Index

Page numbers in bold refer to figures; page numbers in italics refer to tables

PlBRJ\E 131-2, 136, 147 see also Earth Summit; UNCED, Rio Plddo National Park 124 BIOMPl 138 Plfrican Development Bank 264 Biomanipulation 194,200 Plgenda 21, Rio 17,262 Bioresource use, sustainable 162-3,290 see also UNCED, Rio Biosphere Reserves 184, 187, 193,201 Plggressor 246-7 Biotechnology, molecular 164-5 Plgriculture 222, 256 Birds Directive, EU 25 deforestation and 216--17 Birdlife International 274 lack of biological basis for 153 Bittern 28 productivity of 232 'BobBase' 33 subsidized 109, 110 Botswana, protein sources in 16 sustainable 156, 157 Buenos Plires, IUCN Plssembly at 7 wetlands and 191,194 Buffering 157,194,197,268,289 see also Farming Brundtland Report 151 Plgrotechnology 291 Butterflies 251,252 Plid 221,222,261-75 greening trends 261-3 Cairo, World Conference on Population at Plid agencies 272-5 15 bilateral 266--72 CPlMLPlR 189 multilateral 263-6 CPlMPFIRE project, Zimbabwe 10,16 PlIDS 107,108,110 Canada Plmazonia 5,15-16,258-9 aid agencies in 270 Plmbolesi National Park, Kenya 16 142-3,147 j\NPlPRO 132 World Congress 1, 7,81,83 Plntarctica 5, 189 conclusions of 14-15,21 Plpollo astronauts 210 problems and challenges identified at Plquatic biodiversity 181-204 12-14 Plquatic ecosystems, sustainable use of Carnivores 120 199-202 Carrying capacity 152,153, 156 Pltlantic Tuna Convention 189 Chalklands 33 Pludubon Society, Venezuelan 148 Cheetah 120, 123 Plustralia Children 104,110,113 aid agencies in 271 Climate change 18 as 'pristine' environment 5 Climate Change Convention 262 resources of national parks in 16 Cod 197,198 Coe, Malcolm 126 Banking, micro-finance 290 Colonization 290 Barley, wild Ethiopian 16 Commercialization 151-79 Beijing, Women's Conference at 15 mechanisms of 164-6 Big Bend National Park 284 Commons Biodiversity action plans 28-9 registration of 258 Biodiversity conservation 249 rights on 253, 255-8 aquatic 181-204 ragedies of 290 commercialization, structure and Commonwealth 265 sustainability of 151-79 Communications, global 210,290 contractual commercialization of 168 Community projects 160--3,289 copyright/patent over 166--7,289 Community involvement, see People, Biodiversity Convention, Rio 167,201, 259, indigenous /local 262,264,274 Conflict analysis/resolution 237-47 294 Index

Conflict analysis (cont'd) EI Avila National Park 136 alternative approaches to 240-1 Emergencies 113 conventional approaches to 240 Employment 159 computer-based techniques for 241-3 Encroachment 121-2,126 metagame analysis for 243-6 English Nature 26,32 paradigms of 238-40 Enlightenment 4 governmental 239 Environment organizational process 239 population and 103-14 rational actor 238-9 pristine 5 Conservation 162-3 Environmental gradients 289 assessments for 195 Environmental impact assessment 91 definitions of 152 Environmentalism 159 Convention on Biological Diversity, Environmentally Sensitive Areas 29 see Biodiversity Convention, Rio Estovers 256 Convention on Wetlands, see Ramsar Euler's method 215 Convention Europe, Eastern 273 Conventions, species-related 189 European Bank for Reconstruction and Coppicing 5 Development 263 Coral reefs 188, 189 European Community/Union CORDIS database 265 Birds/Habitat Directives 25,26 Core profiles 32, 56 funding by 263, 264-5 see also Wetland, profiles of UKand 159 Cos ted Habitat Action Plans (CHAPs) Exmoor National Park 98-9 28-9 Countryside Character Map 30 Faeroe Plains 197 Creative thinking 241 Farming 291 Crustaceans Convention, European 189 slash-and-burn 216 Cuban missile crisis 238 traditional, biodiversity and 5-7 Cultivation, shifting 5 see also Agriculture CyberQuest 241,242 Fen 35-6,43,44 Finland, aid agencies in 271 DAC 263,273 Fire 119, 126 Darwin Initiative 275 Fish, predatory 189 Deforestation, see Forests, clearance of Fisheries 145-6, 175, 188, 198,201 Denmark, aid agencies in 271 Fishing industry 188,197 Development Fishing rights 253-4,255 greening of priorities in 261-75 Flooding 175,190 land use and, UK 89-91, 258 Forests / forestry sustainable 152-3 access/ownership of 109 Dindira Study Area 120 area of Divers 189 decreasing 158,225 Diversity increasing 232-3 crop 6 biodiversity of 156 genetic 157, 290 clearance of 18,20,216,221,233 species 18 exploitation of 175 Dog, wild 120, 123 governments and 159-60 Donors, see Aid local impact of 159 Droughts 159 private 158 Drugs, plant-derived 16 products/resources of 15-16,109 Duke of Edinburgh 151 non-timber 164 Dumoga Bone Irrigation 157 Royal 256 sustainable use of 153, 155, 158-60 Earth Summit 152,262,264,274 modelling for 209-34 see also UNCED, Rio scenarios 219-33 East India Company 159 sustained yields from 153, 155-6 Ecology, science of 4 Forest gardens 5 Ecosystem analysis 158 Forrester, Jay 211 Ecotourism 16,19,146,165-6,284-5 Fort Jefferson National Monument 185 see also Tourism Foxes 252-3 EEZs 189, 197 Fragmentation 192,198 Index 295

