Over the years the ZDB an e-journal which has not been licensed by holdings have been incorporated into countless the library and for which the full text content national catalogue systems. cannot therefore be viewed. A “pay-per-view” of the university and registered library users Periodicals Indexes Title and holdings details are passed back service for such journals is available from the can access free databases and full-text sources to the library networks, so that besides being publishers, though the table of contents and plus any others licensed by the library they The National Periodicals Database (ZDB) recorded in the central ZDB they are also list- abstracts can usually be displayed free. The happen to be in via the “authenticated DigiBib ed in the regional databases and local online list of available periodicals can be displayed in login” from within the internal network of the Whereas monograph cataloguing is organized catalogues. The national character of the ZDB three ways: alphabetically, by subject field or participating library. Guest users from any- decentrally within the regional library net- means that its data can be used for other pur- chronologically by weekly accession period. where in the world can access all free databas- work system, provision was made from the poses, such as the management of German In 2017 the EZB database listed around 89,000 es and full-text sources via the external login outset for a single countrywide system for interlibrary lending, the coordination of hold- titles, including about 55,800 freely accessible facility. In addition the HBZ’s “Three Nations periodicals, the National Periodicals Database ings maintenance measures and collections academic journals and 18,100 titles available Catalogue” (Dreiländerkatalog) can be used (Zeitschriftendatenbank – ZDB), now able to development in libraries. exclusively in online form. Over 615 libraries to search the library collections of the entire celebrate forty years of success in the German The number of electronic journals and use the EZB, including over 150 from outside German-speaking area. In 2015 the catalogue library landscape. When the ZDB was founded newspapers (e-journals, e-papers), has already Germany. contained around 45 million entries including with the financial help of the German Research topped the 180,000 mark and continues to data from North Rhine-Westphalia / Rhineland-­ Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemein­ increase. The freely accessible online cata- Palatinate, Bavaria, North and Central Germa- schaft – DFG), the number of participating logue integrates seamlessly with the online ny, and Austria. libraries was small. In the meantime 4,300 interlibrary lending system and the document

130 | Library Cooperation in Germany 131 | Cooperation in Cataloguing and Subject Indexing The interface of the Digital Li- brary (DigiBib at http://www. digibib.net) developed by the HBZ in Cologne is indistin- guishable from the subscrib- ing library’s own services as it can be seamlessly adapted to the host’s overall corporate design. The DigiBib contents reflect the library’s range of catalogues, reference works, and both free and licensed bibliographical and full-text databases. Library users can use the single search field to find not only references to the desired literature but also a choice of full-text options: di- rect on-screen display, on-site loan status, interlibrary loan request or online order. The screenshot shows the search interface of participant Rhine- land-Palatinate Regional Library Centre.

The Duchess Anna Amalia Library in Weimar has its name- sake Duchess (who was elected library patroness in 1991) Bibliographies of Early Imprints aegis of the British Library. The catalogue da- to thank for its particularly magnificent rococo library hall, of the printed works listed in the VD 16 and VD tabase of incunabula held in German library completed in 1766. In 2004 a fire destroyed the upper stories 17. Structural information is added before the and 50,000 books. The rococo hall was re-opened in 2007. Since a national library was not established in collections and containing digital illustrations In 2005 the library inaugurated a modern study centre. The works are made available on the internet. The Germany until the 20th century there was also of the most important pages can be purchased library is an active contributor to various programs for the total number of works published between 1601 no national bibliography to document works on CD-ROM updated to 1998. Around 120,000 cataloguing of older materials and publishes the Interna- and 1700 is estimated at around 300,000. tional Bibliography of German Classical Literature 1750–1850. published in Germany since the invention of incunabula have been recorded in the German – Foto: Klassik Stiftung Weimar The last in the line of retrospective national the printing press. The compilation of a retro- Incunabula Census, another 44,000 are to fol- bibliographical projects is the Bibliography of spective national bibliography was not even low. The German Incunabula Catalogue INKA Imprints of the German-speaking Countries in considered, since the gap has been admirably allows access to the descriptive records of nu- Following VD 16 came the next DFG project, the 18th Century (Verzeichnis der im deutschen filled by various national cataloguing projects merous libraries and in 2016 included details of VD 17, structured along similar lines but con- Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke des 18. dedicated to the printed literature of individual around 70,000 copies of 16,600 bibliographically ceived from the outset as a database, recording Jahrhunderts – VD 18, commenced in 2009. 21 centuries and based on the records of the hold- discrete titles. all works printed and published in the 17th cen- libraries currently participate in the project, ings of selected libraries. The task of recording the bibliographical tury in the historical German-language region, which unlike the VD 16 and VD 17 undertakes to The first of these is the Union Catalogue of details of all printed materials published in regardless of the language of publication. In catalogue and digitize the indexed works si- Incunabula (Gesamtkatalog der Wiegendrucke – the centuries following the incunabula era is addition to details of title and holdings, records multaneously. By the end of 2016 the database GW), first compiled by the State Library of Berlin dependent on cooperative effort. The “Bibli- are enhanced by adding the characteristics of contained records of 163,000 monographs and in 1904 and intended to record all literature ography of Imprints of the German-Speaking particular editions such as fingerprints, which about 4,000 periodicals and is expected to reach printed in the 15th century including worldwide Countries in the 16th Century“(Verzeichnis der may help to identify rare works. around 600,000 titles and 9,100 periodicals on location details for all known surviving copies, im deutschen Sprachbereich erschienenen Works published in the 16th and 17th centu- completion of the project. most of which are in Germany. Eleven volumes Drucke des 16. Jahrhunderts – VD 16), a bibliog- ries have been available as a combined data- The Handbook of Historical Book Collections have been published so far and all the titles raphy published by the Bavarian State Library base since 2009, including more than 730,000 in Germany (Handbuch der historischen Buch­ listed are also available in the GW database. The in collaboration with the Duke August Library individual copies of around 300,000 discrete bestände) is a cooperative venture launched total number of recorded incunabula is estimat- in Wolfenbüttel, was begun in 1983 and has titles originating from the VD 17. About 55% by German libraries with funding from the ed at 30,500 titles, of which around 240,000 cop- since been completed. The titles listed in the 22 of these are unique titles held by one of the Volkswagen foundation. The work is edited by ies alone are known to exist in German libraries. printed volumes have since been transferred nine participating libraries. Around 750,000 the book scholar Bernhard Fabian and pub- The Bavarian State Library has housed the to a database and considerably augmented key pages complete the records, with about lished in 27 volumes by the Georg Olms press. German offices of the Incunabula Short Title with additional material. The VD 16 database 120,000 links to the digitized full-text versions. It can be regarded as a supplement to the ret- Catalogue (ISTC) since 1988, the main offices contains details of around 100,000 titles with With funding from the DFG work has been in rospective national bibliography. In contrast to of the ISTC being located in London under the 380,000 locations in 260 libraries. progress for several years on the digitization conventional catalogues and bibliographies,

132 | Library Cooperation in Germany 133 | Cooperation in Cataloguing and Subject Indexing Cooperative User and actually had and as a basis for an interlibrary Information Services loan system. Some of these central catalogues covered single federal states, others were more An excellent example of German library coop- broadly based. They were usually attached to eration in the field of user services is the inter- large, regional libraries and many have been library lending system (Fernleihe, sometimes transferred to the regional union networks. The also called the Überregionaler or Deutscher current German central catalogues are based in Leihverkehr). The system’s roots go back to the the ten interlibrary loan centres in Berlin, Dres- 19th century, and interlibrary loan facilities are den, Frankfurt am Main, Göttingen, Halle, Ham- today provided as a standard service, though burg, Jena, Cologne, Munich and Stuttgart. struggling against modern document ordering Interlibrary lending was formerly mainly re- and delivery systems better able to bridge the gionally based and here the central catalogues gap between rapid retrieval and slow delivery. played an indispensable role in title location within their own areas. By the beginning of the National Interlibrary Lending 1990s, the seven central regions of the pre-unifi- cation Federal Republic had more than 50 mil- No library has ever been able to provide every lion titles on record. Today the sole function of book, periodical and information source its the central catalogues is the location of older users may require, and this is no less true today holdings for which machine-readable records than in the past. It was for this reason that the are not yet available. The network databases, interlending system was developed at the be- and more recently search engines such as the ginning of the 20th century as a form of recip- KVK or the DigiBib, have taken over the coordi- rocal assistance. Today the national interlibrary nation of the interlibrary loan system. loan system is organized on a national basis The number of annual interlibrary loan The library of the former Benedictine monastery at Amor- bach in Franconia (Bavaria), privately owned by the Princes and is directed exclusively at teaching and re- requests doubled from one to two million be- of Leiningen since secularization in 1803, is a masterpiece of book of Historical Book Collections in Austria search. In addition, it supplies academic litera- tween 1966 and 1978. In 1995 more than three early Classicism, housed in the convent building (1789–1799). (Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände ture for training and occupational purposes. million interlibrary loan requests were pro- Plain white dominates the décor of the room, including the and finely carved staircases. The collection of in Österreich), published in four volumes, de- Following the Second World War, regional cessed; by 2009 the total number of active re- 31,000 volumes, to which additions are seldom made today, scribes the holdings of more than 250 libraries, catalogues were established both as a way of quests had since increased to 4.2 million, since is indexed in the Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände. while the Handbook of German Historical Book finding out what holdings German libraries when there has been a slight decline, due to – Photo: C. Seelbach Collections in Europe (Handbuch deutscher his­ torischer Buchbestände in Europa) surveys the the Handbook concentrates not on individual collections of selected libraries with especially The Württemberg State Library works but on library collections in their en- extensive and significant holdings. The Hand- (Württembergische­ Landesbibliothek) tirety. It is conceived as an inventory of works book’s three sections combine to form a record in Stuttgart was home to the central published from the beginnings of the book of older central European cultural history. It catalogue until the foundation of the Baden-Württemberg Library Service printing era until the end of the 19th century was digitized some time ago, the internet edi- Centre (Bibliotheksservicezentrum and includes all literary genres, drawing no tion preserving the book’s original structure. Baden-Württemberg). Founded in 1765, distinction between German and foreign pub- The entries in the “Handbook” usually ex- the Library holds outstanding collec- tions of special and older material, lications. It provides a chronological and sys- clude both works originating before the in- including a famous Bible collection, tematic outline of the historical collections of vention of printing and modern 20th century and maintains its own research around 1,500 German libraries of all varieties, publications. The cataloguing of manuscripts centre, the Hölderlin Archive, which publishes the Internationale Hölder- its classification by Federal Länder reflecting and by implication the generation of holdings lin-Bibliographie. Integrated into the the regional character of the German library data are both processed locally in conven- Library is the Library of Contemporary system. tional manner. Access to more than 90,000 History (Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte), a special library focusing on contem- The Handbook of Historical Book Collections documents pertaining to manuscripts of the porary and war history since the First in Germany represents a new form of working Western world is provided by the gateway World War. An extension to the Library tool for academic and library work and is par- Manuscripta mediaevalia. A re-design is expect- is currently under construction, with completion set for the end of 2018; at ticularly directed at those research disciplines ed to accommodate continuing progress in the same time the present building with a historical bias. Coverage has been ex- the overall digitization of surviving mediaeval is being completely modernised and tended to neighbouring countries: The Hand- manuscripts. refurbished. – Photo: WLB Stuttgart

134 | Library Cooperation in Germany 135 | Cooperative User and Information Services institutions, and have been incorporated into regional library network catalogues, the interli- brary loans system and other applications. The traditional interlibrary loans order sys- tem using ILL request forms has long since been replaced by online ordering incorporat- ing availability checks for monographs and Electronic Document Delivery Services the electronic delivery of articles, speeding up the interlending process considerably. Howev- The traditional interlibrary lending system has er, at the start of 2008 the second law on the been increasingly challenged over the past regulation of copyright law in the information few years by a new form of “interlending”, the society came into force, bringing with it an main objective of which is to shorten delivery amendment to the article on the ordering and times. Using modern information and commu- delivery of copies. This statute made the elec- nications technology, document delivery en- tronic delivery of requested documents direct- ables the library to deal directly with the user ly to the user illegal; articles scanned within instead of having to pass his or her request the interlibrary lending system may only be on to another library. This assumes that the exchanged between one library and another, user has access to the appropriate literature so that the user still only receives a paper copy. databases, but since nearly all libraries and Interlibrary lending does not operate solely library networks make their databases availa- at national level; as a rule, community library ble on the internet as online catalogues, this is systems themselves organise internal interli- usually the case. The past ten years have seen brary loan systems between the central library the establishment of a number of commercial and the individual branch and mobile libraries. document delivery services using electronic Some federal states have developed a re- order and payment methods. The National gional interlending structure connecting to Subject libraries in Hanover, Kiel and Cologne the national system. The Association of Public were especially active in developing efficient Libraries in Berlin (Verbund der Öffentlichen systems of supplying article copies—and to Bibliotheken Berlins – VÖBB) was founded in a limited extent books—directly to the user, 1995, is members including nearly all public even outside Germany. The headquarters of the and some school libraries. The local and inter- regional library networks implemented similar library lending network enables users to use national supply systems, a good example being a single library card to obtain media not held the online ordering system GBVdirekt set up by locally and incorporates digital ordering via the Common Library Network (Gemeinsamer Onleihe. Bibliotheksverbund – GBV) and processing Finally, there is the international interlend- several hundred thousand requests each year. ing system in which German libraries also par- It was discontinued in 2007, as have been most The University Library and Technical Information Library in Hanover (Technische Informationsbibliothek – TIB) in Lower ticipate, with the State Library in Berlin acting of the other direct delivery systems. Saxony have undergone continual growth in the past dec- access. In 2015 2.27 million active interlibrary as the German international ILL clearinghouse. The most important national document ades. The new building erected in 1965 was extended in 1986 loan requests were fulfilled, with 1.64 million delivery service is subito, introduced in 1994 and again in 1991; in 2002 a second location was added. The present five locations provide a total of 1,700 seats for the passive orders received. The number of partic- as the joint “Federal-State Initiative for the library users. The TIB is funded jointly by the Federal Govern- ipating libraries has been on the increase for Acceleration and Improvement of Literature ment and the regional states, but also raises an increasingly several years, with 1,582 libraries registered and Information Delivery Services” (Beschleu­­ large amount of money through its own document delivery service. – Photo: MJ Smets, Schulz-Speyer AG in 2017. Their names and location codes (IDs) ni­gung der Literatur- und Informationsdienste). are listed in a national location code index (Si­ It has since become firmly established as a gel-Verzeichnis), coordinated and published by customer-centred service enterprise. All the the central office in the State Library in Berlin. members and suppliers of subito, registered in the intensive use of electronic direct delivery These codes are now valid internationally and 2003 as a non-profit association, are efficient services and the increasing proportion of text are allocated by German ISIL agency. Today general and special libraries, currently number- and source downloads from the internet, some ISIL codes are used as unique identifiers for ing 35 institutions including the special China of which are available without charge on open libraries, archives, museums and other related Direct service set up for three Chinese libraries.

136 | Library Cooperation in Germany 137 | Cooperative User and Information Services The headquarters and full-time office are based by licensing agreements. On January 1st 2008 in Berlin. the second law on the regulation of copyright The document delivery service offers online law in the information society came into search and ordering facilities, using the internet force, bringing with it an amendment to the to supply subject literature directly to the user’s article on the ordering and delivery of copies. desk. Functions include not only the sending Electronic document delivery within Germa- of article copies but also of books, collections, ny is now regulated by licensing contracts or dissertations and other returnable literature. compensation agreements with the society Orders are processed electronically and article for reproduction rights Wort. The licensing copies can be delivered online, by fax or by post. fee or royalties are charged to the subito cus- Delivery is either within three working days tomer. Users receive information both about (normal service) or within twenty-four hours (ex- the additional regulations covering copies press service), excluding Saturdays and public from licence-protected publications and cop- holidays in both cases. The participating suppli- ies requiring payment through VG Wort, and er libraries have been able to accelerate their about copyright obligations. In 2016 relations routines to enable processing of subito orders between publishers, VG Wort and subito im- within an average of 11 hours. proved further when the distinction between The subito service used by a customer de- printed and electronic publications was pends on whether he or she is located in a dropped. German-speaking country or elsewhere. The Despite these limitations, subito continued German-speaking countries include Germany, to increase its order volume, reaching annu- Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland; all al figures of up to 1.3 million. Numbers have others are classed as international territory. continually declined since 2008 and now total A distinction is made between individuals and around 325,000 requests each year. The reasons libraries as customers. for this decline, which to a lesser extent also ap- Prices are calculated according to the form plies to the traditional interlibrary loan system, (non-returnable copy or returnable loan), speed can be found in copyright restrictions, high Qualified enquiry and information services are a high prior- of delivery, method of delivery, the customer’s licence and royalty fees and the rapid increase ity at the new Koblenz City Library. Within two years of its location, the licensing agreements with the in the number of electronic journals provided coordinated and hosted by the Library Service inauguration in June 2013 the Main Library in Koblenz (Rhine- publisher or the society for reproduction rights on the basis of national or campus licences Centre Baden-Württemberg (Bibliotheksser­ land-Palatinate), located in the Forum Confluentes right next door to both the interactive Rhine exhibitions of the Middle Wort, and the user’s customer category, the and thus offering direct access to the required vice-Zentrum Baden-Württemberg) from 2008 to Rhine Museum in the ‘Romanticum’ and a modern shopping latter distinguishing between non-commercial information. Subito continues to make a signi­ 2013. More than 50 public and academic librar- mall, registered 750,000 visitors and the one-millionth loan users (school pupils, students, university staff ficant contribution to the efficient provision of ies in Germany, Austria and Switzerland were (architect: Benthem Crouwel). 150,000 media await the li- brary’s users, housed in an area extending over three floors and publicly-funded research institutions), literature to science and research. members of the cooperative network, which and including a children’s and young people’s department, commercial users, and private individuals. provided library internet users with a free and a well-stocked music library/media centre. Reading There is a special tariff for the use of the subito Cooperative Information Services e-mail account and an annotated link list of rooms, study corners and event areas complete the picture. – Photo: Juraschek Lifestyle, Koblenz Library Service, aimed exclusively at libraries German language websites arranged by subject in Germany and abroad (except in the USA and Digital information services are a fast-growing and including more than 6,500 web addresses. Great Britain) and not available to commercial increment to traditional library and informa- The DIB service was discontinued at the end of customers. The service enables libraries to offer tion centre facilities, whether in the form of a 2013 due to falling user numbers. their users express 72-hour delivery of journal synchronous Info-Chat or through asynchro- Similar virtual cooperative inquiry networks articles nous channels such as e-mail or web forms. focusing on academic subjects have been set A number of years ago German and inter- Information services are particularly effective up by the University Library Service Centre national publishers took legal steps against when integrated into a network of libraries (HBZ) in Cologne with DigiAuskunft and the Li- subito aimed at forcing it to suspend its doc- and information centres, as is the case with the brary Service Centre Baden-Württemberg (BSZ) ument delivery and interlibrary loans service German Internet Library or DigiAuskunft. in Constance with InfoDesk. Question Point is a to libraries in Germany and abroad. The legal The German Internet Library (Deutsche worldwide information service funded by the wrangle ended in 2008 with a settlement. The Internetbi­blio­thek – DIB), a cooperative project OCLC. The ZLB in Berlin offers this multilingual ending of the dispute heralded a new form of launched at national level by a library Working service in 26 languages. It can also be used over cooperation between publishers and subito. Group headed by the Bremen City Library, the the mobile telephone network thanks to the At international level the issue was regulated Bertelsmann Foundation and the dbv, was integration of QR code.

