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Index Page numbers in bold refer to figures; page numbers in italics refer to tables PlBRJ\E 131-2, 136, 147 see also Earth Summit; UNCED, Rio Plddo National Park 124 BIOMPl 138 Plfrican Development Bank 264 Biomanipulation 194,200 Plgenda 21, Rio 17,262 Bioresource use, sustainable 162-3,290 see also UNCED, Rio Biosphere Reserves 184, 187, 193,201 Plggressor 246-7 Biotechnology, molecular 164-5 Plgriculture 222, 256 Birds Directive, EU 25 deforestation and 216--17 Birdlife International 274 lack of biological basis for 153 Bittern 28 productivity of 232 'BobBase' 33 subsidized 109, 110 Botswana, protein sources in 16 sustainable 156, 157 Buenos Plires, IUCN Plssembly at 7 wetlands and 191,194 Buffering 157,194,197,268,289 see also Farming Brundtland Report 151 Plgrotechnology 291 Butterflies 251,252 Plid 221,222,261-75 greening trends 261-3 Cairo, World Conference on Population at Plid agencies 272-5 15 bilateral 266--72 CPlMLPlR 189 multilateral 263-6 CPlMPFIRE project, Zimbabwe 10,16 PlIDS 107,108,110 Canada Plmazonia 5,15-16,258-9 aid agencies in 270 Plmbolesi National Park, Kenya 16 Canaima National Park 142-3,147 j\NPlPRO 132 Caracas World Congress 1, 7,81,83 Plntarctica 5, 189 conclusions of 14-15,21 Plpollo astronauts 210 problems and challenges identified at Plquatic biodiversity 181-204 12-14 Plquatic ecosystems, sustainable use of Carnivores 120 199-202 Carrying capacity 152,153, 156 Pltlantic Tuna Convention 189 Chalklands 33 Pludubon Society, Venezuelan 148 Cheetah 120, 123 Plustralia Children 104,110,113 aid agencies in 271 Climate change 18 as 'pristine' environment 5 Climate Change Convention 262 resources of national parks in 16 Cod 197,198 Coe, Malcolm 126 Banking, micro-finance 290 Colonization 290 Barley, wild Ethiopian 16 Commercialization 151-79 Beijing, Women's Conference at 15 mechanisms of 164-6 Big Bend National Park 284 Commons Biodiversity action plans 28-9 registration of 258 Biodiversity conservation 249 rights on 253, 255-8 aquatic 181-204 ragedies of 290 commercialization, structure and Commonwealth 265 sustainability of 151-79 Communications, global 210,290 contractual commercialization of 168 Community projects 160--3,289 copyright/patent over 166--7,289 Community involvement, see People, Biodiversity Convention, Rio 167,201, 259, indigenous /local 262,264,274 Conflict analysis/resolution 237-47 294 Index Conflict analysis (cont'd) EI Avila National Park 136 alternative approaches to 240-1 Emergencies 113 conventional approaches to 240 Employment 159 computer-based techniques for 241-3 Encroachment 121-2,126 metagame analysis for 243-6 English Nature 26,32 paradigms of 238-40 Enlightenment 4 governmental 239 Environment organizational process 239 population and 103-14 rational actor 238-9 pristine 5 Conservation 162-3 Environmental gradients 289 assessments for 195 Environmental impact assessment 91 definitions of 152 Environmentalism 159 Convention on Biological Diversity, Environmentally Sensitive Areas 29 see Biodiversity Convention, Rio Estovers 256 Convention on Wetlands, see Ramsar Euler's method 215 Convention Europe, Eastern 273 Conventions, species-related 189 European Bank for Reconstruction and Coppicing 5 Development 263 Coral reefs 188, 189 European Community/Union CORDIS database 265 Birds/Habitat Directives 25,26 Core profiles 32, 56 funding by 263, 264-5 see also Wetland, profiles of UKand 159 Cos ted Habitat Action Plans (CHAPs) Exmoor National Park 98-9 28-9 Countryside Character Map 30 Faeroe Plains 197 Creative thinking 241 Farming 291 Crustaceans Convention, European 189 slash-and-burn 216 Cuban missile crisis 238 traditional, biodiversity and 5-7 Cultivation, shifting 5 see also Agriculture CyberQuest 241,242 Fen 35-6,43,44 Finland, aid agencies in 271 DAC 263,273 Fire 119, 126 Darwin Initiative 275 Fish, predatory 189 Deforestation, see Forests, clearance of