France, aid agencies in 267 International Labour Organization 259 Freshwater protected areas 185-7,191 International Maritime Organization 188 see also Ramsar sites; Wetland International Whaling Convention 189 Funding, see Aid Interpretation 284 Ireland, aid agencies in 272 Game theory 244-6 IUCN categories 7-10,184 GATT 167 IUCN CNPPA 7,184 GEF 262,264,274 see also Caracas, World Congress at Geneva Conventions 189 IUCN General Assembly George Adamson Trust 122, 125, 126 at Buenos Aires 7 Germany, aid agencies in 268 at New Delhi 8 Germplasm 164 Ghana, protein resources in 16 Japan, aid agencies in 266-7 Glacier Bay, Alaska 185 Jephcott Charitable Trust 125 Global Environment Facility, see GEF John Pennekamp Coral Sanctuary 185 Global warming 18, 175 Government policy 110, 111, 113, 158-60, Keoladeo National Park 185 Grassland, wet 30, 45, 46 Kora National Game Reserve 122, 126 Grayrocks Dam 246 Great Barrier Reef 187, 196 Laguna de Tacarigua National Park 136 Greenland National Park 184 Lake District Declaration 98-9 Gross domestic product (GDP) 219,232 Lakes Guardianship 88,89 hypertrophic 194 Guards, park 135-8 management of 199-201 Guatopo National Park 139-40 Land access / ownership 109-10 Guidance, strategic 88,89-94 Land use, sustainable 6 Guinea, refugees in 109 Large mammals GuriDam 142 management of 117-28 Gunnerside Moor 254 reintroduction of 123-5 Habitat Directive, EC 25 Law Habitat Management Area, definition ancient conservation 250 of 8,9 common 251-6 Habitat reconstruction, aquatic 203-4 forest 251 Heath, wet 42 forgotten 249-60 Henri Pittier National Park 135 old English land use 251-6 Herbal medicine 16 Law of the Sea, Convention on (Lose) 189 Herpetological Conservation Trust 253 Links Between Population and High Seas Convention 188 Environment programme 103-14 Holiday homes 136 general characteristics of 104-7 Hong Kong 202 general findings arising from 107-11 Households 110 Livestock Human intervention biodiversity in 6 biodiversity and 7 extinct breeds of 6 sustainability and 153 grazing by 122,252 Humboldt Current 197 LMEs 201 Hunting 127, 134, 135, 251, 252-3,254 Local communities, see Community projects; Husbandry, principles of 6 People, indigenous/local Hydroelectricity 139,142-3 Logging 219,221-5,226-31 Malaysian 20 ICAD 20 South American 148 India, land ownership in 109 Indigenous people, see People, Madre de Dios 285 indigenous /local Magpie 252 Indonesia, casebook on 166-70 Maize, wild Mexican 16 Inland waters classification, USA 186 Malaysia 20 INPARQUES 133--4,136-46 Mali, use of forest resources in 109, 111 International Bank for Reconstruction and Malinda-Watamu Biosphere Reserve 185 Development, see World Bank Managed Resource Protected Area, International Centre for Protected definition of 8,10 Landscapes 83 Management information 285 296 Index