138 | Library Cooperation in Germany 139 | Cooperative User and Information Services 6 BETWEEN THE PRESENT edge are seen as the raw materials shaping the future. Issues such as information literacy, AND THE FUTURE— lifelong learning, global knowledge transfer, THE LIBRARY IN THE top-level research and the information over- load flanked by the promotion of reading and DIGITAL ERA social integration through education, were then, and are still six years later, the chief The idea of “The Future of the Library, the challenges facing social and educational poli- ­Library of the Future” has been the subject of cy-makers. The official opening greeting in 2011 passionate and controversial debate at library called upon all German librarians to make their conferences, in festschrifts, textbooks, and in own contribution to the idea of free access to library journals. A range of statements pub- education and knowledge for all social strata. lished between 2013 and 2016 throws light on Libraries should become actively involved the hopes, fears and expectations of librarians in the future of the education and knowl- for the role and function of the public and aca- edge-based societies—indeed this ought to be demic libraries of the future. their main goal. But they also need a secure future to enable them to pass on information, Parameters and strategic issues collect the knowledge of our time, preserve our cultural heritage and continue to develop new What does the future hold for the library? Will information and education services. libraries as we know them still exist in ten or Much of the old confidence in the mission twenty years’ time? Has the digital revolution and self-conception of the library has dissipat- already sounded their death-knell, will they ed in the past few years, not only, but perhaps be ousted or even replaced by automated da- especially, here in Germany. Under the influ- The City Library in Kreuztal – a small town of around 31,000 tabases and search engines? Even if they do ence of the internet, smart phones and digital inhabitants in north Siegerland (North Rhine-Westphalia) – still continue to exist despite all prophecies media, the reading of printed books can no is an example of how modern, discreetly sleek fittings can the individual components of the contemporary of doom: What will they look like? Will they be longer be taken for granted. Prophets of doom create a pleasant and stimulating atmosphere in which system of general and academic communica- library users immediately feel at home. In addition to the just a concept, a virtual space—or will they still foretell the demise of the book at increasingly traditional circulation service the Library also offers Onleihe, tion consisting of publishers, libraries, database have a physical location with four walls and short intervals. Everything is in flux. The library and for children and young people there is a gaming-room producers, authors and readers will face the a roof? users of the advancing 21st century have equipped with a range of console games for use on-site or same challenges as the printed media books at home. – Photo: J. Feist, ekz It is no coincidence that the librarianship changed too: they are usually better educated, and journals—they will all have to be re-defined. associations BIB and VDB chose the slogan better off, more mobile and more responsible Even though today, in the year 2017, libraries “­Libraries for the Future—a Future for Librar- than they were 20 years ago, even though the can still be regarded as the main general provid- ies” for their 100th jubilee Library Congress number of functional illiterates has remained ers of information to the sciences and educa- in June 2011. The slogan reflected both the almost unchanged at around six million. Mod- for leisure is in short supply. Libraries must tion, certain developments already indicate that Congress programme and the host libraries’ ern library customers decide for themselves compete with other organizations in the leisure in five or ten years they may well be only one of demands. Education, information and knowl- how they wish to spend their leisure time, marketplace. At the same time, changes are several such providers in the information mar- taking place in public administration, leading ket. But what will the consequences be? to a gradual privatization of individual servic- Looking at the next five to eight years, it es, their conversion to online resources and would seem that the following five hypotheses, The Regional Library of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Landesbibliothek Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) in Schwerin their subjection to the stringent principles of first proposed in 2011, still stand in 2017: is an admirable example of the felicitous union of a convert- cost-performance-analysis. ed historical and a brand-new contemporary building. The The massive social, economic and techno- • Hypothesis 1: Education will be the decisive Library was founded in 1779 and for 118 years was located in the immediate vicinity of the cathedral under extreme- logical changes of the last few decades have factor determining the future course of ly cramped conditions. In 2004 it found a new home. The given rise to a number of questions: Will the society, and more especially of the economy, prestigious historical building in the Mecklenburg Renais- new technologies mean that libraries will in in the latter half of the 21st century. sance style, formerly officers’ quarters and now housing the library’s administrative offices, is linked by a glazed future operate in a virtual space or that they will • Hypothesis 2: The mere retrieval of infor­ bridge to the modern extension containing the open-access be replaced by cloud-based libraries? Will the mation will continue to be less of a problem ­collections and stacks. – Photo: A. Botefür archives, museums and libraries of the world in the coming decades than the retrieval of melt down to form a gigantic network of human the required information; the focus will be memory? In the face of these radical upheavals, on quality rather than quantity.

140 | Between the Present and the Future 141 | Parameters and strategic issues The Media Centre at Neckarsulm Many experts and authors consider the mation”. It should be the political intention to (Baden-Württemberg) provides its users with an up-to-date selection of fundamental significance of the library either enable libraries in all sectors to promote media books, periodicals, audio files, films, to have been misjudged or to have been po- digitization, media distribution, the provision digital media and internet resources litically ignored. The main reasons for this are of enquiry services and the structuring of and perceives itself as a meeting place for young and old alike. The insufficient political awareness of the library’s knowledge, to develop models for so doing and idea of the new building, opened in functions coupled with a lack of confidence to pave the way to the future. At the same time, 2004, is to make knowledge as trans- in the innovative capabilities of this centu- libraries must also function as contact points parent as its own striking construc- tion, the facade of which makes use ries-old institution; it seems no-one is willing for all kinds of cultural output, events and of a wide range of different materi- to impute to the library the ability to adapt enquiries. Without doubt, however, it will be als. The intention of the architects to the challenges of the information society. necessary to assign economic considerations Bechler and Krummlauf was to in- troduce a new concept into conven- This has led to a period of stagnation in library a higher priority than in the past. tional library architecture,designed funding, which has escalated over the last five to explore the role of electronic years into the full-scale under-funding of some media and the future of the book libraries. It appears that German librarians and and to reflect these in its structure, The Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Centre (architect Max Dudler) consisting of two buildings linked by the library lobby have failed to convince deci- was opened in 2009 as the new Main Library of the Humboldt a glazed walkway separating quiet sion-makers of the library’s ability to function University in Berlin. It houses the holdings of 12 humanities and busy zones from each other. – as central information and education agen- and social sciences branch and sectional libraries. 1.5 million Photo: D. Strauss of the 2.5 million media units are arranged by subject on cy just as well in this country as it is known open access. The 1.250 workspaces for the users including to do in the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian 500 computer and 44 multimedia workstations together with countries.­ the ten group study room and 55 individual desks are scarce- ly enough to cope with the demand for space within the • Hypothesis 3: The concept of the library as hailed in 2000 as the lucrative market of The future of the library is characterized by library which has developed into a popular place to study. meeting place allowing real contact between the future, shortly afterwards to be decried the key concept “Local Access, Global Infor- – Photo: M. Bulaty real people must be completely re-thought; as medial marginalia, have experienced an the idea of the lonely desk and PC monitor unexpected renaissance since 2010, though as a window on the “global village” internet their predicted market success has waned world is no longer good enough, somewhat in the last seven years in favour of • Hypothesis 4: Tomorrow’s library must be a more moderate prognosis. The hype around identifiable with a real physical space and e-books of the last five years has settled form an integral part of the cultural and down, the anticipated rise in market share social life of the community. The idea of has evened out at a modest 5–7% of the total the library as a “third place” is now well printed books turnover. It remains to be seen established within library discourse. Without if further growth comparable to the USA can a library building, towns will have no soul be expected. This is a good example of the and their citizens will lose all sense of extreme difficulties involved in assessing the orientation within the maze of networked potential of innovative technology, whether machines. in the form of electronic storage media or • Hypothesis 5: The proportion of printed new online distribution channels. to digital media will level off at 50:50 over The active environment encompassing the next 10 years. The non-book sector will ­publishers, book and media producers and experience only a nominal growth rate. including both their traditional and digital ­media products will undoubtedly play a de- The increase in the variety of available media cisive role in the shaping the future of the types will unquestionably influence library library. The market for electronic journals is development in both a positive and a negative of elementary importance to academic librar- sense. The high investment costs involved in ies. For some time now, a large proportion the purchase of new electronic storage media of scholarly journals­ have been published in and data reading devices act as a deterrent ­electronic form only, even though customers to many funding agencies, especially when often still prefer the printed form. The pricing the future availability and market presence spiral instigated by a number of publishing of these products cannot yet be foreseen houses has aggravated­ the ousting of the with any accuracy. Electronic books (e-books), printed journal.

142 | Between the Present and the Future 143 | Parameters and strategic issues Concepts and models for the same building, or at any rate in the immediatel The newly equipped children’s department at the City Library in public library of the future vicinity, for example tourist information offices, Saarbrüc­ken (Saarland), which in 2014 adult education centres, museums, restaurants, celebrated 90 years in its present What, then, are the main concerns of the pub- cafeterias, bookshops, banks or exhibition and building in the Rathaus-Carrée (town- hall block), is a “feel-good” library for lic library sector when it comes to trends and conference centres. children. The centrepiece is a wooden future issues, what are the visions and fears The concept of “third places” emerged with representing a “reading for the future, what developments need a cre- the rise of huge shopping centres and malls in tree” arching over a landscape of book bins full of (picture) books ative reaction? Some progressive young library the inner cities and on the city outskirts in the for 2–8-year-olds. In addition to the managers and innovators are calling for the 1970s and signifies constructed living spaces Library’s special events for nursery time-honoured epithet “Library” to be dropped between the home (as the first place) and the school groups, teachers will find here a wide range of training media in favour of “House of Knowledge”. They are workplace or training centre (as second place), with suggestions for sport, play and eager to take an active part in redressing the in which families, young people or the elderly handiwork ideas or music and dancing deficits they perceive in library services and can meet to shop, pursue leisure activities, activities. – Photo: form.bar by okinlab performance: by teaching more and better eat and drink, or just spend time. After losing “digital­ literacy skills”, by helping to spread their status as exclusive information providers more “emotional intelligence” (empathy), by to the internet, libraries began to transform establishing libraries as “public spaces” and by themselves into Third Places as they realised adding “career advisory services” to their port- that the importance of their media services was . Under the slogan “Innovation Needs Cour- waning in the face of other sources and down- age” our creative young colleagues are striving load services, and that creative ideas were at borrowing activity), there obviously exists a offering access to the total pool of literature to move away from the image of the librarian a premium. considerable demand for a social communi- and media, which by that time will be even as collector and conservator to embrace the Experts have warned that if libraries wish to cation space open to the public. Even today larger. A cataloguing network in the form of a innovative idea of the transformation of librar- survive into the 21st century they will have to it is hard to imagine the modern library with- common media database will be particularly ies and media centres into places of cultural present themselves in a new light. Libraries are out its cafeteria. In Anglo-Saxon libraries, effective if customers are able to access it from and social interaction with new, fresh ideas and faced with the challenge of providing high-qual- pleasantly-furnished rooms known as “Living their homes, schools or workplaces. It will be citizen-centric value-added services exemplify- ity space and an enhanced range of learning and Rooms” have become an established feature, essential to work in a more systematic way ing participatory library work. education services. They are concentrating their inviting visitors to drop in for a chat, to surf towards the integration of public and academic efforts on developing learning environments the internet, enjoy a cup of coffee or read a library resources within the network than has Libraries as “Third Places” and information centres offering space for indi- book in relaxing surroundings. In the planning hitherto been the case, ensuring the creation of viduals or groups to work—learning and study- and conception of future libraries it will more an allowing the customer to use every library As already mentioned, the keyword “Third ing is often teamwork. As users often have very important than ever before to pay more at- within the network with a single library pass Space” or “Third Place”—a sociological term— different needs there is a need for spaces with tention to furniture and fittings suited to the and enabling any media unit to ordered via the has entered librarianship in the last few years. an atmosphere conducive to both concentration user experience and to designing flexible and internet and sent to the customer’s local library It describes strategic decisions made by librar- and stimulation, including both pleasant spa- “function-free” spaces. Evening and weekend for collection, or directly to his or her home for ies to project themselves as communication ciousness and concentrated seclusion. Libraries opening will be a matter of course. Tomorrow’s an extra charge. centres and social spaces. Public libraries are in offer a wide range of comfortable working envi- library is a source of collective inspiration, high demand as so-called “third places” and as ronments, including armchairs and sofas somewhere with a positive atmosphere and an The Combination Library such are making an architectural mark on the How then might the library of tomorrow— appealing, informal style where people want city and municipal landscape; like museums with the emphasis here on the public library— to spend time and where they can explore the In no small number of locations, libraries fund- they have become coveted contracts for prom- really look, without resorting to visions of an all world of information retrieval, book and mod- ed by a variety of different bodies exist along- inent architects. These days, libraries want to too exaggerated nature? The former library ser- ern media. side or even in direct competition with one show themselves and be seen in return; they vice centre librarian Klaus Dahm has developed another, without any form of official coopera- have become social places. Modern library a series of four models well worth considering, The Network Library tion. In difficult economic times, possible syner- buildings, sometimes of controversial design, which combine the present and the future in a gy benefits will be an important consideration often dominate the city skyline. And this at particularly vivid way. Modern libraries have long proved their worth in investment evaluation. One promising op- least leads to interaction with local citizens. in the business of barrier-free provision of in- tion would be to merge several smaller libraries Following the example of the great libraries The “Feel-good” Library formation and knowledge services to all ages to form one large physical and administrative in Scandinavia, Great Britain, the Netherlands and social strata. As no library can possibly unit. Where several cultural and educational or the USA, some libraries in the larger cities As documented by the discrepancy between stock every item its users might need, the institutions exist in a single town, it would be have begun to consider whether other servic- the number of active “borrowers” and the far public library of the future will need to be part worth considering amalgamating them at a es providers might not also be housed in the larger number of detected “visitors” (with no of an even more tightly-knit library network single site. This could mean combining the local

144 | Between the Present and the Future 145 | Concepts and models for the public library of the future with the necessary care and never store or pass included funding and the legal status of li- The new Media Centre in Krefeld (North Rhine-Pal- on this kind of information. braries, copyright in the knowledge society, atine) was opened in 2008 digitization and conservation, cultural educa- after a two-year construc- Proposition 2: Libraries must place technical, tion, the teaching of media literacy, Sunday tion period, giving the local inhabitants access social and cultural changes high on their agen- opening, public libraries, and unhindered to 195,000 print and digi- da and leverage them for their own develop- access to e-books. The dbv will be intensifying tal media. A cooperative ment.” its lobby work in a bid to realise these political agreement signed with the Niederrhein University of Technical advances since 2000 have had a demands. Applied Sciences in 2015 drastic influence on what libraries do, how enables students to use they are seen and what goals they set for In 2014 the librarian and philologist Wolfgang Krefeld Media Centre’s media and services free of themselves. The fact that the level of demand Kaiser voiced his insights in a blog post on charge. – Photo: M. Kramer, by customers and users for physical media is “LIBREAS. Library Ideas”: He drew attention Krefeld undiminished ensures that libraries do not to the new Rotterdam Library which had in- blindly submit to the permanent hype around formed its users and guests in 2009 that the digital technology. With this in mind it is es- number of loans might be decreasing but that sential for libraries to attune themselves to the this was not a problem, since circulation levels imminent paradigm change in media and infor- and holdings were now only of secondary im- mation services. portance—a state of affairs unlikely to change Public libraries in Germany are not only hav- any time soon. The new paradigm according ing to deal with the consequences of global to Kaiser was now the Post-Growth Library, megatrends such as new technologies and focusing on sustainable development and the data protection, online learning services and new online business models, they are also It is possible that in the future more importance will be forced to face concrete social and political attached to the aesthetics of library architecture and the challenges if they wish to retain their credi- appeal of the library atmosphere to the senses as a centre bility and justify taxpayer funding. The most for relaxation and communication beyond its function as a mere storehouse of knowledge. The Public Library of the important keywords in this context are migra- local community of Neufahrn (Bavaria), constructed in the tion, inclusion, demographic change, social form of a ship with a glass “prow” and incorporating varying museum, school library, resource centre, local tions for all the local partners, undertake the rift, the rise of new lifestyles, the convergence window shapes and a staircase bathed in natural light, may well be indicative of the direction modern library architec- archive, adult education centre, art gallery and cataloguing and processing of the collections, of learning and entertainment, new ways of ture is taking. – Photo: J. Feist library to form one united “Information and coordinate staff timetables and compile perfor- obtaining information and knowledge, and Media Centre”, assuming appropriate accom- mance indicators. debt cap. In her answer Barbara Lison points modation is available. to the strengthening of the position of the Proposals for a Library inner-city library as learning space and local The City Library Agency of the Future citizens’ service centre along the lines of the current Danish model. Another important If physical fusion is for some reason not a What advantages can libraries use as selling aspect of public library work will continue to viable option, there are other ways of com- points both today and probably still in ten be low-threshold, non-commercial access to bining the various types of administrative years’ time? Barbara Lison put put forward the sources of reliable information and high-quali- and functional library structures to achieve a following three propositions in 2013: ty cultural ­materials. networked library system. By this are meant the many school libraries which often exist as Proposition 1: Libraries should continue to Proposition 3: The political decision-makers separate islands, isolated from one another. guarantee non-commercial and data protec- must reinforce the essential role of the library The city library of the future could here play tion-compliant access to information, knowl- in the digital society.“ an integrative and cooperative role as library edge, education and culture.” In the election year 2013 the German Li- agency (Bibliotheksagentur). This would involve With their not-for-profit digital services brary Association dbv put forward election establishing a “School Libraries Office” (Schulbi­ libraries offer an alternative to the profit-ori- performance indicators in the form of seven blio­thekarische Arbeitsstelle) at a central loca- ented business enterprises operating on the key factors considered essential to the future tion, responsible for all the schools in the area. internet. As public institutions they are com- sustainability of libraries. It is expected that Its objective would be to train and advise the mitted to respecting state data protection laws, similar indicators will be issued before the library staff, handle book and media acquisi- which means that they treat all personal data 2017 federal elections. The original indicators