Fisheries 145-6, 175, 188, 198,201 Denmark, aid agencies in 271 Fishing industry 188,197 Development Fishing rights 253-4,255 greening of priorities in 261-75 Flooding 175,190 land use and, UK 89-91, 258 Forests / forestry sustainable 152-3 access/ownership of 109 Dindira Study Area 120 area of Divers 189 decreasing 158,225 Diversity increasing 232-3 crop 6 biodiversity of 156 genetic 157, 290 clearance of 18,20,216,221,233 species 18 exploitation of 175 Dog, wild 120, 123 governments and 159-60 Donors, see Aid local impact of 159 Droughts 159 private 158 Drugs, plant-derived 16 products/resources of 15-16,109 Duke of Edinburgh 151 non-timber 164 Dumoga Bone Irrigation 157 Royal 256 sustainable use of 153, 155, 158-60 Earth Summit 152,262,264,274 modelling for 209-34 see also UNCED, Rio scenarios 219-33 East India Company 159 sustained yields from 153, 155-6 Ecology, science of 4 Forest gardens 5 Ecosystem analysis 158 Forrester, Jay 211 Ecotourism 16,19,146,165-6,284-5 Fort Jefferson National Monument 185 see also Tourism Foxes 252-3 EEZs 189, 197 Fragmentation 192,198 Index 295 France, aid agencies in 267 International Labour Organization 259 Freshwater protected areas 185-7,191 International Maritime Organization 188 see also Ramsar sites; Wetland International Whaling Convention 189 Funding, see Aid Interpretation 284 Ireland, aid agencies in 272 Game theory 244-6 IUCN categories 7-10,184 GATT 167 IUCN CNPPA 7,184 GEF 262,264,274 see also Caracas, World Congress at Geneva Conventions 189 IUCN General Assembly George Adamson Trust 122, 125, 126 at Buenos Aires 7 Germany, aid agencies in 268 at New Delhi 8 Germplasm 164 Ghana, protein resources in 16 Japan, aid agencies in 266-7 Glacier Bay, Alaska 185 Jephcott Charitable Trust 125 Global Environment Facility, see GEF John Pennekamp Coral Reef Sanctuary 185 Global warming 18, 175 Government policy 110, 111, 113, 158-60, Keoladeo National Park 185 Grassland, wet 30, 45, 46 Kora National Game Reserve 122, 126 Grayrocks Dam 246 Great Barrier Reef 187, 196 Laguna de Tacarigua National Park 136 Greenland National Park 184 Lake District Declaration 98-9 Gross domestic product (GDP) 219,232 Lakes Guardianship 88,89 hypertrophic 194 Guards, park 135-8 management of 199-201 Guatopo National Park 139-40 Land access / ownership 109-10 Guidance, strategic 88,89-94 Land use, sustainable 6 Guinea, refugees in 109 Large mammals GuriDam 142 management of 117-28 Gunnerside Moor 254 reintroduction of 123-5 Habitat Directive, EC 25 Law Habitat Management Area, definition ancient conservation 250 of 8,9 common 251-6 Habitat reconstruction, aquatic 203-4 forest 251 Heath, wet 42 forgotten 249-60 Henri Pittier National Park 135 old English land use 251-6 Herbal medicine 16 Law of the Sea, Convention on (Lose) 189 Herpetological Conservation Trust 253 Links Between Population and High Seas Convention 188 Environment programme 103-14 Holiday homes 136 general characteristics of 104-7 Hong Kong 202 general findings arising from 107-11 Households 110 Livestock Human intervention biodiversity in 6 biodiversity and 7 extinct breeds of 6 sustainability and 153 grazing by 122,252 Humboldt Current 197 LMEs 201 Hunting 127, 134, 135, 251, 252-3,254 Local communities, see Community projects; Husbandry, principles of 6 People, indigenous/local Hydroelectricity 139,142-3 Logging 219,221-5,226-31 Malaysian 20 ICAD 20 South American 148 India, land ownership in 109 Indigenous people, see People, Madre de Dios 285 indigenous /local Magpie 252 Indonesia, casebook on 166-70 Maize, wild Mexican 16 Inland waters classification, USA 186 Malaysia 20 INPARQUES 133--4,136-46 Mali, use of forest resources in 109, 111 International Bank for Reconstruction and Malinda-Watamu Biosphere Reserve 185 Development, see World Bank Managed Resource Protected Area, International Centre for Protected definition of 8,10 Landscapes 83 Management information 285 296 Index