Management intervention 88-9,94-8 National parks Management planning system 91-4 British 83, 85-98 forests 171-5,192 management plans for 91-4 MAPINFO 33 ownership of 98 Marine areas, Indonesian 168 definition of 8-9,10 Marine fisheries 172 economic stability of 147 national parks and 145 Latin American 130 Marine nature reserves, UK 27 marine fisheries and 145--6 Marine protected areas 183,201 North American model 2 definition of 187 Seattle World Conference on 3 establishment of 184-5,187-90 tourism and 144-5 management of 193-9 Venezuelan 133,135 objectives for national systems of 196 see also INPARQUES size of 197 water and 143 threats to 190,192 see also individual parks Marine reserves, see Marine protected areas National Parks and Protected Areas, World Marketing 284-5 Congress on, see Caracas World Masai 20 Congress Medicine, herbal 16 National Rivers 186 Mediterranean Action Plan 187 NaturalAreas 29-30 Metagame analysis 243-6 example profiles of 71-8 Migration, aquatic species 198 wetland SSSIs within 33-6, 47 Military funding sources 265--6 Natural Monuments Mind mapping 242 definition of 8,9 Minerals 147,258 Venezuelan 133 Mining 142 Natural Vegetation Classification 30 Mire 40,41 Nature, changing attitudes to 3-7 Mitigation 196 Nature conservation, British 25--6 Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania 117-28 see also English Nature climate of 117 Nature Reserve, Strict, definition of 7,8-9 community participation and 125 Nature reserves, UK 27 Ecological Research programme 125--6 Nepal, role of children in 110 football team 125 New Forest 251 land use history of 121-2 New Ireland, PNG 20 mammalian megafauna in 119-21 New Zealand, aid agencies in 272 management priorities for 122-7 Newfoundland Grand Banks 198 Outreach Programme 125 NGOs 110,147,148,261,290 vegetation in 119 Ngorongoro 9,19 Modelling Nicolasen, Treus 125 cross-impact 242 Non-government organizations, see NGOs global 209-12 North-West Frontier Province 104, 109, 110 Sarum 212-14,215-17,219,232 Norway, aid agencies in 271 sustainable forest use and 209-34 Models 196 Oceans 187,189,203 forestry 214-15 ODA 261,273 IDIOM 217 OECD 221,263,266,274 land use 215-17 Overseas Development Administration 103 TROPFORM 215-17,219,220,222,225 Ownership, land 109,146,252 135 Molecular biotechnology 164-5 P AMA, training and 278-85 Monte Cano Biological Reserve 138 Paper parks 11, 13 144-5 Pastoralists 122, 126 Multiple-Use Areas 199-202 Patents 167 People, indigenous/local 7, 9, 14 National Guard 136 forest products used by 15-16 National Oceanographic and Atmospheric game reserves and 125 Administration 188 national park planning and 93-4, 97, National Park Service, US 133 setting up of 4 prevention of conflict with 139,159, training in 279 160-3, 172-3 Index 297

People, indigenous/local (cont'd) Research and development, royalties from protected areas and 19-21,129,138 166 rights of 258-60 Resilience 157 see also Community projects Resources, wasting of 17-18 Personal construct analysis 242 Rhinoceros 173 Peru black 119,123-4 aid to 269-70 Rio, see UNCED, Rio economy of 258-9 Rio Caroni Hydroelectricity Project 142-3 forest products in 148 Rio Challenge 28 Pevensey Levels, Sussex 28 River systems Pigs, feral 20 as biodiversity sources 195 Pike 252 catchments of 18,56 Planning laws 258 conservation of 191 Plants, drugs from 16 management of 193,199 Poaching 122, 198 multipurpose use of 200 Policing, see Guards, park protected area 186 Pollution 222 pulsed flows in 193 Poplar River 246 tropical 195 Population, human types of 70 concentration of 190 as wildlife corridors 191-2, 195 growth of 18,113,171,210,211,214, Rotation, reserve 198 232,290 Royal Geographical Society 125-7 links between environment and 103-14 Ruteng mountain block 168 factors mediating 111-14 Profauna 136 Saltmarsh 187 Profits II prendre 252-5, 257 Samphire rights 256 Protected areas Sand lizard 253 concept of 2-3 Sandford principle 90 context of 17-19 Sea SAC 187 designation and management planning Seattle, World Parks Congress in 3, 10, 182 for 25-78 SERCON 55 development and 130 Serengeti Plains 9 diversity of 7-10 Sheep grazing 256 economic growth and 162 Shell Forestry Companies 160 economic valuation of 15-17 Ships, pollution from 188 first use of term 182 Shooting 254 local people and 19-21 Shrimp farms 172-3 management authority, see PAMA Sierra Nevada National Park 138 private ownership of 146 Silkin test 90-1 size of 11, 13, 186 Simons, Harrie 125 see also different types of protected area Simulations, illustrative 217-26 Protected landscapes 81-101 Sites of Special Scientific Interest, see SSSIs approach to, British 83-98 Snipe 28 areal number of, by country 84, 85 Snowdonia National Park 88, 91, 95 concept of 81-3 profile of 100-1 definition of 8, 10 South Africa, land ownership in 109, 110 Protected Seascape, definition of 8, 10 South Downs 251, 252 South Slough National Estuarine Reserve Rabbits 252, 255-6 192 Ramsar Convention 184 Special Areas for Conservation (SACs) 26 Ramsar sites 26, 183, 184, 185-6, 187, 282 Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 26,61-5 UK 57-60 Species Action Plans (SAPs) 29 Ranches 146 Species Action Programme 28 Red Data Book 49 Species Management Area, definition of 8,9 Redshank 28 SSSIs 26,27-8 Reefs 192 database for wetland 31-2 see also Coral reefs; Great Barrier Reef grouse moor 254 Refugees 107-8,110,113 new management approaches for 28 Regional Seas Programme, UNEP 187 owner/occupiers and 27 Remote sensing 265-6 wetland 31-2,33-47 298 Index