146 | Between the Present and the Future 147 | Concepts and models for the public library of the future social and economic factors associated with it. One of the central questions was: ‘Public Vision and reality in Public libraries’ insistence on social sustaina- libraries offer many different services. On academic libraries bility could strengthen the cohesion between these cards we have noted a range of possibil- citizens and society in certain districts and ities. Which of these services do you think the A glance at the present and future development communities. The real indicator of the success public library should offer? What should the of librarianship reveals the constantly-chang- of a so-called Educational Republic of Germany public library be like in order for you to want ing role of libraries in the information society, would not be its digitization budget but the to use it?’ in which information has become a basic work its public libraries were doing to achieve A comparison of the ekz customer survey and resource and the information media are them- genuine and sustainable equal opportunities. the representative opinion poll reveals that selves subject to an accelerated rate of change. In 2013 the library service supplier ekz in both cases respondents have similar ideas The need for information has increased in all launched its internal strategy programme on the library of the future. The Allensbach social areas but at the same time so has the “Libraries are changing 2020” (Bibliotheken study establishes that “libraries see themselves amount of information in circulation, so that it bewegen 2020), also focusing on the role librar- ideally as both a “house of books and media can be described as a glut. Libraries contribute ies should be playing in the future. In 2014 the of all kinds” and as a “centre for knowledge, to the satisfaction of this need in the form of ekz’s Library Council published its “Recommen- information and guidance”. The population at traditional and electronic media provision, The new building of the University and Regional Library of dations on 12 new role models” (Vorschläge zu large regards both these aspects as immensely whereby the character, function and self-con- Thuringia in Jena (Thüringer Universitäts–und Landesbiblio- 12 neuen Rollenmodellen), with ideas ranging important. Respondents consider compre- ception of the library are in flux. In principle thek) in Jena (architects: Heckmann, Kristel, Jung), opened in from “Knowledge Centre”, “Reading Promotion hensive media holdings and expert guidance this is valid for all types of library but changes 2001, possibly answers the question of whether libraries in the digital network era need buildings at all. The single-tier Centre”, Digital Literacy Instruction Centre” to be among the core functions of a public in information needs can best be seen in the library system in Jena, with holdings of over four million through to “Community Meeting Place”—no library: 76% of the population expect their ide- ­academic, research and teaching library con- volumes, consists of the Main Library, three larger subject great surprises or radically different catch- al library to offer comprehensive holdings of text, so that it follows that academic libraries libraries and a large number of sectional and branch libraries scattered throughout the city. It is planned to reduce their words, just the tried and tested images most books, e-books, journals, music and films, 70% will be more directly affected by these changes number in stages. – Photo: P. Scheere, FSU Jena librarians accept today and probably still will want reliable guidance from qualified staff. than public libraries. in ten years from now. Customers were able to Nearly as many (71%) also want the library to First of all, it is necessary to point out that use the annual online survey to rank the sug- have a pleasant atmosphere. Here again, this all those visionaries who prophesied that the gested roles in order of importance. is consistent with the views of the libraries end of the book era was nigh, and that elec- of a new type of academic library combining a Following the publication of the Allensbach themselves, who see the role of the library as a tronic and digital media would march forth as mixture of printed and digital publications with Institute of Demography’s strategy programme “space for social encounter and spending time” sole victors, were wrong. The book, or rather information sources—the hybrid library. Since in 2015 the ekz commissioned the Institute to to be one of its four main future functions. printed material in general, has held its own it is hardly to be expected that library budgets carry out a study into how people used libraries Figure 10 illustrates the range of ideas and because it has several advantages that the new will increase, it will be necessary to maintain a and what they expected from them. The results expectations while at the same time revealing media undoubtedly do not possess—it needs fine balance between both media forms and to were presented at the ekz conference “Chances the discrepancy between the way users im- no electrical energy or technical equipment, it adjust this continuously according to supply 2016: Libraries master change” (Chancen 2016: agine the library of the future and their current can be used anywhere, it has a demonstrably and demand. Academic libraries have long since Bibliotheken meistern den Wandel) and pub- ­experience. long life, it makes reading long texts easier, it begun to shift the focus of their work from lished simultaneously as “The Future of Librar- cannot be tampered with and so guarantees holdings management to enhanced location ies in Germany” (Die Zukunft der Bibliotheken the authenticity of the contents etc., quite and procurement services (access contra hold- in Deutschland). apart from aesthetic, bibliophile and other ing). Nevertheless—and indeed as a result—the The representative survey, which was carried book-related aspects. The world of scholarship size of the acquisitions budget remains a cause out in November 2015 based on a sample of is well aware of these and other related factors for concern. 1,448 face-to-face interviews with persons aged such as quality control, scholarly reputation, However there are signs of a developing split between 16 and 75, gives an insight into read- proof of academic qualification etc. It is to be regarding information needs and their satis- ing habits, library use and what people expect expected that the form of a particular medium faction. Whereas in the natural and engineer- of libraries. Currently 29% of the population best suited to a particular group of users will ing sciences, medicine and computer science belong to the category of regular public library enjoy a long life. print media can no longer be regarded as the users. In addition the survey also mirrors the ex- Leading bodies such as the German Council primary source of information, so that libraries pectations of Germans regarding the role they of Science and Humanities (Wissenschaftsrat) can even expect to lose their leading role as wish libraries to play in society. One results are convinced that printed media will retain information provider, in all other disciplines the shows that 58% of the respondents said that their relevance for information provision in re- library will remain the archive for printed hold- they thought it was important that libraries search and teaching, although the importance ings, although even in the “book-centred” sub- should exist in the future, while 32% thought it of digital publications will increase. A logical ject areas classic collection-building will suffer was ‘extremely’ important. result of this double function was emergence somewhat as a result of the economic situation

148 | Between the Present and the Future 149 | Vision and reality in academic libraries and the advance of digitization. University pils and other groups in advanced information cultural mandate, requiring them to archive, libraries in particular face the difficult task of literacy. Activities such as the teaching of in- index and preserve the cultural heritage and having to serve two very different knowledge formation and digital literacy, the organisation the knowledge of earlier generations recorded cultures. of library-based instruction, the integration in paper form in order that present and future Although library statistics indicate that of library training elements into the curricula generations may have access to sources in both printed media are still being acquired in large of the bachelor and master’s degree courses the original and in secondary digital form. quantities, the proportion of digital media—be and other measures leading to the develop- these e-journals, e-books, retro-catalogued ment of teaching libraries can all be used in a Cultural Heritage library holdings, databases or other electronic library marketing sense to raise awareness of resources—is increasing. In view of the online the library within the university and reinforce In view of the rapid changes within the me- accessibility of knowledge it should come as its role. dia and society, the conservation of both the no surprise that the issue figures in libraries As surveys conducted at a number of uni- physical and non-physical cultural heritage has Libraries with holdings of special historical significance are falling significantly. There is a contrasting versities have shown, university libraries are become a top international priority. Germany’s strive to make their cultural treasures known to a broader tendency for libraries to become study spaces. expected to index the relevant scholarly in- cultural assets are part of the collective human public by organising regular exhibitions, often accompanied State, regional and university libraries have ternet sources and provide access to them via memory, and as such of global significance and by scholarly documentation. However it is only advisable to exhibit priceless objects in specially equipped rooms under all registered an increase in the number of easy-to-use search engines. Libraries should universal value. It is the responsibility of socie- secure museum conditions. When its new building was users thronging into their reading rooms and function as “navigators on the ocean of knowl- ty as a whole to ensure they are preserved and inaugurated in 2002 the Saxon State and University Library open access collections. As a result work desks edge”, providing their users with the appropri- handed down to coming generations. The term in Dresden (Saxony) decided to continue the time-honoured tradition of separating special and permanent exhibitions: are in many cases in short supply, leading to ate weapons to stem the tide of information cultural heritage includes both moveable and The Book Museum houses the Rare Books Room as a “house short-term regulatory measures and necessi- threatening to swamp them. Libraries will also immoveable objects of archaeological, histor- within a house”, enabling numerous treasures such as a tating long-term increases in capacity. Yet the be expected to increase their range of electron- ical, architectural, artistic, literary, technical, Maya manuscript dating from the 13th century or the orig- inal copy of the Sachsenspiegel to be viewed, even if – for establishment of learning centres or learning ic media and services without neglecting the scholarly or other value, especially the holdings protective reasons – for a maximum of six weeks a year. environments, which have led to first concrete upkeep of their book and journal collections, of archives, libraries, museums and other herit- – Photo: H. Ahlers, SLUB examples in the neighbouring European Union since books continue to be regarded as the age and memory institutions. countries, in still in its infancy in Germany. Both primary medium in many subject areas. The Cultural and heritage protection are gov- academic and public libraries see themselves as development of the Digital Library implies not erned by international agreements and na- learning centres and include learning arrange- only access to electronic journals and full-text tional legislation. Examples are the Hague was entered in the Register in 1999; currently ments and knowledge management in their works, and to databases and other internet Convention for the Protection of Cultural over 20 objects from German libraries and oth- concepts. sources, but also active information manage- Property in the Event of Armed Conflict signed er heritage institutions bear the seal Memory In spite of increasing “virtualisation” the ment. This includes the creation of portal solu- in 1954 and the European Union’s attempts of the World. library still remains a physical space. Building tions, resource discovery systems and search since 2008 to create a European Cultural Her- At national level, the Act on the Protection of planning and space requirements will there- engines to bundle the wide range of digital and itage label. The UNESCO Convention Concern- Cultural Property in Germany, passed in 1955 fore still be among the most pressing issues conventional information resources. If libraries ing the Protection of the World Cultural and and amended in 2016, is above all intended to libraries will be facing over the next few years. can form links between the digital and printed , signed in 1972 and in force prevent German items of cultural value from Although a number of new libraries have been worlds in this way, they will become Hybrid since 1975, is another leading example; the leaving the country. As a consequence, works built, extended or renovated following German Libraries in the true sense of the word and will designation World Heritage originates from of art and other culturally relevant objects, reunification, the building of stack extensions be able to use this to partially justify their ex- this Convention, as does the register of World including library holdings, are listed at regional and creation of more workspaces is still a top istence. Heritage Sites begun in 1978 and currently and federal level as items of national cultural priority for many others. The renaissance of the Students are expressly demanding the active listing over one thousand cultural and natural value. This law also governs the import and reading room may be seen as a reflex reaction teaching of information and media literacy and heritage sites in more than 160 countries all export of cultural objects and the return of to the pressures of increasing on-site use. need help with the new academic study meth- over the world. unlawfully imported or exported items, making As educational institutions, libraries are in ods (online tutorials, electronic reading lists In 1992 UNESCO added a third category to its provenance research obligatory in order to the long run also places where key skills are etc.) and forms of scholarly publishing (elec- World Heritage plan: the Memory of the World establish the origin of an object beyond any taught, namely literacy in reading, writing, tronic publishing, multi-media presentations Programme. The goal of the programme is to reasonable doubt. media and information. Whereas the efforts of etc.) To meet these demands, libraries will need secure access to documents of cultural and public libraries are mainly directed at helping the appropriate technical and organizational historical significance and to protect them children and young people to acquire ele- infrastructure and librarians the appropriate from destruction or neglect. The Memory of mentary reading skills and basic competence skills and abilities, which they will acquire both the World Register includes priceless manu- in dealing with printed materials, the varied at the time of their initial training and later. scripts, musical scores, literary estates, maps choice of courses offered by academic libraries However, academic libraries are not solely and prints alongside audio, image and film focuses on tutoring students, older school pu- educational institutions; they also have a documents. The first German heritage work

150 | Between the Present and the Future 151 | Cultural Heritage cultural and scholarly treasures while at the European Digital Library Europeana it also same time ensuring Germany remains up-to- makes an important contribution to raising date and competitive in science, research and awareness and improving the visibility of the education. The DDB targets not only scientists German cultural heritage at a European level. and researchers but ordinary citizens too. In The Europeana collection, funded by the EU perspective it provides easy and free access to Commission and located in The Hague, unites millions of books, archive materials, printed the cultural heritages of all the member coun- music, pictures, , musical works, tries of the European Union. The collection sound and film documents. The DDB is financed guarantees free and democratic access to the jointly by the Federal Government and the cultural heritage for all interested citizens and states as stipulated in an agreement signed is furthermore growing rapidly; in December in 2009, with the overseeing body comprising 2016 the home page boasted access to well delegates from all the various cultural and over 50 million works of art, books, videos, academic institutions funded by the Federal audios and other media. Government, states and local authorities. The network consists of the Members’ Council, the Governing Board and the Board of Trustees; the secretariat is located at the Foundation of the Tourists visiting Trier (Rhineland-Palatinate) on the Mosel have long been drawn to the City Library with a Rare Book Prussian Cultural Heritage in Berlin. Over 2,700 Room of its own open even on Sundays. Bibliographic treas- these holdings boosts interest in the cultural institutions are registered, though many part- ures of inestimable worth can be viewed in the museum, treasures thus preserved and tends to attract ners do not send their cataloguing and metada- which is equipped with the very latest media technology The Library owns 2,800 manuscripts, 3,000 incunabula and more people to museums, libraries, archives ta directly to the DDB but instead through one 100,000 early printed works. Among the cimelia on display and other cultural institutions. of the regional service centres. are the Codex Egberti (part of the UNESCO Memory of the This means that libraries with holdings of In 2012 the beta version of the DDB was World programme), the Ada Evangeliar and the Trier Apoca- lyse; other early printed works include the historical interest also need to put them on launched, in 2014 the first full version was and original manuscripts by Nicholas of Cusa, Johann Wolf- display if they expect to generate or maintain released. In October 2016 the DDB portal, in- gang von Goethe and Karl Marx. In the centre of the room enthusiasm for the cultural heritage. Currently a cluding its 300 partner institutions, already stand the two Coronelli globes of the earth and the heavens (Venice 1688 and 1693). – Photo: StB/StA Trier permanent or special exhibition is the favoured contained links to 20 million items. Not only tool for achieving this end rather than an attrac- does the DDB record digital holdings, it also tive book museum or a library Rare Books Room. indexes catalogue entries for items in archives New solutions such as the use of apps for mo- not yet available in digital form in an attempt The German Digital Library bile end devices to present virtual exhibitions to compensate for the lack of a central German point the way forward to the digital era. catalogue of both indexed and digitized archive Germany has embarked on digitizing its his- Current expectations of finding everything materials. The DDB’s Strategy Plan 2015–2020 torical holdings in compliance with UNESCO online, featuring high-quality imagery, addition- sets out guidelines and priorities for the next requirements to make the cultural heritage al object-specific information and a high-perfor- few years, focusing on offering access to more generally accessible, while at the same time mance presentation interface suitably adapted and higher-quality cultural data, and expanding using the high-quality digital content to realise for use on any kind of end device presuppose as a data platform. the political objective of transforming the na- the definition of the appropriate technical and The DDB is not only highly relevant at a tion into a land of digital culture. The Federal specialised standards, such as those applicable purely national level; as a component of the Government has also indicated its wish to to libraries. The creation of subject-specific, work towards this goal with its Digital Agenda regional, national and international digital Among the most prized written records of the cultural 2014–2017. While the largest academic librar- platforms allowing centralised access to the heritage are mediaeval manuscripts like the Weingartener ies established high-production digitization cultural heritage implies the existence of such Liederhandschrift pictured here; it belonged to the Benedic- centres several years ago and since have been standards along with other legal and financial tine Monastery in Weingarten until the dissolution of the monasteries, when it was transferred to the Württemberg able to provide online global free access to a preconditions. The task of merging heterogene- State Library in Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg) as HB XIII 1. large number of manuscripts, printed music, ous data from many different sources presents It is one of the most important documents of Germen high early printed works and other items of value a huge challenge, but also holds enormous mediaeval Minnesang and contains lyric works by numerous poets, including Hartmann von Aue (Portrait of the author in their collections, other institutions are now potential. Bl. 33r. – Photo WLB Stuttgart also beginning to appreciate the chances digi- The idea of the German Digital Library (DDB) tization offers. It appears that easier access to is to present the entire spectrum of Germany’s