Management intervention 88-9,94-8 National parks Management planning system 91-4 British 83, 85-98 Mangrove forests 171-5,192 management plans for 91-4 MAPINFO 33 ownership of 98 Marine areas, Indonesian 168 definition of 8-9,10 Marine fisheries 172 economic stability of 147 national parks and 145 Latin American 130 Marine nature reserves, UK 27 marine fisheries and 145--6 Marine protected areas 183,201 North American model 2 definition of 187 Seattle World Conference on 3 establishment of 184-5,187-90 tourism and 144-5 management of 193-9 Venezuelan 133,135 objectives for national systems of 196 see also INPARQUES size of 197 water and 143 threats to 190,192 see also individual parks Marine reserves, see Marine protected areas National Parks and Protected Areas, World Marketing 284-5 Congress on, see Caracas World Masai 20 Congress Medicine, herbal 16 National Rivers 186 Mediterranean Action Plan 187 NaturalAreas 29-30 Metagame analysis 243-6 example profiles of 71-8 Migration, aquatic species 198 wetland SSSIs within 33-6, 47 Military funding sources 265--6 Natural Monuments Mind mapping 242 definition of 8,9 Minerals 147,258 Venezuelan 133 Mining 142 Natural Vegetation Classification 30 Mire 40,41 Nature, changing attitudes to 3-7 Mitigation 196 Nature conservation, British 25--6 Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania 117-28 see also English Nature climate of 117 Nature Reserve, Strict, definition of 7,8-9 community participation and 125 Nature reserves, UK 27 Ecological Research programme 125--6 Nepal, role of children in 110 football team 125 New Forest 251 land use history of 121-2 New Ireland, PNG 20 mammalian megafauna in 119-21 New Zealand, aid agencies in 272 management priorities for 122-7 Newfoundland Grand Banks 198 Outreach Programme 125 NGOs
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  • Indigenous Use of Fire and Forest Loss in Canaima National Park, Venezuela

    Indigenous Use of Fire and Forest Loss in Canaima National Park, Venezuela

    Hum Ecol DOI 10.1007/s10745-010-9344-0 Indigenous Use of Fire and Forest Loss in Canaima National Park, Venezuela. Assessment of and Tools for Alternative Strategies of Fire Management in Pemón Indigenous Lands Bibiana A. Bilbao & Alejandra V. Leal & Carlos L. Méndez # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010 Abstract In Canaima National Park (CNP), Venezuela, a Because of its geological and physiographical uniqueness, protected area inhabited by the Pemón people, socio- coupled with its many biological and cultural values, CNP cultural and demographic changes have contributed to the was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994. The apparent unsustainable use of fire, leading to forest and CNP’s 30,000 km2 comprise an important part of the habitat loss. This over-use of fire, together with increased headwaters of the Caroní River, the main generator of forest vulnerability to fire as a result of global climate hydroelectric power for the country (80%), helping to change, could put both ecosystems and human well-being ensure its hydrological stability and conservation. The at risk. The conflict over fire use derives from the fact that strategic and geopolitical proximity of this park to Guyana whereas the Pemón depend for their livelihood on the use and Brazil, as well as the inclusion of a considerable part of of fire for shifting cultivation and hunting, the policy of the the territory of the Pemón Amerindian indigenous people, CNP government agencies is fire exclusion (although this is were all important criteria for the creation of the CNP; not effectively enforced). Nevertheless, recent ecological however the ensuing confluence of a diversity of institu- studies have revealed that the creation of a mosaic of tions and interests has created several management chal- patches with different fire histories could be used to create lenges (Rodríguez 2004a).