Stability, ecological 157 Valuation techniques 283 Stakeholders 95,197 129--48 Stewardship scheme, countryside 95 biodiversity in 130-1 Subsidies 109, 110 mineral exploitation in 130 Sundarbans Reserved Forest 170-9 national parks, unsustainable activities Sustainable Development, UN Commission in 135 on 17 protected areas in 131--4 Sustainability 83,147,151-79,193,196, costs Ibenefits of 139--46 199-202 hunting in 134, 135 common rights and 255, 256 local people and 133--4 criteria for assessing 153-60 pressures on 134-8 definition of 130, 151, 152-3 private 146 forest use 209-34 Victoria Falls 13 limits to 153 Visitor management 284-5 welfare 152 Sweden, aid agencies in 270-1 Wastelands 255 Water ecology and agriculture, as key to Tahitian tree snails 11 18-19 Tanzania 117-28 'environmental' projects for 274 droughts in 109 human demands for 109,139 Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan (TGHK) management of 181-2,291 168-9 national parks and 143 Technology 285 salinity of 173 Tickell, Sir Crispin 270 sustainable use of 193, 202-3 Tidal estuaries 187 Water Level Management Plans 29 Tiger protection 173 Watersheds Timber extraction 148 management of 196,198 see also Forests, clearance of; mountain 191 Logging protection of 156-7 Time horizon effect 224,226 Wetlands Tir Cymen 95-7 assessment of significance by Natural Tourism 139,159,284 Areas 66-7 national parks and 144 biodiversity in 28-9,181-204 Ecotourism see also compensation 196 Town Common, Dorset 253 decline in, global 190 Trade biases 213-14 definition of 30, 184 Training 277-86 drainage of 190, 191 areas for improvement in 281-2 establishment of protected areas basis of system 278-81 184-90 costs of 282 key issues facing 47 priorities for 282-5 key types of 50 Transport 290 loss of 33 Tsavo National Park, Kenya 117,120, management of 193-9 124 multipurpose use of 200 Tuna 189 NVC communities in 68-70 profiles of 47-55 UK aid agencies 268-70 Ramsar, see Ramsar Convention; Ramsar UK Research and Higher Education sites European Office 265 rare plant species in 52-4 Umba River 127 riparian 191-2 UN List 10-11 SSSIs in UNCED, Rio 6,15,17,151-2,262 database for 31-2 see also Biodiversity Convention, Rio; profiles from 32 Earth Summit within Natural Areas 33--47 United Nations 263,264,274 threats to 190-2 see also UN List; UNCED, Rio value of US 16 United States Whaling 188,189 aid agencies in 267-8 Wheat, Turkish wild 16 interpreter training in 284 Wild Ocean Reserves 188 Index 299

Wilderness 257-8 World Parks Congress, Seattle 3,10,182, economic/social importance of 15-16 185,189 Wilderness Area, definition of 7, 8-9 World Wilderness Congress 187 Wildlife corridors 191, 198 Wildlife Enhancement Scheme 28 Yacambu National Park 141 Wildlife refuges/reserves, Venezuelan 136 Yanomani 134 Women, role of 110 Yellow dwarf virus 16 Women's Conference, Beijing 15 Yellow Sea 197 Wood, fuel 109,111,256 Yellowstone National Park 2,4,8,10 Woodland, wet 30 Yorkshire Moors 254,256 World Bank 156,221,222,263-4 World Conference on Population and Zambia 269 Development 15 Zimbabwe World Congress on National Parks and Great 4 Protected Areas, see Caracas wood use in 109,111 World Congress see also CAMPFIRE project World Heritage Sites 171, 184,282 Zoning 138,197,199