152 | Between the Present and the Future 153 | Cultural Heritage Preservation and Conservation measures, carrying out practical exercises, and Art Foundation (Stiftung Deutsches Zentrum making contact with the Fire Department and Kulturgutverluste) in Magdeburg, which took Even in the digital world the printed original private providers of emergency intervention over the work of the Centre for Provenance still retains its value. Global digital access and freeze-drying services. For many years the Research in 2015. The Foundation also con- brings huge advantages not only from a user Commission for Preservation and the Working ducts research into the war-related looting of perspective but also from a conservationist Group on Preservation within Section 4 of the art works in the Soviet occupation zone and point of view. The availability of high-quality dbv have both been instrumental in facilitating the GDR. For many years archives and muse- digital copies protects the originals from over- the exchange of professional expertise. ums have conducted provenance research in use; they can be stored in the stacks under the same way as libraries, often resulting in the ideal climatic conditions. Their preservation Research into Nazi Plunder restitution of confiscated books or in the pay- is one of the greatest challenges facing con- ment of financial compensation to the former temporary librarianship. The fire which badly There exists another very important area of owners or their heirs. According to estimates, about 12% of the approximately 135 damaged the Anna Amalia Library in Weimar in million books published in Germany after 1940 have already cultural asset research. Ever since the Washing- 2009 and the collapse of Cologne City Histori- disintegrated and are thus no longer available for use; a ton Conference on Holocaust-Era Assets in 1998 The Digital Library cal Archive in 2009 have both brought home to further 30% are so yellowed that to avoid further damage Germany has felt a strong sense of obligation they should be withdrawn from use. Individual books can politicians and society as a whole the national only be subjected to restoration measures in certain cases; to find and return cultural assets confiscated Retrospective Digitization urgency of preserving endangered original mass de-acidification,as carried out by the Centre for Book from their previous owners, especially Jewish works. Preservation (Zentrum für Bucherhaltung GmbH) in Leipzig owners, during the period of National Social- For the last view years the main focus of li- (Saxony), may be a possible alternative. – Photo: C. Seelbach To alert both political decision-makers and ist rule. In 1999 the Standing Conference of brarianship activity has been on accelerating the public to the need for action the Alliance the Cultural Ministers issued a statement to the development of the Digital Library. The for the Preservation of Art and Cultural Her- this effect from the Federal Government, the libraries in the higher education sector have itage, founded in 2001 as an interest group KEK published an appraisal of the current of federal states, and local central organisations. followed the recommendations of the aca- of archives and libraries, issued a number of affairs in the form of the “Action Guidelines The Commissioner for Culture and the Media demic and research sectors to become centres memoranda and statements on the issue. Each for the Federal Commissioner for Culture and published guidelines to assist in implementing of digital information and publications. The year the Alliance organises a National Day of the Media and for the Standing Conference of the provisions of this statement. In the library funding programmes of the German Research Action for the Preservation of Art and Cultural the Cultural Ministers” (Bundesweite Hand­ sector the appeals were reflected in the Hano- Foundation are also attuned to the intensive Heritage; in 2014 it issued a statement listing lungsempfehlungen fur die Beauftragte der ver Appeal of 2002, which resulted in a number expansion of electronic information provision its demands, the Weimar Appeal, which was Bundesregierung fur Kultur und Medien und of events, including four symposia in Hanover, services. The DDB’s sponsoring body is an ex- signed by a number of celebrities. die Kultusministerkonferenz). According to dedicated to Nazi plunder in general, and pro- pertise network comprising delegates from all At the suggestion of the Alliance, the Co- this report there are 1.8 million shelf metres of viding a forum for libraries who were already sectors. ordination Office for the Preservation of the papers in archives and 9 million legal deposit examining their own holdings for possible Although the opinion often voiced by the Written Cultural Heritage (Koordinierungs­ titles published between 1951 and 1990 in li- examples. Investigation into, and restitution of, contemporary press that the digitization of stelle für die Erhaltung des schriftlichen Kultur­ braries in need of mass deacidification, since art works confiscated by the Nazis first gained society in general is a cultural obligation and guts – KEK) was established in 2011 at the State acidic and wood-based paper was used for new impetus with the establishment of the that libraries should therefore be committed Library in Berlin with funding from the Federal printing during this period. Even if only one Centre for Provenance Research (Arbeitsstelle to making themselves redundant, as it were, Commissioner for Culture and the Media and percent of all endangered or damaged items für Provenienzforschung) in 2008 and the grant- by digitizing the entire body of printed publi- the Cultural Foundation of the German Fed- were to be treated each year the cost would ing of state project funding. The dbv reacted to cations has been energetically repudiated by eral States. The Office’s objective is to collect amount to around 63 million euros annually. the increased attention being paid to the criti- librarians, the magic word “digitization” is nev- and evaluate information on the preservation The number of inter-institutional and cal reappraisal of recent historical circumstanc- ertheless almost ubiquitous in our libraries. of printed cultural assets, build networks to cross-sector programmes and projects focus- es by establishing the Commission for Research Digitization centres have been operating encourage collaboration among the holding ing on preservation is increasing at both feder- and Indexing (Kommission für Provenienz­ in Munich and Göttingen for years, and also institutions, raise public awareness of the al and state level. Some states have established forschung und Provenienzerschließung). accept external commissions. A large number dangers facing the printed cultural heritage expertise centres or departments for the pres- The process of checking and documenting of academic libraries have set up their own and provide nationwide sponsorship for model ervation of archive and library holdings. The ca- ownership status for the period 1933 to 1945 digitization centres and digitize selected projects. tastrophes already mentioned, and others such is helped by a series of practical guidelines, a holdings either on their own centres or in co- A number of programmes and individual as the 2002 and 2013 Elbe and Danube floods, handbook on tracing works confiscated during operation with partner libraries. The internet projects on the conservation and restoration have prompted a number of German cities to the period of Nazi oppression and the data- enterprise Google has launched a programme of endangered holdings already exist at both group their local cultural institutions together base Looted Cultural Assets. Details of works of mass digitization with its German partner, federal and state level but an overall strate- to form emergency networks. These networks moved or plundered during the Third Reich the Bavarian State Library. Libraries have no gic concept for the preservation of national are charged with forging emergency plans, un- or the Second World War are recorded in the hope of winning against commercial financial cultural assets is still lacking. In 2015 the dertaking the prospective planning of recovery database Lost Art, hosted by the German Lost heavyweights such as Google Books; however

154 | Between the Present and the Future 155 | The Digital Library Open Access tions, the integrity of the research data, the long-term availability of the documents, and The German library associations concur with the extent to which their internet publications research institutions and numerous scientific will be recognised by the research community, organizations in welcoming the opportunity for on this depends their personal reputation the internet offers for the free promulgation and academic career. of scholarly publications and guaranteed A group of publishers, authors and schol- worldwide accessibility. The Berlin Declaration, ars approached the Federal Government in published as far back as 2003, demanded open 2009 with the Heidelberg Appeal, demanding access to scholarly knowledge and the cultural the protection of the copyright entitlements heritage along the lines of other international threatened by Open Access and companies like Open Access declarations. In 2009 the Alliance Google, and the confirmation of the authors’ of Science Organisations in Germany took up continuing right to freedom of publication. The the idea, calling for an improvement in the Appeal was directed against the stipulation of information infrastructure in line with general many university laws that authors of scholarly Open Access principles. texts should secure secondary publication The Open Access movement propagates a rights giving them permission to upload their new strategy for scholarly communication in publications to university repositories, thus parallel to existing traditional channels, using ensuring free access. the opportunities offered by the internet for the exchange of research results according to Long-term Archiving the “principle of open access”. The university presses founded by some universities mostly The long-term archiving of electronic publica- The digitization centres in Munich (Bavaria) and Göttingen (Lower Saxony), both with the financial support of the DFG, operate along open access lines, endorsing dig- tions undoubtedly presents a huge challenge, the strength of library products lies not in their participate in the development of the Distributed Digital ital forms of publication and dispensing with one not facing libraries alone. The Law on the quantity but in their quality, and above all in Library through the conversion and presentation of digital parallel print editions. There is also a lack of the German National Library created the legal resources. The Munich Digitization Centre (Münchener their commitment to safeguarding free acces- Digitalisierungszentum – MDZ), pictured right, runs its peer-review procedures or other quality con- framework for the collection and storage of sibility and long-term availability. own projects but also accepts digitization commissions trol measures usually practised by traditional legal deposit copies of all “media works in In 2005 a central system for the location and from other institutions. Nine former Special Subject Fields scholarly publishing houses. Two forms of Open non-physical form” published in Germany, en- Libraries under the aegis of the State and University Library acquisition of freely accessible retrospectively of Göttingen formed a consortium for the digitization of Access strategy have evolved: “golden” and suring general availability. In many cases the digitized printed works published from the journal holdings: Digizeitschriften. Das Deutsche Digitale “green” Open Access options, though they can ruling regarding the collection of network pub- 15th century to the present, the Central Index Zeitschriftenarchiv e.V. lists around 930,000 articles from also complement each other, the first referring lications has also been extended to cover the over 730 digi­tised ­scholarly journals. – Photo: H. R. Schulz, of Digitized Imprints (Das Zentrale Verzeichnis BSB Munich to primary or exclusive publication, the second regional legal deposit libraries at federal state Digitalisierter Drucke – ZVDD), was established to publication in parallel. level. Much work has been done over the last on a cooperative basis; it currently contains re- The principle assumes the active involve- few years in developing and testing the techni- cords for 1.5 million titles. This portal not only ment of the producer of the scholarly knowl- cal, organisational and library-related pre-requi- provides a review of digital collections but also edge or the manager of the cultural asset. With sites of long-term archiving. reflects the astonishing variety of digitization range of users centralised, mostly free digital this form of publication, authors are required “Nestor” – German competence network for projects, revealing that the “philosophy” be- access to the culture and knowledge of the to grant freedom of access and right of use to digital preservation was established in 2003 as hind the digitization concept is wide-ranging. German-speaking area, is expected to play all users, and also to hold a copy of the work on an information and communication platform It offers a standardised search interface, with the more important role. Information from the archive server of a trustworthy institution, for all interested partners, covering all aspects search fields for printer’s name, place of print- 30,000 cultural and academic institutions is to so that its long-term accessibility is assured. of long-term storage. Nestor is a collaborative ing, period of publication (century), article title, be drawn together in a common network. The Since this alternative publication model com- network of partners from the library, archive, headings and table of contents. The national portal DDB forms part of the EU initi- petes directly with the conventional form of museum and computer centre sectors, concen- ZVDD is a collaborative project managed by ative for the development of a European Dig- dissemination practised by traditional publish- trating on bundling collective expertise in a the Working Group on the Collection of Ger- ital Library, which was launched towards the ers, the latter regard Open Access publishing series of working groups, among other things. man Imprints (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sammlung end of 2008 under the name Europeana and with a critical eye. The same applies to many Nestor has developed a procedure for self-eval- Deutscher Drucke) and hosted by Göttingen is dedicated to making the European cultural­ authors, who fear risks for both the producers uation based on the DIN standard on Criteria State and University Library. heritage generally accessible. The digital col- and the recipients of research information; for Trustworthy Digital Archives; successful In the long term the German Digital Library lections of the libraries are indexed in both they are concerned about issues such as the candidates are awarded the Nestor seal of (DDB) mentioned above, which offers a wide portals. quality control management of such publica- ­approval.

156 | Between the Present and the Future 157 | The Digital Library The project “Kopal – Cooperative Building 2016 the world’s largest online collection, the Digital Information Structure another mention to the licensing of electronic of a Long-term Archive of Digital Information” not-for-profit in San Francisco journals, newspapers, books and databases. (Kooperativer Aufbau eines Langzeitarchivs had archived 280 billion web pages. In Germa- The internet presents libraries with a further Libraries must respond to changes in the digitaler Informationen), which ran from 2004 ny the German National Library is responsible challenge. Libraries are already feeling the ef- availability of information and the behavioural to 2007, complemented Nestor in the technical, for archiving web pages in the domain “de”. fect of direct competition from search engines patterns of their users by using an integrated software development and workflow areas. In Another example is the Library Archiving and such as Google, which supposedly indexes digital information system in the medium term addition to two of Germany’s largest libraries, Access System (Bibliothekarisches Archivi­ several billion websites, and services like Goog- to create not only virtual research and learning the Association for Scientific Data Computing erungs- und Bereitstellungssystem – BABS) le Scholar, Google Cloud Print, Google Earth environments but also a modern information (Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenver­ developed by the Munich DigitiZation Centre or Google News or interactive platforms like management structure. The German Research arbeitung mbH – GWDG) and the company IBM MDZ as a long-term storage system; the work- Wikipedia and blogs, also known as social soft- Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemein­ were also involved in the project, which was flow relating to the harvesting of the web ware and typical of the direction the internet is schaft) provides support for the development intended to create a reliable digital archive to pages has been adopted by Hamburg State going (Web 2.0). A large number of library users, of just such an overall system of research safeguard the integrity, authenticity and acces- and University Library. including students and university staff, start a information provision in the form of schemes sibility of the digital archives stored there on a It is deeply regrettable that although search by using a search engine and often only such as its own programme for Virtual Research long-term basis. Kopal went live as a long-term long-term digital archiving is undoubtedly a later encounter services specifically provided Environments, i.e. platforms enabling interna- digital archive in 2007 since when tens of thou- national priority it is as yet unclear whose re- by libraries. The technical and logical network- tional researchers working simultaneously at sands of electronic documents from its two sponsibility it is and how it should be funded ing of the diverse forms of internet sources different locations to coordinate their research project partners the German National Library long-term. Long-term archiving is simply left would seem to be a promising solution to this activities whilst providing access to the re- and Göttingen State and University Library to each individual institution, even though problem. The evolution of a Semantic Web quired resources wherever they may be within have been uploaded, including 100,000 elec- the funding agencies seem to be unaware that (Web 3.0) and the Linked Data or Linked Open the research infrastructure. tronic theses published since 1997 and submit- supplementary financial support is absolutely Data system will lead to the development of The aim of the “Digital Information” pro- ted to the DNB by German universities. essential. At the same time there is a lack of new search and information options. The data gramme initiated by the Alliance of Science In view of the rapidly growing volume of dig- clarity within society as a whole as to which involved are available on the internet without Organisations in Germany is to provide re- ital information, academic libraries, archives digital data should actually be preserved in legal restriction (open) and can be linked auto- searchers with the optimal information struc- and other memory institutions are all search- the first place. matically to other data by means of a suitable ture for their research requirements. In 2008 it ing for practical solutions. This is particularly description language (linked) in such a way was agreed that efforts should be concentrated true of those libraries for which electronic re- that related content can be imported into on six areas: national licensing, open access, sources represent the chief source of informa- the search. national hosting strategy, primary (research) tion provision. For example the TIB in Hanover Libraries will probably not be able to com- data, virtual research environments and legal has joined forces with its partners in Goportis, pete with the mighty commercial services on framework conditions. The programme’s cur- the Leibniz Library Network for Research In- a quantitative basis; they will only be able to rent second stage, due to run until the end of formation, to set up a digital archiving system hold their own if they continue to maintain the 2017, continues to focus on the priorities set operating on the basis of commercial software; high standards of their products. These include in the initial phase from 2008 to 2012, concen- the system has since been adopted by other the high-quality indexing of research-relevant trating on providing optimal comprehensive users. resources strictly on the basis of authority files, and free access to digital publications, research On the grounds of volume alone the long- and the development of subject-centred and in- data and source collections, on establishing term archiving of web pages presents a par- terdisciplinary search facilities and navigation the best possible preconditions for the inter- ticularly demanding challenge; in addition systems. Notable national examples are the national dissemination and reception of both websites are being continually updated and subject-specific entry portals with their former publications and research data, and on fully therefore have a short life cycle. By December national knowledge portal Vascoda, or the Aca- integrating digital media and content into digi- demic LinkShare network, a web-based system tal research environments. designed to facilitate the cooperative catalogu- In accordance with the basic principles gov- On the 600th anniversary of the birth of , the Göttingen Digitization Centre (Göttinger Digitalisi- ing and management of digital web objects and erning the treatment of research data adopted erungszentrum – GDZ) scanned all 1,282 pages of the parch- integrated into many of the Virtual Subject Li- by the Alliance in 2010, many university libraries ment copy of the Gutenberg Bible held by the State and braries. Other examples are all-inclusive index- are adding research data management to their University Library of Göttingen (Staats–und Universitätsbib- liothek Göttingen) in Lower Saxony and made them available ing and access systems such as the Database remit. The acquisition of the necessary person- both on the internet and on CD-ROM. Between the first print- Info-System (DBIS) which lists 10,000 databases, nel, organisation and technical resources also ing of this edition, which Gutenberg produced with the help including 4,750 titles freely accessible on line, approved by the DFG will facilitate the collec- of the new technology of the time, and its digitization in the year 2000 of exactly the same edition, there have elapsed and the Electronic Periodicals Library (Elektron­ tion, archiving, indexing of research data, and around 550 years of book and library history. – Photo: GDZ ische Zeitschriftenbi­blio­thek), providing access above all ensure long-term accessibility. As with to 88,500 journal titles. It is also worth giving access to other protected electronic resources

158 | Between the Present and the Future 159 | The Digital Library The management of digital research data stills remains at the focus of e-science structure development, even at a uni- it will be necessary here too to consider devel- versity offering its students a baroque learning environment oping a suitable rights management system like that pictured here in the Faculty Library of Economics and Social Sciences at the Communication, Information and Libraries should be as determined to harness Media Centre of the University in Hohenheim (Baden-Würt- the new communication platforms to keep in temberg). Priorities are the creation of suitable tools along- touch with their users as they have been quick side the provision of consultancy services for the academic staff and the establishment of an information platform. to seize the advantages of the internet for their – Photo: Univ. Library Stuttgart-Hohenheim information services. This entails utilising both social media and responsive web design to enable access to library services from mobile devices.

Summary and Outlook

Libraries, whether public or academic, can only only be able to do this role—and its underly- continue to provide their users with these ser- ing expectations—justice if they recognize vices if their future is assured and if they receive and accept the challenges of the information sufficient financial and staff resources from society, if they use every possible opportunity their funding agencies. The future of the library to develop new technology and improve their is not only a question of form and technology; organisational efficiency, and if they effectively “Library 21”: This was the future-oriented library concept that preceded the planning of the new Main Library for the City it also has a political dimension. It is essential counteract the political, financial and structural Library in Stuttgart (Baden-Württemberg). The new building, opened in 2011 (architect: Eun Young Yi), soon established itself to make it clear to the political decision-makers, weaknesses of the German library system. Then as the cultural heart of the new Europa district behind the main station and is part of the mammoth project Stuttgart 21. The the media, and indeed to the nation in general they will continue to be what they have always monumental cube, with nine floors above-ground and two below, boasts an impressive interior with a funnel-shaped gallery housing the fiction collections, while the library’s remaining holdings are accommodated behind the gallery walls.Services ­ that libraries are destined to play a key role in been: portals to the many new paths and visions include the café Lesbar (“readable”) and the roof-garden in addition to a lecture theatre and the Library for Insomniacs, the future information society. But they will leading to the future. an ­automatic machine dispensing books and audio-visual media round the clock. – Photo: B. Ehlig

160 | Between the Present and the Future 161 | Summary and Outlook APPENDICES Library of the Episcopal Seminary German Music Archive in the DNB PICTURE in Trier (Episcopal Seminary Trier), 41 Leipzig, Piano (Kunstmann), 79 The Authors The Translator Court Library of the Prince of Thurn Music Library, Mannheim City Library REFERENCES and Taxis, Regensburg (L.W. Splitta, (D. Jakob), 79 Prince of Thurn and Taxis Central Wismar City Library (J. Seefeldt), 81 Archives), 42 Duisburg City Library (krischer­ Picture References (in order German National Library, Frankfurt fotografie Duisburg), 83 of appearance in the text) am Main (S. Jockel, DNB), 43 Heidelberg City Library, Anniversary German Music Archive in the DNB, Festival (Heidelberg City Library), 84 Heinz-Jürgen Lorenzen (BID), 7 Leipzig (Kunstmann, DNB), 44 Bremen City Library, TeenSpirit Ulm City Library (C.Seelbach), 8 State Library of Berlin—Prussian (­Bremen City Library), 85 University Library / IKMZ Cottbus ­Cultural Heritage C. Seelbach), 46 Company works library at Wacker (R. Schuster), 8 Bavarian State Library, Munich Chemie AG, Burghausen Codex rotundus, Cathedral Library (BSB), 47 (Wacker AG), 89 Hildesheim (L. Engelhardt), 10 German National Library of Medicine, Duisburg City Library, Circulation desk Evangelary of Henry the Lion, Duke Cologne (ZB MED), 48 (Duisburg City Library), 91 August Library, Wolfenbüttel Regional Library of Oldenburg Multimedia Reading Room of the (HAB), 11 (C. Seelbach), 50 German National Library, Frankfurt Schedel World Chronology, Court Leibniz’ Calculator, Regional Library am Main (S. Jockel, DNB), 93 ­Library of the House of Hohen- of Lower Saxony, Hanover Stuttgart Media University zollern, Sigmaringen (C. Seelbach), 11 (GW Library), 51 (HdM Stuttgart), 94 / 95 Codex Bruchsal 1 (Parchment manu- State and City Library of Augsburg Heinrich Heine City Library, script) (BLB Karlsruhe), 12 (Augsburg State and City Library), 51 ­Halberstadt (J. Feist, ekz), 102 Hall Library of the Benedictine Abbey in Francke Foundations, Halle Onleihe screen in a library (ekz), 107 Wiblingen (R. Armbruster-Mayer), 12 (W. Ziegler), 52 Laminating machine at the ekz State Library of Berlin— Historicum of the University Library (ekz), 108 Prussian Cultur­ al Heritage Munich (J. Feist, ekz), 53 Gütersloh City Library (SBB PK, ­Wiki­pedia), 14 Codex Manesse, Walter von der (D. Güthenke, Gütersloh), 109 State Library of Bamberg (C. Seelbach), 14 ­Vogelweide, University Library Library of the Goethe Institute in Jürgen Seefeldt, born in 1953, Dr. Ludger Syré, born in 1953, Janet MacKenzie, University and Regional Library of of Heidelberg (Lossen, ­Warsaw, Poland (A. Burakowski, studied public librarianship in Cologne. studied history and German language studied French language and literature Saxony-Anhalt, Halle, exterior UL Heidelberg), 54 Goethe Institute Warsaw), 111 Held posts as Certified Librarian (Di­ and literature in Freiburg, Munich and at Birmingham University (UK). She (ULB Halle), 15 KIT Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Philology Library of the Free University plom-Bibliothekar) at the City Library Tübingen, gaining a doctorate in East holds a postgraduate qualification in University and Regional Library (T. Mechau), 55 of Berlin (P. v. Recklinghausen), 114 (Stadtbücherei) of Hamm and the Tech- European history; training as Academic librarianship and is a member of the of Saxony-Anhalt, Halle, interior Konstanz University of Applied Lower Saxony State and University nical Library of the United Electricity and Research Librarian (Wissenschaft- Chartered Institute of Library and Infor- (ULB Halle), 15 ­Sciences (B. Hannemann, Library of Göttingen Corporation of Westphalia (Vereinigte licher Bibliothekar) in Tübingen and mation Professionals. After five years as Reichstag (Parliament) Library, Berlin HTWK Konstanz), 56 (SUB Göttingen), 116 / 117 Elektrizitätswerke Westfalen) in Dort- Cologne; since 1987 subject specialist Tutor Librarian at a British university of (Picture Archive Prussian Cultural Munich City Library Law Library State Library of Berlin—Prussian mund; from 1979–1985 deputy director for history, contributor to the State applied sciences she left the UK in 1979 Heritage), 16 (M. Schwarz), 57 ­Cultural Heritage (C. Seelbach), 118 of the City Library (Stadtbücherei) of Bibliography (Landesbibliographie) of to become librarian at the Geschwister DNB Deutsche Bücherei, Leipzig German National Library of Economics, Baden Regional Library, Karlsruhe Herne, from 1989–1991 Director of the Baden-Württemberg and Head of Dig- Scholl Institute of Political Science at (Klaus-D. Sonntag), 16 / 17 Kiel (L. Roth, ZBW), 58 (C. Seelbach), 119 Country Libraries (Kreisbüchereien) itzation at the State Library of Baden the University of Munich. From 1996 to Library of the Hansa City of Lübeck German Literature Archive Marbach Saxon State and University Library of Unna; from 1991–2004 Director of (Badischen Landesbibliothek) in Karls­ 2013 she was Site Librarian at one of (K. Raub), 17 (M. Michaelis, DLA Marbach), 58 / 59 of Dresden (SLUB), Reading Room the State Service Centre for Public ruhe; instructor at the Institute for His- the University’s faculty libraries and Potsdam State and City Library Library of the Benedictine Abbey in (F. Bieler), 120 Libraries (Landesbüchereistelle) tory of the University of Mannheim and has given various courses in English (MJ Smets, Schulz-Speyer), 18 Maria Laach (Maria Laach Abbey), 60 Saxon State and University Library Rhineland-Palatinate in Koblenz, from at the House of Competence at KIT in for ­Librarians at the Bavarian Library State Library of Berlin—Prussian Landau City Library (J. Feist, ekz), 62 Dresden (SLUB), makerspace 2004 unitl 2014 Local Director of the Karlsruhe; between 1992 and 2002 two School. Cultural Heritage, General Reading Dortmund City and Regional Library (L. Boxberger), 121 Regional Library Centre of Rhineland years on the Executive Board and eight Room (C. Seifert, SBB), 19 (exterior), (J. Feist, ekz), 63 Historical Reading Room of Tübingen –Pfalz; teaching contracts at the Uni- years on the Membership Committee Leipzig University Library Duisburg City Library, Main Library University Library (C. Seelbach), 122 versity of Applied Sciences, Cologne of the Association of German Librarians (T. Kademann), 21 (krischerfotografie), 64 Augusteer Hall of the Duke August (FH Köln). From 1995–1998 co-editor (Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare) as well University and Research Library Art Library of the City Library in Library, Wolfenbüttel (Duke August of the professional journal BuB, from as seven years as executive Director Erfurt/Gotha (S. Müller-Naumann), 22 Library), 123 1998–2001 member of the National of the State Association of the VDB for ­Biberach an der Riss (J. Seefeldt), 65 Executive of the dbv, since 1998 chief Baden-Württemberg (VDB-Landesver- Freiburg University Library Book Bus, Koblenz City Library Würzburg City Library (K. Trutzkl), 125 executive of the dbv Regional Asso- bandes Baden-Württemberg); Author (Univ. ­Library Freiburg/Media (J. Seefeldt), 69 Karlsruhe Virtual Catalogue ciation for the Rhineland-Palatinate of numerous book and journal publica- Centre), 22 Book Bus, City Library, Frankfurt ­Screenshot, 130 (dbv-Landesverband Rheinland-Pfalz). tions and editor of three special issues Aurich Regional Library (C. Seelbach), 31 am Main (City Library, Frankfurt Digital Library (Digibib) Screenshot, 132 Author of numerous publications. of the ZfBB on regional bibliographies, Regensburg, Libr. of Techn. Univ. am Main), 69 Rococo Room of the Duchess Anna Co-author of the book “Seefeldt / Metz: literary estates, and music. (MJ Smets, Schulz-Speyer AG), 33 Central Library, Hamm City Libraries Amalia Library, Weimar (Klassik Unterhaltungsliteratur in Öffentlichen University Library Eichstätt, Business (City of Hamm), 70 Stiftung Weimar), 133 Bibliotheken”, the 3rd edition of the and Economics Subject Library Augsburg City Library (U. Schambeck), 71 Library of the former Benedictine handbook “Busse-­Ernestus-Plassmann- Ingolstadt (C. Seelbach), 34 City Library Westerstede (J. Feist, ekz), 72 ­monastery at Amorbach Seefeldt: Das Bibliothekswesen in Study Centre of the Duchess Anna City Library Bernburg/Saale (C. Seelbach), 134 Deutschland” and the textbook “Biblio- Amalia Library, Weimar (U. Schwarz, (J. Feist, ekz), 73 Württemberg State Library, Stuttgart theken und ­Informationsgesellschaft in Klassik Stiftung Weimar), 35 International Youth Library in (WLB Stuttgart), 135 Deutschland – eine Einführung”. Bookshop in Lindau/Lake Constance ­Blutenburg Palace, Munich (IJB), 74 University Library and Technical (L. Syré), 37 School Library/Media Centre of the ­Information Library of Hanover Generallandesarchiv (General Regional Secondary Schools in the Heinz (MJ Smets, Schulz-Speyer AG), 136 Archive) Baden-Württemberg, Engler Forum in Biberach an der Riss Koblenz City Library (Juraschek ­Karlsruhe (GLA Karlsruhe), 39 (J. Feist, ekz), 76 / 77 ­Lifestyle, Koblenz), 139

162 | Appendices 163 | Picture References Regional Library of Mecklenburg-West Alphabetical Index (General Regional Archive) Winners of the 2005: Birgit Dankert, Prof. of Library Benutzungsdienste in Bibliotheken: Pomerania, Schwerin (A. Botefür), 140 of Pictures by Location Baden-Württemberg, 39 National Library Prize ­Science in the Faculty of Libr­ aries Bestands- und Informationsver- Kreuztal City Library, interior Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe Institute of and Information at Hamburg mittlung / Wilhelm Hilpert, Bertold (J. Feist, ekz), 141 ­Technology KIT, 53 „Library of the Year“ ­University of Applied Sciences Gillitzer, Sven Kuttner, Stephan Amorbach, Library of the Prince Media Centre Neckarsulm Kiel, German National Library of 2006: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Paul Raabe, Schwarz. – Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter of Leiningen, 134 (D. Strauss), 142 ­Economics, 58 2000: Halberstadt City Library former Library Director in Marbach Saur, 2014. – 337 p. – (Bestands- Augsburg, City Library, 71 Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Centre, Koblenz, City Library, 139 (SaxonyAnhalt) and Wolfenbüttel und Informationspraxis; 52) Augsburg, State and City Library, 51 ­Humboldt University Berlin Koblenz, City Library Book Bus, 69 2001: Johannes a Lasco Library, 2007: Georg Salzmann, Library of Bericht zu Lage der Bibliotheken Aurich, Regional Library, 31 (M. Bulaty), 143 Konstanz University of Applied Emden (Lower Saxony) burned books, documentation and 2015 / Deutscher Bibliotheksver- Bamberg, State Library, 14 Saarbrücken City Library, Children’s ­Sciences, 56 2002: State and University Library research archive “10. Mai 1933— band. Frank Simon-Ritz. – Berlin: Berlin, Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm Library (form.bar by okinlab), 145 Krefeld, Media Centre, 146 of Göttingen (Lower Saxony) German literature burned at the dbv, 2015. – 12 p. Centre, 143 Krefeld Media Centre (M. Kramer, Kreuztal, City Library, 141 2003: Würzburg City Library (Bavaria) stake”, Gräfeling Bericht zur Lage der Bibliotheken Berlin, Philology Library of the Krefeld), 146 Landau, City Library, 62 2004: Dresden City Libraries (Saxony) 2008: Martin Weskott, Gesellschaft zur 2016/17 / Deutscher Bibliotheksver- Free University, 114 Neufahrn Public Library (J.Feist), 147 Leipzig, Centre for Book Preservation, 2005: Hamm City Libraries (North Förderung von Kultur und Literatur band. Barbara Lison. – Berlin: dbv, Berlin, Reichstag (Parliament) Library, 16 University and Regional Library 154 Rhine-Westphalia) e.V., “Bücherburg” Katlenberg 2016. – 12 p. Berlin, State Library of Berlin— of Thuringia, Jena (P. Scheere, Leipzig, DNB Deutsche Bücherei, 16 / 17 2006: Cottbus University Library (Niedersachsen) (Association for the Berufsbild 2000—Bibliotheken Prussian Cultural Heritage, FSU Jena), 149 Leipzig, German Music Archive in (IKMZ (Brandenburg) Promotion of Culture and Literature, und Bibliothekare im Wandel / 12, 16, 46, 118 Saxon State and University Library the DNB, 44, 79 2007: Prison Library of the ­ “Book Castle”) erarb. von der Arbeitsgruppe Bernburg/Saale, City Library, 73 Dresden (SLUB), Rare Books Room Leipzig, University Library, 21 Münster Penitentiary­ 2009: Marion Schulz, Stiftung Frauen- “Gemeinsames Berufsbild” der BDB Biberach an der Riss, Art Library, 65 (H. Ahlers, SLUB), 151 Lindau, bookshop, 37 (North Rhine-Westphalia) Literatur-Forschung (Foundation e.V. Unter Leitung von Ute Krauß- Biberach an der Riss, School Library/ Trier City Library, Rare Books Room Lübeck, City Library, 17 2008: Bavarian State Library (Munich) Women’s Literature Research e.V), Leichert. – 2., unveränd. Nachdr. der Media Centre of the Secondary (Stb/StA Trier), 152 Mannheim, City Library Music Library, 2009: City Library of Biberach Bremen dt. Fassung, erg. um die engl. Ver- Schools in the Heinz Engler Forum, Württemberg State Library in Stuttgart, 79 an der Riß (Baden-Württemberg) 2010: Not awarded sion. – Wiesbaden: Dinges und Frick, 76 / 77 Hartmann von Aue manuscript Marbach, German Literature Archive, 2010: Constance University Library 2011: Horst Köhler, former President of 2000. – 125 p. Bremen, City Library, 85 (WLB Stuttgart), 153 58 / 59 (Baden-Württemberg) the German Federal Republic, Berlin Bibliothek der Zukunft. Zukunft der Burghausen, Company works library Centre for Book Preservation, Leipzig Maria Laach, Library of the Benedictine 2011: Anton Saefkow Library in 2012: Ranga Yogeshwar, physicist and Bibliothek: Festschrift für Elmar (C. Seelbach), 154 at Wacker Chemie AG, 89 Abbey, 60 Berlin Lichtenberg science journalist, Cologne Mittler anlässlich seines 75. Ge- Munich Digitization Centre in the Cologne, German National Library Munich, Bavarian State Library, 47, 156 2012: Library of Wildau Technical 2013: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Bernhard burtstages / hrsg. von Andreas Degk- Bavarian State Library of Medicine (Deutsche Zentral- Munich, City Library Law Library, 57 University of Applied Sciences Fabian, Anglicist and book studies witz. – Berlin (u.a.): De Gruyter Saur, (H. R. Schulz, BSB Munich), 156 bi­blio­thek für Medizin), 48 Munich, Historicum of the University (Brandenburg) ­researcher, Münster 2016. – X, 203 p.: ill. Gutenberg Bible digital edition, Cottbus, IKMZ BTU, 8 Library, 53 2013: Stuttgart City Library 2014: Thomas Feibel, author, journalist Bibliothek 2007: Strategiekonzepte / ­Göttingen Digitization Centre Dortmund, City and Regional Library, 63 Munich, International Youth Library, 74 (Baden-Württemberg) and media specialist, Berlin Bertelsmann Stiftung; Bundes­ (GDZ), 158 Dresden, Saxon State and University Neckarsulm, Media Centre, 142 2014: German Central Library of 2015: Prof. Dr. Konrad Umlauf, library vereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheks­ Stuttgart-Hohenheim University Library (SLUB), 120, 121, 151 Neufahrn, Public Library, 147 Economics­ (Kiel—Schleswig-­ and information scientist, Berlin verbände (Hrsg.). Von Gabriele Library (Stuttgart-Hohenheim Duisburg, City Library, 64, 83, 91 Oldenburg, Regional Library, 50 Holstein und Hamburg) 2016: Thomas Beyer, may- Beger u.a. – 3. Aufl. – Gütersloh: Verl. Univ. Library), 160 Erfurt, University and Research Library Potsdam, State and City Library, 18 2015: Cologen City Library or of the City of Wismar Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2004. – 40 p. Stuttgart City Library Erfurt/Gotha, 22 Regensburg, Court Library of the (North Rhine-Westphalia) (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Bibliothekare zwischen Verwaltung (B. Ehlig), 161 Frankfurt am Main, City Library Prince of Thurn and Taxis, 42 2016: Hilden City Library und Wissenschaft: 200 Jahre Jürgen Seefeldt, author, 162 Book Bus, 69 Regensburg, Libr. of Techn. Univ., 33 (North Rhine-Westphalia) ­Berufsbilddebatte / hrsg. von Ludger Syré, author, (B. Ehlig), 162 Frankfurt am Main, German National Reutlingen, ekz Library Suppliers Irmgard Siebert and Thorsten Library, 43, 93 Janet MacKenzie, translator, 162 GmbH, 108 Holders of the BID Further Reading (A Selection) Lemanski. – Frankfurt/Main: Freiburg, University Library, 22 Saarbrücken, City Library, Children’s Klostermann 2014. – 278 p. Göttingen, Lower Saxony State and Library, 145 Karl Preusker Medal Books and Yearbooks (ZfBB Sonderband; 111) University Library, 116 / 117, 156 Schwerin, Regional Library of Bibliotheken ’93: Strukturen, Aufgaben, Gütersloh, City Library, 109 ­Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, 140 1996: Peter Härtling, author, Alker, Stefan; Bauer, Bruno; Stumpf, Positionen / Bundesvereinigung Halberstadt, Heinrich Heine City Sigmaringen, Court Library of the Mörfelden-Walldorf Markus: NS-Provenienzforschung Deutscher Bibliotheksverbände. – Library, 102 House of Hollenzollern, 11 1997: Dr. Annette Kasper, director of und Restitution an Bibliotheken. – Berlin: Deutsches Bibliotheksinsti- Halle, Library of the Francke Stuttgart, City Library, 161 the Ernst Abbe Library (City Library) Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter Saur, 2016. – tut; Göttingen: Niedersächsische Foundations,­ 52 Stuttgart, Stuttgart Media University, Jena 141 p. Staats- u. Univ.-Bibliothek, 1994. – The illustrations on the front cover Halle, University and Regional Library 94 / 95 1998: Christa Spangenberg, publisher, Aufbruch als Ziel—BID und “Bibli- vi, 182 p.: ill. show from top to bottom: of Saxony-Anhalt, 15 Stuttgart, Stuttgart-Hohenheim Munich othek 2007”: Zum Abschluss der Bibliotheken bauen und ausstatten / Berlin State Library, Unten den Hamm, Central Library, Hamm City ­University Library, 160 1999: Jürgen Heckel, director of sechsjährigen Amtszeit Georg Petra Hauke u. Klaus Ulrich Werner Linden building, Reading Room Libraries, 70 Stuttgart, Württemberg State Library, ­Garching Public Library Ruppelts als Sprecher von Bibliothek (Hrsg.). – Bad Honnef: Bock + (C. Seifert, SBB-PK Berlin Hanover, Regional Library of Lower 135, 153 2000: Roswitha Kuhnert, Dipl.-Bibl., & Information Deutschland / Hg.: Bib- Herchen, 2009. – 432 p. Freiburg University Library Saxony, 51 Trier, City Library, Rare Books Room, 152 Leipzig City Libraries liothek & Information Deutschland Bibliotheken heute!: Best Practice bei (UB Freiburg Medienzentrum) Hanover, University Library / Technical Trier, Episcopal Seminary, 41 2001: Bettina Windau, head of the e.V. – Hildesheim u.a.: Olms, 2006. – Planung, Bau und Ausstattung / German National Library, Leipzig Information Library, 136 Tübingen, University Library, 122 Public Libraries Department of the 249 p.: ill. hrsg. von Petra Hauke u. Klaus Ulrich (PUNCTUM, A. Schmidt) Heidelberg, City Library, 84 Ulm, City Library, 8 Bertelsmann Foundation, Gütersloh Ball, Rafael: Bibliometrie im Zeitalter Werner. – Bad Honnef: Bock und Stuttgart City Library (J. Feist, ekz) Heidelberg, University Library, 54 Warsaw, Library of the Goethe 2002: Dr. h.c. Erich Loest, author, Leipzig von Open und Big Data: Das Ende Herchen, 2011. – 320 p.: ill. Hildesheim, Cathedral Library, 10 ­Institute, 111 2003: Dr. Regina Peeters, library des klassischen Indikatorenka­ Bibliotheken und Informations- The illustrations on the rear cover Ingolstadt, University Library Eichstätt, Weimar, Duchess Anna Amalia Library, ­director, Europäisches Übersetzer- nons. – Wiesbaden: Dinges& Frick, gesellschaft in Deutschland: eine show from top to bottom: Business and Economics Subject 35, 133 Kollegium NRW in Straelen e.V. 2015. – 156 p. Einführung / Engelbert Plassmann, Munich City Law Library (M. Schwarz) Library, 34 Westerstede, City Library, 72 (European College of Translators) Bau- und Nutzungsplanung von Bib- Hermann Rösch, Jürgen Seefeldt, Library of the former Benedictine Jena, University and Regional Library Wiblingen, Hall Library, 12 2004: Angelika Casper, Christel Mann- liotheken und Archiven: Ersatz für Konrad Umlauf. – Wiesbaden: monastery at Wiblingen of Thuringia, 149 Wismar, City Library, 81 hardt and Ina Philippsen-Schmidt, DIN-Fachbericht 13: 1998 / ­Harrassowitz, 2006. – x, 333 p. (R. Armbruster-Mayer) Karlsruhe, Baden Regional Library, Wolfenbüttel, Duke August Library, for their campaign to save Cologne’s DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung Bibliotheken 2040: die Zukunft neu Library of the Benedictine monastery 12, 119 11, 123 City Libraries “Leselust statt Pisa- e.V. – Berlin [u.a.]: Beuth, 2009. – entwerfen / Red. Rob Bruijnzeels at Maria Laach (Abtei Maria Laach) Karlsruhe, Generallandesarchiv Würzburg, City Library, 125 frust” (Books instead of Pisa blues) 132 p.: ill. – (DIN-Fachbericht; 13). u. Nicole van Tiggelen. Übers. von

164 | Appendices 165 | Further Reading Uta Klaassen. – Bad Honnef: Bock Einundzwanzig (21) gute Gründe für Informationsarbeit / Rainer Kuhlen nicht-akademischer Ausbildung zur Die moderne Bibliothek: ein Kompen- Rössler, Maria Theresia: Neue Lese- und Herchen, 2003. – 83 p.: ill., maps gute Bibliotheken / hrsg. von der u.a. [Hrsg.]. Begr. von Klaus Laisie- beruflichen Fachkraft. Wiesbaden: dium der Bibliotheksverwaltung / Rezepte: kreative Methoden / Maria Bibliothekspolitik in Ost und West: BID—Bibliothek & Information pen. – 5., völl. neu gefasste Ausg. – Dinges & Frick, 2016. – 165 p. hrsg. von Rudolf Frankenberger Theresia Rössler; Gudrun Sulzen- Geschichte und Gegenwart des Deutschland. Konzept und Inhalt: München: Saur, 2004.—xlviii, 910 p. (B.I.T-Online; innovativ; 57) und Klaus Haller. – München: Saur, bacher. – Innsbruck, Wien: Tyrolia, Deutschen Bibliotheksverbandes / Gabriele Beger u.a. Text: Anne Vol. 1: Handbuch zur Einführung in Holste-Flinsbach, Karin: Prüfungs­ 2004. – 449 p. 2016. – 160 p.: ill. hrsg. von Georg Ruppelt. – Frankfurt ­Buhrfeind. – Bad Honnef: Bock die Informationswissenschaft und handbuch FaMI-Ausbildung: Übungs­ Plassmann, Engelbert; Seefeldt, Sba-Curriculum: Bibliotheksziele und am Main: Klostermann, 1998. – und Herchen, 2009. – 28 p. -praxis Vol. 2: Glossar aufgaben für die Zwischen- und Jürgen: Das Bibliothekswesen der Praxisbausteine (Jahrgangsstufe vi, 322 p.; (Zeitschrift für Biblio- Entwurfsatlas Bibliotheken / Grundwissen Medien, Information, Abschlussprüfung. – Bad Honnef: Bundesrepublik Deutschland: ein 1–10) / Hofmann, Helga [Hrsg.]. thekswesen und Bibliographie: Nolan Lushington; Wolfgang Bibliothek / Umlauf, Konrad (Hrsg.). – Bock + Herchen, 2014. – 214 p: ill. Handbuch / von Engelbert Plass- ­Aktualis. Ausg. – Frankfurt am Sonderhefte; 72). Rudorf; ­Liliane Wong (Hrsg.). Basel: Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 2016.– vi, 100. Deutscher Bibliothekartag mann und Jürgen Seefeldt. – 3., völlig Main: Stadtbücherei, Schulbi­blio­ Brenner-Wilczek, Sabine; Cepl-Kauf- ­Birkhäuser Verl., 2016. – 263 p. 290 p. (Bibliothek des Buchwesens; 25) Berlin—Festschrift / im Auftr. des neubearbeitete Auflage des durch thekarische Arbeitsstelle, 2012. – mann, Gertrude; Plassmann, Max: Entscheidungssammlung zum Gutachtensammlung zum Bibliothek- Vereins Deutscher Bibliothe­ Gisela von Busse und Horst Ernestus Losebl.-Ausg.: ill. Einführung in die moderne Archiv- Bibliotheksrecht / hrsg. von der srecht: Gutachten, Stellungnahmen, kare (VDB) u. des Berufsverbands begründeten Werkes. – Wiesbaden: Schade, Frauke: Praxishandbuch Digi­ arbeit. – Sonderausg. – Darmstadt: Rechtskommission des Deutschen Empfehlungen. – Red.: Jürgen Information Bibliothek (BIB) Harrassowitz 1999. – xii, 510 p.: ill., tale Bibliotheksdienstleistungen: Wissenschaftl. Buchgesellschaft, Bibliotheksinstituts u.a. Erarbeitet Christoph Gödan. – Wiesbaden: hrsg. von ­Felicitas Hundhausen, maps Strategie und Technik der Marken- 2016. – 152 p. von: Jürgen Christoph Gödan u.a. 2., Harrassowitz, 2002. – xiv, 618 p. Daniela ­Lülfing u. Wilfried Sühl- Politik für Bibliotheken: die Bundes­ kommunikation / unter Mitarb. von Brockerhoff, Christiane: Interne überarb. u. erw. Aufl. – Wiesbaden: (Bibliotheksrecht; Bd. 1) Stromenger. – Hildesheim: Olms, vereinigung Deutscher Bibliotheks­ Johannes Neuer. – Berlin: De Gruyter Kommunikation in der Bibliothek. – Harrassowitz, 2003. – 656 p. Handbuch Archiv: Geschichte, Aufga- 2011–258 p. verbände (BDB) im Gespräch; Birgit Saur, 2016. – 452 p. Berlin: De Gruyter Saur, 2016. – viii, Entwurfsatlas Bibliotheken / Nolan ben, Perspektiven / Marcel Lepper; Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken / Dankert zum Ende ihrer Amtszeit Spezialbi­blio­theken in Deutschland / 179 p.: ill. Lushington; Wolfgang Rudorf; Ulrich Rauff (Hrsg.). Stuttgart: hrsg. vom Verein Deutscher Bibli- als Sprecherin der BDB / hrsg. von Red. Petra Hauke. Unter Mitarb. von Bruhn, Manfred: Qualitätsmanagement ­Liliane Wong (Hrsg.). Basel: JB Metzler, 2016. – 294 p. othekare. – Wiesbaden: Harrasso­ Georg Ruppelt. – München: Saur, Gisela Bartz. – Bad Honnef: Bock und für Dienstleistungen: Grundlagen, Birkhäuser Verl., 2016. – 263 p. Handbuch Bibliothek: Geschichte, witz. – Bd. 67 (2017/2018). – 2000. – 208 p. Herchen, 1996–2002. Bd. 1–5. Konzepte, Methoden. – 7,. überarb. Erfolgreiches Management von Biblio- Aufgaben, Perspektiven / hrsg. Von Published biennially. Praktische Archivkunde: Ein Leitfaden Sühl-Strohmenger, Wilfried: Digitale u. erw. Aufl. – Berlin, Heidelberg: theken und Informationseinrichtun- Konrad Umlauf und Stefan Grad- Jahrbuch kirchliches Buch- und für Fachangestellte für Medien- und Welt und Wissenschaftliche Springer, 2008. – 617 p. gen: Fachratgeber für die Bibliothek- mann. Stuttgart: JB Metzler, 2012. ix, Bibliothekswesen. Regensburg: Informationsdienste—Fachrichtung Biblio­ thek:­ Informationspraxis im Buch und Buchhandel in Zahlen / sleitung und Bibliothekare / Hrsg.: 422 p. Schnell & Steiner. NF ab 2013 Archiv / Norbert Reimann (Hrsg.)— Wandel. – Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, hrsg. vom Börsenverein des Hans-Christoph Hobohm, Konrad Handbuch Bibliothek 2.0 / Hrsg. Julia Jaksch, Ursula: Auf dem Weg zur Münster: Ardey-Verl., 2014. – 384 p. 2008. – 296 p. – (Bibliotheksarbeit; 11). Deutschen Buchhandels e.V. – Umlauf. – Hamburg: Verl. Dashöfer, Bergmann, Patrick Danowski. – „Ausgezeichneten Bibliothek“—­ Praxishandbuch Ausstellungen in Umlauf, Konrad: Medienkunde / Frankfurt a.M.: MVB Marketing- 2002. – 700 p.– Loose-leaf edition Berlin, New York: de Gruyter Saur, effizientes Qualitätsmanagement Bibliotheken / hrsg. Von Petra Konrad Umlauf unter Mitarbeit von u. Verlagsservice des Buchhan- Ewert, Gisela; Umstätter, Walther: 2010. – 392 p. in Bibliotheken. – Wiesbaden: Hauke. Berlin (u.a.): De Gruyter Saur, Daniella Sarnowski. – 2., aktual. dels. – 2010. – 128 p.: ill., tables, Lehrbuch der Bibliotheksver- Handbuch der Bibliotheken Dinges & Frick, 2014. – 124 p. 2016. – xi, 453 p.:Ill. u. neu gefasste Aufl. – Wiesbaden: maps. – Publ. annually (2016 latest) waltung / auf d. Grundlage d. Werkes Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz. – Jochum, Uwe: Geschichte der Praxishandbuch Bibliotheksbau: Harrassowitz, 2006. – 350 p. – Bücher öffnen Welten: Medienange- von Wilhelm Krabbe u. Wilhelm 16. Aufl. – Berlin: de Gruyter, 2010. abendländischen Bibliotheken. – Planung—Gestaltung—Betrieb / (Bibliotheksarbeit; 8) bote für Menschen in Haft in Martin Luther völlig neu bearb. von Handbuch Hochschulbi­blio­theks­ Darmstadt: Primus 2009. – 160 p.: ill. Hrsg. von Petra Hauke, Klaus Ulrich Umlauf, Konrad: Moderne Buchkunde / Deutschland und international / Gisela Ewert u. Walther Umstätter. – systeme: leistungsfähige Informa- Jochum, Uwe: Kleine Bibliotheks- Werner. Berlin (u.a.) De Gruyter Saur, Konrad Umlauf. – 2., aktual. u. Gerhard Peschers, Förderverein Stuttgart: Hiersemann, 1997. – xv, tionsstrukturen für Wissenschaft geschichte / von Uwe Jochum. – 2016. – xi 528 p. neu gefasste Aufl. – Wiesbaden: Gefangenenbüchereien e.V. (Hrsg.). – 204 p. und Studium / Konstanze Söllner; 3., verb. u. erw. Aufl. – Stuttgart: Praxishandbuch Bibliotheksmanage­ ­Harrassowitz, 2005. – 191 p.– Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter Saur, 2013. – x, Fingerle, Birgit Inken; Mummenthaler, Wilfried Sühl-Strohmenger (Hrsg.): Reclam, 2007. – 280 p.; (Universal-­ ment / hrsg. von Rolf Griebel, (Bibliotheksarbeit; 2). 417 p.: ill.(Bibliotheks- und Informa- Rudolf: Innovationsmanagement in Berlin (u.a.): De Gruyter Saur, 2014. – Bibliothek; Nr. 17667). Hildegard Schäffler u. Konstanze Umstätter, Walther: Einführung in tionspraxis; 54) Bibliotheken. Berlin (u.a.): De Gruyter xv, 608 p.: ill. Keller-Loibl, Kerstin: Das Image von Söllner. – München u.a.: De Gruyter die Katalogkunde: vom Zettelkata- Buzás, Ladislaus: Deutsche Bibliothek- Saur, 2016. 186 p.: ill (Praxiswissen) Handbuch Informationskompetenz / Bibliotheken bei Jugendlichen: Em- Saur, 2015. – xvii, 1040 p. log zur Suchmaschine / von Walther sgeschichte des Mittelalters / Ladis­ Freundeskreise und Fördervereine: Wilfried Sühl-Strohmenger (Hrsg.). – pirische Befunde und Konsequenzen Rechtsvorschriften für die Bibliothek- Umstätter u. Roland Wagner-­ laus Buzás. – Wiesbaden: Reichert, Best Practice in Öffentlichen Biblio- 2. Aufl. – Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter Saur, für Bibliotheken. – Bad Honnef: Bock sarbeit / Deutscher Bibliotheksver- Döbler. – 3. Aufl. d. Werkes von Karl 1975. – 191 p.; (Elemente des Buch- theken / hrsg. Von Petra Hauke. Ber- 2016. – 575 p. + Herchen, 2012. – 252 p. band (Hg.). – 5., überarb. u. erw. Aufl. – Löffler, völl. neu bearb. – Stuttgart: und Bibliothekswesens; 1). lin (u.a.): De Gruyter Saur, 2015. – xiii, Handbuch Methoden der Bibliotheks- Keller-Loibl, Kerstin / Brandt, Susanne: Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009. – xiv, Hiersemann, 2005. – xi, 171 p.: ill. Buzás, Ladislaus: Deutsche Bibliotheks- 241 p.: ill. und Informationswissenschaft: Leseförderung in Öffentlichen 832 p. (Bibliotheksrecht; 3) Umstätter, Walther: Lehrbuch des geschichte der Neuzeit (1500–1800) / Gantert, Klaus; Hacker, Rupert: Bib- Bibliotheks-, Benutzerforschung, Bibliotheken. – Berlin (u..) De Gruyter Die Regionalbibliographie im digitalen ­Bi­bliotheksmanagements. – Stutt- Ladislaus Buzas. – Wiesbaden: liothekarisches Grundwissen. – 8., ­Informationsanalyse / Konrad Saur, 2014. – x, 201 p.: ill. Zeitalter: Deutschland und seine gart: Hiersemann: 2011. – 258 p. ­Reichert, 1976. – 203 p.; (Elemente vollst. neu bearb. u. erw. Auflage. – ­Umlauf, Simone Fühles-Ubach, Kirmse, Renate: Schulbi­blio­thek. – ­Nachbarländer / hrsg. von Ludger Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare des Buch- und Bibliothekswesens; 2). München: Saur, 2008. – 414 p.: ill. Michael Seale (Hrsg.)—Berlin u.a.: Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter Saur, 2013. – Syré und Heidrun Wiesenmüller. – 1900–2000: Festschrift / hrsg. von Buzás, Ladislaus: Deutsche Biblio- Gaus, Wilhelm: Berufe im Informa- De Gruyter Saur, 2013. – 561 p. 228 p. Frankfurt a. M.: Klostermann, 2006. – Engelbert Plassmann u. Ludger theksgeschichte der neuesten Zeit tionswesen: ein Wegweiser zur Hanke, Ulrike; Sühl-Strohmenger, Knoche, Michael: Auf dem Weg zur 426 p.; (Zeitschrift für Biblio­theks­ Syré. – Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, (1800–1945) / Ladislaus Buzas. – Ausbildung; Archiv, Bibliothek, ­Wilfried: Bibliotheksdidaktik: Forschungsbi­blio­thek; Studien aus wesen und Bibliographie: Sonder- 2000. – 408 p. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1978. – 215 p.; Buchwissenschaft, Information und Konzepte zur Förderung von Infor- der Herzogin Anna Amalia Biblio- bände; 90). Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare (Elemente des Buch- und Bibliothek- Dokumentation, Medizinische Doku- mationskompetenz. – Berlin u.a.: thek. – Frankfurt/Main: Klostermann, Regionalbi­blio­theken in Deutschland: 1900–2000: Bibliographie und swesens; 3) mentation, Medizinische Informatik, De Gruyter Saur, 2015. – 213 p. 2016. 246 p. (ZfBB Sonderband 120) mit einem Ausblick auf Österreich ­Doku­mentation / zusammeng- „Challenge accepted!“: Bibliotheken Computerlinguistik, Museum / (Biblio­theks- und Informations­ Kuth, Martina: Praktisches Manage- und die Schweiz / hrsg. von Bernd est. von Felicitas Hundhausen. – stellen sich der Herausforderung Wilhelm Gaus. – 5., vollständig praxis; 58) ment in One Person Libraries. Berlin Hagenau. – Frankfurt am Main: Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2004. – des Demografischen Wandels; überarbeitete Aufl. – Berlin [u.a.]: Heyde, Konrad: Letzte Bibliothek- (u.a.): De Gruyter Saur, 2015. – Klostermann, 2000. – 467 p., map.; xx, 541 p. Positionen—Strategien—Mod- Springer, 2002. – 310 p. en: Reflexe eines schwindenden x, 135 p.: ill. (Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen 40 Jahre Lektoratskooperation: elle & Projekte / hrsg. von Petra Göttker, Susanne: Literaturversorgung Zeitalters. – Norderstedt: Books on Lux, Claudia; Sühl-Strohmenger, und Bibliographie: Sonderheft; 78). Geschichte, Facetten und ­Zukunft Hauke. Mit einem Geleitw. von Frank in Deutschland: Von den Sondersam- Demand, 2016. – 117 p. Wilfried: Teaching Library in Rösch, Hermann: Academic Libraires einer Idee / Haike Meinhardt, Simon-Ritz. – Bad Honnef: Bock melgebieten zu den Fachinforma- Holste-Flinsbach, Karin: Der Fachan­ Deutschland: Vermittlung von In- und Cyberinfrastructure: Das System ­Andreas Mittrowann, Frank Seeger u. Herchen, 2014. – xx, 392 p.: ill. tionsdiensten; eine Analyse. – Wies- gestelltenberuf im Bibliotheks­ formations- und Medienkompetenz wissenschaftlicher Kommunikation (Hrsg.). – Reutlingen: ekz, 2016. – Deeg, Christoph: Gaming und Biblio- baden: Dinges & Frick, 2016. – 224 p. wesen und seine Vorläuferausbil- als Kernaufgabe für Öffentliche und zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts. – 328 p.: ill. theken / Christoph Deeg. – Berlin Grundlagen der praktischen Informa- dungen: Ausbildungsformen für Wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken. – Wiesbaden: Dinges und Frick, 2008. – Wie viele Bibliotheken brauchen wir? / [u.a.]: De Gruyter Saur, 2014. – x, tion und Dokumentation / Ein Hand- mittlere und praktische Berufe Wiesbaden: Dinges und Frick, 2004. – 127 p., Abb. – (BIT online—Innovativ; hrsg. von Rolf Busch. – Bad Honnef: 167 p.: ill. buch zur Einführung in die fachliche in deutschen Bibliotheken mit 248 p.: ill. (BIT online innovativ; 9) 21). Bock und Herchen, 2004. – 294 p.

166 | Appendices 167 | Further Reading (Beiträge zur bi­blio­thekarischen BIS. Das Magazin der Bibliotheken Internet Addresses, Blogs Digitale Bibliothek Verein Deutscher Bibliothekare BDB = Bundesvereinigung Deutscher Weiterbildung; 17). in Sachsen / Hrsg.: Sächsische www.digibib.net www.vdb-online.org Bibliotheksverbände 98 Wiesenmüller, Heidrun; Horny, Silke: Landesbi­blio­thek — Staats- und Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Spezial­ DiViBib GmbH Virtuelle Deutsche Landesbibliogra- BEA = Bibliotheksentwicklungsagentur Basiswissen RDA: Eine Einführung Universitätsbi­blio­thek Dresden bibliotheken (ASpB) www.aspb.de www.divibib.de phie 109 für deutschsprachige Anwender. – (SLUB). Published three times a year. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Verbund­ Ekz.Bibliotheksservice GmbH www.landesbibliographie.de Berlin City Library 41 Berlin u.a.: De Gruyter Saur, 2015. – B.I.T.-Online: Zeitschrift für Bibliothek, systeme (AGV) www.ag-verbund.de www.ekz.de Virtuelle Fachbi­blio­thek Musikwissen- Bertelsmann Foundation 99, 104, 108, 320 p. Information und Technologie Arbeitsgemeinschaft Sammlung Elektronische Zeitschriftenbi­blio­thek schaft 138 Wissenschaftskommunikation im mit aktueller Internet-Präsenz. – Deutscher Drucke (AG SDD) http://ezb.uni-regensburg.de/ www.vifamusik.de BIB = Berufsverband Information Netzwerk der Bibliotheken: mit ­Wiesbaden: Dinges und Frick. www.ag-sdd.de Fachstellen-Server Zeitschriftendatenbank ­Bibliothek 104, 105, 124 Beitr. von Walther Umstätter u.a. – Published bi-monthly. Bayerische Staatsbi­blio­thek (BSB) www.fachstellen.de www.zeitschriftendatenbank.de Bibliographies of early imprints 132, Berlin: BibSpider, 2005. – 195 p.: ill. BuB: Forum Bibliothek und Information; www.bsb-muenchen.de Gemeinsamer Bibliotheksverbund 134 Wolf, Sabine: Praxisbuch Schulbi­ Fachzeitschrift des BIB e.V., Berufsver- Bertelsmann Stiftung www.gbv.de Subject Index Bibliotheca Palatina (Heidelberg) 13 blio­theken / Sabine Wolf; Karsten band Information Bibliothek. – www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de Goethe-Institut (Names, Institutions, Bibliothek 2007 (position paper) 97 Schuldt. – Schwalbach im Taunus: Reutlingen: BIB. Ten issues per year. www.goethe.de Berufsverband Information Bibliothek ­Abbreviations) Bibliothekca Baltica 118 Debus Pädagogik Verlag, 2013. – Buchprofile: Medienempfehlungen (BIB) www.bib-info.de Hessisches Bibliotheksinformations- Bibliotheken ´93 117 189 p.: ill. für die Büchereiarbeit / Hrsg.: Borro­ Bibliothek & Information Deutschland system www.hebis.de Bibliotheksdienst (journal) 21 Zugang für alle: Soziale Bibliotheks­ mäusverein e.V. Bonn, St. Michaels- e.V. (BID) www.bideutschland.de Hochschulbi­blio­thekszentrum NRW A Bibliotheksplan ´73 18, 98, 116 arbeit in Deutschland. – Hrsg. bund. – Bonn: BV. Published quarterly. Bibliothek & Information International www.hbz-nrw.de Academic and research libraries 18, 20, Bibliotheksportal (library gateway) Ben Kaden und Maxi Kindling. – Dialog mit Bibliotheken / Deutsche (BII) www.bi-international.de IFLA-Nationalkomitee Deutschland 52, 56, 113 of the knb 104 Berlin: BibSpider, 2007. – 273 p. Nationalbi­blio­thek. – Frankfurt Bibliothek 2.0. Innovative Ideen für www.ifla-deutschland.de Academic LinkShare 120, 159 BIB-OPUS online document server 105 Die Zukunft der Bibliotheken in am Main: DNB. Published every Bibliotheken, Freie Inhalte und InetBib Act on the Protection of Cultural BID = Bibliothek & Information Deutschland. Eine Repräsenta- four months. Interessantes aus dem Web. www.inetbib.de/ ­Property in Germany 151 Deutschland e.V. 98, 99 tivbefragung der Bevölkerung ab Der evangelische Buchberater: www.bi­blio­thek2null.de Informationspraxis. Adult education 32 BI-International 112 16 Jahre. / Institut für Demoskopie Zeitschrift für Buch- und Bücherei­ bi­blio­thekarisch.de – die berufliche Bibliotheken—Archive— Adult education centers (VHS) 32 BIX = Bibliotheksindex 109 Allensbach (Hrsg.). – Allensbach arbeit / Hrsg.: eliport Ev. Literatur- Tätigkeit eines/er Bibliothekars/in Informationswesen. Akademie für Leseförderung 35 BKM = Beauftragter der Bundes­ 2016. 43 p. portal. – Göttingen: VEB. Published betreffend bi­blio­thekarisch.de/blog www.informationspraxis.de Alliance for the Preservation of Art regierung für Kultur und Medien quarterly. Bibliotheksindex (BIX) Jugendliteratur und Medien and Cultural Heritage 154 24, 99 Periodicals and Information—Wissenschaft und www.bix-bi­blio­theksindex.de (Zeitschrift kjl&m) Alliance of Science Organisations Blogs 159 ­Praxis: IWP / Hrsg. von der Bibliotheksportal www.ajum.de/html/kjl&m/kjl&m in Germany 159 Blu-ray 31, 63 Open E-Journals Deutschen Gesellschaft für Infor­ www.bi­blio­theksportal.de Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog Alpha Points (Lesen macht Leben BMBF = Bundesministerium für Bildung mation und Wissen. – Berlin: Bibliotheksservice-Zentrum kvk.bi­blio­thek.kit.edu/?digitalOn- ­leichter project) 86 und Forschung 26, 90 ABI-Technik: Zeitschrift für Automa- de Gruyter. Published quarterly. Baden-Württemberg (BSZ) ly=0&embedFulltitle=0&newTab=0 America Memorial Library 41 Börsenverein der Deutschen tion, Bau und Technik im Archiv-, Informationspraxis. www.bsz-bw.de Kirchlicher Verbundkatalog Anne Frank Shoah Library (Leipzig) 45 ­Buchhändler 15 Bibliotheks- und Informations­ www.informationspraxis.de Bibliotheksverbund Bayern www.kivk.de APBB = Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Bologna Process 33, 35 wesen. München: Verlag Neuer kjl&m—Forschung, Schule, Biblio- www.bib-bvb.de Kompetenznetzwerk für Bibliotheken Parlaments- und Behördenbiblio- Book buses 69 Merkur. Published quarterly. thek / Hrsg.: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Academic Search-Engine www.bi­blio­theksportal.de theken 59 Book conservation 123 Archivar. Zeitschrift für Archivwesen / Jugendliteratur und Medien (AJuM) (BASE) www.base-search.de Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Archives 39 Book Halls, Hamburg 42 Düsseldorf: Landesarchiv NRW. der GEW. – München kopaed- Borromäusverein e.V. (BV) ­Berlin-Brandenburg www.kobv.de Archivist 92 Book production 37, 38 Published quarterly Verlag. Published quarteröy. www.borromaeusverein.de Kritische Bibliothek ASpB = Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Book review cooperation (LK) 108, 124 Auskunft: Zeitschrift für Bibliothek, LIBREAS—Library Ideas. Zeitschrift Büro der Europäischen Bibliotheks­ www.kribiblio.de ­Spezialbibliotheken 102 Book trade 38 Archiv und Information in Nord- des Instituts für Bibliotheks- und verbände (EBLIDA) LIBREAS—Library Ideas Association of Certified Librarians in Book Trade Marketing and Publisher deutschland / hrsg. im Auftr. Informationswissenschaft der www.eblida.org. libreas.wordpress.com Academic and Research Libraries Service (MVB) 44 des Landesverbandes Hamburg HU Berlin. 2–4 issues per year Conference of European National Nachrichten für Öffentliche (VdDB) 104 Borromäus Society (BV) 16, 72, 82 im dbv. – Nordhausen: Bautz. LIES—Lesen, Informieren, Erleben in Libraries (CENL) www.cenl.org Bibliotheken in NRW Association of German Archivists Börsenblatt des Deutschen Buch­ Published quarterly. der Schulbi­blio­thek: Arbeitshilfen Datenbank-Infosystem oebib.wordpress.com (VdA) 39 handels 36 Bibliothek: Forschung und Praxis. – und Informationen für Schulbi­blio­ www.bi­blio­thek.uni-regensburg.de/ o-bib—das offene bi­blio­theksjournal Association of German Librarians Börsenverein des Deutschen Buch­ Berlin u.a.: de Gruyter Saur. theken; eine Schriftenreihe für die dbinfo (VDB) www.o-bib.de (VDB) 106 handels 36 Published every four months. Arbeit in den zentralen Schulbi­blio­ Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik (DBS) oebib—Öffentliche Bibliotheken Association of Information and bpk Picture Agency (Berlin) 46 BiblioTheke: Zeitschrift für katholi­ theken des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz / www.bi­blio­theksstatistik.de in Bayern www.oebib.de Library Professionals (BIB) 104, BSB = Bayerische Staatsbibliothek 47, sche Bücherei- und Medienarbeit / Kommission „Zentrale Schulbi­blio­ Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft— Onleihe (E-Book-Ausleihe) 105, 124 48, 123, 132, 155 hrsg. vom Borromäusverein. – www.onleihe.de thek“ in Rheinland-Pfalz. – Mainz: Wissenschaftliche Literaturver- Association of Librarians and Library BuB = Buch und Bibliothek (Zeitschrift) Bonn: BV. Published quarterly. KZS. Published twice a year OpenBiblioJobs. Stellenangebote sorgungs- und Informationssysteme Assistants (VBA) 104 105 Bibliotheken heute / hrsg. vom o-bib. Das offene Bibliotheksjournal von Bibliotheken, Archiven und www.dfg.de/lis Association of the Libraries of the Buch und Bibliothek Forum für Biblio- Landesbi­blio­thekszentrum Rhein- / Hrsg. vom Verein Deutscher Infor­mationseinrichtungen.jobs. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Information ­Federal State of North Rhine-­ thek und Information 105 land-Pfalz. – Koblenz u.a.: LBZ. ­Bibliothekare. E-Journal. openbiblio.eu/stellenangebote und Wissen (DGI) www.dgi-info.de Westphalia (vbnw) 102 Bund-Länder-Initiative zur Beschleuni- Published quarterly. Four issues per year. plan3t.info. Bibliothekarische Deutsche Nationalbi­blio­thek (DNB) Authority file 131 gung der Literatur- und Informa- Bibliotheksdienst / hrsg. vom Landes­ ProLibris: Mitteilungsblatt / hrsg. ­Stimmen. Independent, täglich. www.dnb.de tionsdienste 137 bi­blio­thekszentrum Rheinland- vom Verband der Bibliotheken des Deutscher Bibliotheksverband (dbv) Plan3.t.info B BV = Borromäusverein 16 Pfalz. – Koblenz u.a.: LBZ. Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen und www.bi­blio­theksverband.de Sammlung Deutscher Drucke Published monthly den Bezirksregierungen. – Bottrop: Deutscher Bildungsserver www.ag-sdd.de BA. Besprechungen und Annotationen Bibliotheksforum Bayern: BFB / Hrsg.: Pomp. Published every four months. www.bildungsserver.de SESAM (Portal für Bildungsmedien) 124 C Bibliotheksverbund Bayern, Bayer- Zeitschrift für Bibliothekswesen Deutsches Informationszentrum für www.lmz-bw.de Bachelor degree courses 33, 39, 55, Cathedral libraries 10 ische Staatsbi­blio­thek. – München: und Bibliographie: vereinigt mit Medizinische Dokumentation und Schulbi­blio­thek / Schulmediothek 92, 95 CENL = Conference of European BVB. Published every four months. Zentralblatt für Bibliothekswesen; Information (DIMDI) www.schulmediothek.de Basic Law (Grundgesetz - GG) 10, 23, ­National Librarians 114 Bibliotheksmagazin. Mitteilungen aus ZfBB: Organ des wissenschaftlichen www.dimdi.de Subito 24, 63 Central and Regional Library Berlin den Staatsbiblio­ ­theken in Berlin Bibliothekswesens. – Frankfurt DigiAuskunft www.subito-doc.de BAT = Bundesangestelltentarif 93 (ZLB) 66 und München / Hrsg.: SBB und BSB. am Main: Klostermann. www.hbz-nrw.de/produkte/ Verband der Bibliotheken des Bavarian State Library (BSB) 47, 48, 123, Central Index of Digitized Imprints Published three times a year. Published every two months. digiauskunft Landes NRW www.vbnw.de 132, 155 (ZVDD) 156

168 | Appendices 169 | Subject Index Central Subject Libraries 17, 48, 89 DDB = Die Deutsche Bibliothek 43 European Bureau of Library, Informa- German Association for Information H J Centre for Provenance Research 155 Departmental libraries 54 tion and Documentation Associa- and Knowledge (DGI) 112 Hall library (Saalbibliothek) 12 Jahrbuch der Deutschen Bibliotheken Chamber of Commerce (Industrie- Descriptive Cataloguing Rules (RAK) tions (EBLIDA) 113 German Association of Special Libraries Handbook of Historical Book (Yearbook of German Libraries) 106 und Handelskammer) 96 124 European Cultural Heritage label 151 (ASpB) 58, 102 ­Collections in Austria 134 Johannes a Lasco Library 61 E-video 108 German Association of Towns and Children’s libraries 73 Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher Handbook of Historical Book Childrens‘s and young people’s EZB = Elektronische Zeitschriften­ ­Cities (Deutscher Städtetag) Leopoldina 60 ­Collections in Europa 134 K bibliothek 131, 159 101, 116 ­libraries 75 Deutsche Bibliothek (DDB) 17 Handbook of Historical Book German Book and Writing Museum 45 Karl Preusker Medal 99 Church libraries 41, 61, 67 Deutsche Bücherei 15, 17, 18, 43, 45, 122 ­Collections in Germany 133 German Books in Print (VLB) 36 Karlsruhe Virtual Catalog (KVK) 128 Church public libraries 72 Deutsche Internetbibliothek 138 F Hauptschule (secondary school) 30 German Cancer Research Center 60 KEK = Koordinierungsstelle für CIB = Cloud-based Infrastructure Deutsche Nationalbibliothek 19, 43, Fachinformationszentren (FIZ) 26 HBFG = Hochschulbauförderungs- German Central Library of Economics die ­Erhaltung des schriftlichen for Library Data 127 122, 158 Faculty libraries 54 gesetz 33 (ZBW) 41 ­Kulturguts 154 City libraries 15, 62, 67 Deutscher Bibliothekartag 99, 105, FAMI = Fachangestellter für Medien- HBZ = Hochschulbibliothekszentrum German Council of Science and KGSt = Kommunale Gemeinschafts­ Civil service 93 106 und Informationsdienste 39, 92, 95 (Köln) 104, 139 ­Humanities 21, 25, 33, 116, 127 stelle für Verwaltungsmanagement Classic Foundation of Weimar 41 Deutscher Bibliothekskongress 106 Federal Association of German Library Higher Education Building Financial German Digital Library (DDB) 153, 25 Cloud-based Infrastructure for Library Deutscher Städtetag 116 and Information Associations (BID) Assistance Act (HBFG) 33 156 KIBA = Konferenz der informations- Data - CIB 127 DFG = Deutsche Forschungsgemein- 98 HÖB = Hamburger Bücherhallen 42 German Exile Archive 45 und bibliothekswissenschaftlichen Codex 11 schaft 26, 46, 118, 122, 159 Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) 24 Hoffmann, Gustav 113 German Federal Armed Forces Ausbildungs- und Studiengänge 102 Collection of Exile Literature 45 DGI = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Federal Collective Tariff Agreement for Hospital libraries 87 (Bundes­wehr) 88 KII recommendations 90 Collection of German Imprints 46, 47, Information und Wissen e.V. 89, 90, the Public Service - TVÖD 93 HRG = Hochschulrahmengesetz 33 German Incunabula Catalogue (INKA) KIT = Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 122, 123 103, 112 Federal Commission for Culture and HRK = Hochschulrektorenkonferenz 132 128 Collective wage agreements 93 Die Deutsche Bibliothek (DDB) 43 Media (BKM) 24 27 German Institute for Japanese Studies KMK = Kultusministerkonferenz Combination library 145 DigiAuskunft 138, 139 Federal Council (Bundesrat) 23 Humboldt University Berlin 96 61 der Länder 101 Commissioner of the Federal Govern- DigiBib = Digital Library NRW 128 Federal Employees’ Tariff Agreement Hybrid library 149, 150 German Internet Library (DIB) 138 knb = Kompetenznetzwerk für ment for Culture and Media (BKM) 99 Digital Accessible Information System (BAT) 93 German Libraries’ Award for Journalism ­Bibliotheken 104 Commissions (dbv) 71, 83, 103, 106, 155 (DAISY) 87 Federal Framework Act Governing 101 I Kopal = Kooperativer Aufbau Committee for Library Standards) 125 Digital library 26, 53 Higher Education (HRG) 33 German Library Association (dbv) 82, ID = Informationsdienst 124 eines Langzeitarchivs digitaler Common Library Network (GBV) 127 Digital Library NRW (DigiBib) 128 Federal Ministry of Education and 100, 103 IFLA = International Federation of Informationen 158 Company works libraries 88 Digital literacy 78, 113, 144, 150 Research (BMBF) 26, 90 German Library Conference (DBK) 98, Library Associations and Institutions KVK = Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog 128 Comprehensive schools (Gesamt­ Digitization 21, 48, 101, 114, 123, 133, Federal Parliament (Bundestag) 23 106, 116 83, 99, 106, 113 schulen) 30, 77 153, 155, 156 Federal President (Bundespräsident) 24 German Library Congress 99, 106 IFLA National Committee 113 L Conference of Training and Degree Digitization Centre 46, 48, 155 Federal Programme for the Promotion German Library Institute (DBI) 21, 103 Illiterates 86, 140 Courses in Library and Information Diocesan libraries 61 of Information and Documentation Language courses 84, 85 German Library Statistics (DBS) 62, Image centres (Bildstellen) 30, 77, 92, 95 Science 102 Distance learning 32 89 Latin American Institute 60 67, 104 Immigrants and libraries 70, 85 Conference of Vice-Chancellors (HRK) DiViBib 108 Federal State Collective Tariff Agree- League of European Research Libraries German Literature Archive 61 Incunabula Short Titel Catalogue 27 DMA = Deutsches Musikarchiv 43 ment (TV-L) 93 (LIBER) 106, 113 German Lost Art Foundation 155 (ISTC) 132 Consortia 118 DNB = Deutsche Nationalbibliographie Federal States (Bundesländer) 23 Lectern Library (Pultbibliothek) 12 German Music Archive (DMA) 43 InfoDesk 139 Continuing professional education 15, 126 Federal Union of German Library and Legal deposit 24, 39, 44, 47, 50, 67, 122, German National Bibliography (DNB) Information broker 92 32, 97 DNB = Deutsche Nationalbibliothek 19, Information Associations e.V. (BID) 157 15, 44, 126 Information literacy 150 Cooperation in subject indexing 124 43, 45, 122, 158 99 LIBER = Ligue des Bibliothèques German National Library Act 43 Information manager 92 Cooperative information services 138 Documentalist 92 Feel-good library 144 ­Européennes de Recherche 106, 113 German National Library (DNB) 19, 40, Informationsdienst (ID) 108, 124 Cooperative State Universities 34 Documentation centers 89 FID = Fachinformationsdienste 46 LibOS / Library Operating System 127 43, 45, 122, 158 Information Services Specialist 96 Coordination Office for the Preser­ Document delivery services 126 Filming (preservation) 123 Libraries for the blind 86 German National Library of Economics Information society 160 vation of the Written Cultural Dreiländerkatalog 130 Fine arts and music conservatories 33 Libraries of higher education (ZBW) 49 INKA = Inkunabelkatalog) 132 Heritage (KEK) 154 Duale Hochschule 34, 56 FIZ = Fachinformationszentren 89 ­institutions 53 German National Library of Medicine – Inner Mission 16 Copyright law 36 Dual system 30 FIZ Karlsruhe / Leibniz Institute of Libraries of the future 151 Information Centre for Life Sciences Institute for Book and Manuscript Corporate Body Authority File (GKD) Duchess Anna Amalia Library 20, 41, 52 Information Infrastructure 89 Library agency 146 ZB MED (Bonn and Cologne) 49 Restoration 48 125 Duke August Library 52, 123, 132 Förderverein Gefangenenbüchereien Library and School (Commission) 76 German National Museum 60 Institute of Library Science Berlin 96 Council libraries (Ratsbüchereien) 12, e.V 88 Library buildings and equipment 20, 66 German Regional Bibliography (VDL) Intercultural library work 103 51 E Foundation of the Central and State Library computer centers 127 50 Interlibrary lending 135, 137 Council of Europe 114 Library Berlin 41 Library Development Agency (BEA) 109 EasyCheck GmbH (ekz) 108 German Research Foundation (DFG) 26, International cooperation 112, 115 County libraries 61 Foundation of the Germanic National Library discount agreement 37 E-audio 63, 108 46, 122, 159 International cultural cooperation Library Index (BIX) 109 Court libraries (Hofbibliotheken) 13 Museum 41 EBLIDA = European Bureau of Library, German Science Museum 59 110 Library networks 126 Cultural autonomy 24, 27, 34, 97 Framework Agreement on Research Information and Documentation German Society for Information and International Federation of Library Library of the Academy of Fine Arts Cultural heritage 22, 151 Funding 25 Associations 106, 113 Knowledge e.V. / DGI 89, 90 Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Berlin 56 Francke Foundations 41, 52 E-books 38, 44, 63, 108, 142, 150 German Weather Center 59 83, 99, 106, 113 Library of the Federal Constitutional D Frankfurt Statement / Reading and EconBiz 49 GI = Goethe-Institut 111 International Frankurt Book Fair 36 Court 58 Learning 3.0 78 Database Info-System (DBIS) 159 Econstar 49 GKD = Gemeinsame Körperschaftsdatei International ISBN Agency 38 Library of the Federal Office of Friedrich Ebert Foundation 60 DBI = Deutsches Bibliotheksinstitut 21 Einheitsbücherei 16 125 International Standard Identifier for ­Statistics 57 DBIS = Database Info-System 159 E-journals 44, 131, 142, 150 Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) 38 Libraries and Related Organizations Library of the Federal Supreme Court DBK = Deutsche Bibliothekskonferenz ekz Library Service 108, 124 G GND = Gemeinsame Normdatei 125 (ISIL) 47, 136 58 98, 116 Electronic Periodicals Library (EZB) Geh, Hans-Peter 113 Goethe Institute (GI) 61, 111 Inter Nationes 110 Library of the Foreign Office 57 DBS = Deutsche Bibliotheksstatistik 131, 159 German Adult Education Association Google Books 155 ISBN 13 = International Standard Book Library of the German Parliament 57 62, 67, 104 Eliport / Das evangelische Literatur­ 32 Guidelines for Patients’ Libraries 87 Number 38 Library of the German Patent Office 57 dbv = Deutscher Bibliotheksverband portal e.V. (Göttingen) 73 German Archaeological Institute 61 Gutenberg, Johannes 12 ISIL = International Standard Identifier Library of the Year (award) 101 100, 103 Emergency networks 154 German Armed Forces Centre for GW = Gesamtkatalog der Wiegen- for Libraries and Related Organi­ Library Service Centres 26, 72 DDB = Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek E-papers 31, 44, 63, 108 ­Military History and Social Sciences drucke 132 zations 47, 136 Library suppliers 107 153, 156 Europeana 114, 153, 156 60 Gymnasium (secondary school) 30, 77 ISSN Centre 45 Life-long learning 97

170 | Appendices 171 | Subject Index Linked Open Data 159 Parliamentary libraries 57 Saxonian State Library – State and Unification Treaty (Einigungsvertrag) Y LIS = Wissenschaftliche Literatur­ Patients‘ libraries 87 University Library of Dresden 20 24 Young people’s libraries 73 versorgungs- und Informations­ Pay-per-view 90, 131 Scholars’ libraries (Gelehrten­ Union Catalog of Incunabula 132 systeme 119 Peace Prize of the German Book Trade 36 bibliothek) 12 Union catalogs 126 LK = Lektoratskooperation 108, 124 Picture libraries (Artotheken) 63 School libraries 30, 61, 67, 75, 78 Universal Authority File (GND) 125 Z LMSCloud (ekz) 108 PISA studies 35, 75, 80 School Libraries Office (Schulbiblio- Universities 34 ZB MED = Deutsche Zentralbibliothek Local authority public libraries 67 PND = Personennamendatei 125 thekarische Arbeitsstelle 146 Universities of Applied Sciences für Medizin 49 Local Government Association for Preservation and conservation 154, 155 School media centres 78 (Fachhochschulen) 33, 34 ZBW = Deutsche Zentralbibliothek für Municipal Administration 25 Prison libraries 67, 87 School system 30 University autonomy 33 Wirtschaftswissenschaften 41 Long-term archiving 39, 43, 126, 158, Professional associations 98 Search engines 159 University libraries 53 ZDB = Zeitschriftendatenbank 130, 159 Professional Conference of German Semantic Web 126, 159 University Libraries 34 131 Lorenzen, Heinz-Jürgen 8 Library Service Centers 72 Senate Library Berlin 41, 57 University Library Service Centre – ZEIT-Stiftung Ebelin und Gerd Bucerius Lux, Claudia 113 Pro Libris (journal) 102 SESAM (education portal) 30 HBZ (Cologne) 104, 139 101 Provenance principle (archives) 38 Single-tier library system 54 University of Applied Sciences Zentrales Verzeichnis Digitalisierter M Prussian Instructions (PI) 14 Social library work 85, 88 ­Hamburg 97 Drucke 156 Prussian State Library, Berlin 17 Social media 83, 100, 113, 160 University press 157 ZLB = Zentral- und Landesbibliothek MARC 21 = Machine Readable Prussian Union Catalog Social software 159 Berlin 66 ­Cataloguing 126 (Preußischer Gesamtkatalog) 14 Specialised Information Services (FID) ZVDD = Zentrales Verzeichnis Digitali­ Master of Library and Information V Public libraries 16, 18, 21, 61, 75, 144 46, 122 sierter Drucke 128, 156 Science (MLIS/MALIS) 95 Vascoda 90, 120 Public library spending 67 Special libraries 56, 61 Master’s degree courses 33, 39, 55, VBA = Verein der Bibliothekare und Public library system 67 Special user groups 85, 88 92, 95 Assistenten 104 Public service 93 Standing Conference of the Cultural MDZ = Münchener Digitalisierungs­ vbnw = Verband der Bibliotheken des Publishers 36 Ministers (KMK) 27, 101 zentrum 48 Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen 102 State and regional libraries 52 Media Centres 30 VD 16 = Verzeichnis der im deutschen Q State Library of Berlin / Prussian Media industry 31 Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke ­Cultural Heritage 13, 47, 123 Media literacy 30, 73, 78, 83, 88, 147, 150 Question Point 139 des 16. Jahrhunderts 132 State Library of Lower Saxony 123 Medibus 87 VD 17 = Verzeichnis der im deutschen State Media Centres (Landesmedien­ Medical libraries 87 R Sprachbereich erschienenen Drucke zentren) 30 Memory of the World Programme 151 des 17. Jahrhunderts 133 Rahmenvereinbarung Forschungs- State Parliament (Landtag) 26 Mobile libraries 69 VD 18 = Verzeichnis der im deutschen förderung 25 State service centres for public Monastic libraries 10, 61 Sprachraum erschienenen Drucke RAK = Regeln für die Alphabetische ­libraries 72 Munich Digitization Center (MDZ) 48 des 18. Jahrhunderts 133 Katalogisierung 124 State Service Centres for Public Music libraries 63, 80 VdA = Verband deutscher Archivarinnen RAK-WB = Regeln für die alphabetische Libraries 26 MVB = Marketing und Verlagsservice und Archivare e.V 39 Katalogisierung in wissenschaft­ Stiftung Lesen (Mainz) 35 des Buchhandels 44 VDB-Mitteilungen 106 lichen Bibliotheken 126 St. Michael’s Association 16, 72, 82 VDB = Verein Deutscher Bibliothekar­ RDA = Resource Description and Access subito 138 innen und Bibliothekare e.V. 106 N 126 Subito 120 VdDB = Verein der Diplom-Biblio­ NAPLE = National Authorities on Reading Foundation 82 Subject-based information centers – thekare an wissenschaftlichen Public Libraries in Europe 113 Reading promotion 35 FIZ 89 Bibliotheken 104 National library 15 Recommendations for the Develop- Subject indexing cooperation 124 VDL = Virtuelle Deutsche Landes­ National licence 119 ment of Academic and Research bibliographie 50 National literature provision 119 Libraries 116 T VHS = Volkshochschule 32 National Periodicals Database (ZDB) Refugees and libraries 70, 85 Teaching library 149 Virtual Subject Libraries 120, 159 130, 131 Regeln für die alphabetische Katalo­ Technical academies 32 VLB = Verzeichnis Lieferbarer Bücher Nazi plunder 155 gisierung in wissenschaftlichen Technical Information Library (TIB) 36 Nestor / German competence network Bibliotheken (RAK-WB) 126 48, 158 Vocational Training Act for digital preservation 157 Regeln für die Schlagwortkatalo­ Technical Library Assistant for Media (Berufsbildungs­gesetz) 30 Network library 145 gisierung (RSWK) 126 and Information Services (FAMI) 39, Vocational training schools Network of Excellence for Libraries Regional bibliographies 50 92, 95 (Berufs­schule) 30, 96 (knb) 21, 103, 104 Regional libraries 18, 52 Technical university 54, 55 Volksbüchereien 15 Nordelbisch Church Library 61 Regional library networks 130 Resale price maintenance 37 Tertiary education 35 Volkswagen University Library (Berlin) Research Center Julich 59 Theological seminaries 32 56 O Research libraries 52 TIB = Technische Informationsbiblio- o-bib. Das offene Bibliotheksjournal Research Library of Gotha 52 thek 48, 158 W (VDB) 106 Training 32, 97 Resource Description and Access (RDA) Web 2.0 31, 128 OCLC 127, 139 Translations 37 126 webis 120 Official publications 57 Retrospective digitization 156 Troop libraries 88 WiFi 66, 70, 84, 115 One Person Libraries (OPL) 58 RSWK = Regeln für den Schlagwort­ TV-L = Tarifvertrag der Länder 93 Wikipedia 159 Onleihe 63, 108 katalog 126 TVÖD = Tarifvertrag Öffentlicher Wissenschaftliche Allgemeinbibliothek Open Access 49, 90, 106, 119, 126, 128, Rural Central Libraries (Ländliche Dienst 93 (WAB) 18 157, 159 Zentralbibliothek) 19 Two-tier library system 54 Wissenschaftliche Stadtbibliothek 51 OPL = One Personal Library 58 Working Group of Parliamentary and S U Administration Libraries (APBB) 59 P Salary scales 93 UNESCO Convention on the Protection Working Group on Patients’ Libraries PAK (Abteilung Planung, Anleitung, Sammlung Deutscher Drucke 46, 47, and Promotion of the Diversity of 87 Koordinierung) 20 122, 123 Cultural Expressions 114 WorldCat 127

172 | Appendices 173 | Subject Index