A Structured Approach to Transformation Modelling of Natural Hazards

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Structured Approach to Transformation Modelling of Natural Hazards A Structured Approach to Transformation Modelling of Natural Hazards by Wayne Hart: BE (Hons), MBA Thesis submitted to the University of Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia In fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Applied Economics 9 May 2019 i ANZSRC Field of Research (FOR) Code The Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC) is jointly produced by the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Statistics New Zealand. The Fields of Research (FOR) code for this project is: Division 14 Economics Group 1402 Applied Economics Field 140205 Environment and Resource Economics Reference for this work Hart, W. (2019) A structured approach to transformation modelling of natural hazards, Doctoral Thesis, University of Canberra Library, University of Canberra, Australia, 9 May 2019, pp 1-339 ii Statement of Originality Except where clearly acknowledged in footnotes, quotations and the bibliography, I certify that I am the sole author of this thesis. I further certify that to the best of my knowledge the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor has been the basis of an award of any other degree or diploma except where due reference is made in the text of the thesis. The thesis complies with University requirements for a thesis as set out in the Examination of Higher Degree by Research Theses Policy. Signature of Candidate Signature of Chair of Supervisory Panel Date 20/8/2018 Statement of Copyright in Relation to this Thesis Under Section 35 of the Copyright Act of 1968, the author of this thesis is the owner of any copyright subsisting in the work, even though it is unpublished. Under section 31(I)(a)(i), copyright includes the exclusive right to 'reproduce the work in a material form'. This copyright is infringed by a person who, not being the owner of the copyright, reproduces or authorises the reproduction of the work, or of more than a reasonable part of the work, in a material form, unless the reproduction is a 'fair dealing with the work 'for the purpose of research or study' as further defined in S.40 and S.41 of the Act. This thesis must therefore be copied or used only under the normal conditions of scholarly fair dealing for the purposes of research, criticism or review, as outlined in the provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. In particular, no results or conclusions should be extracted from it, nor should it be copied or closely paraphrased in whole or in part without the written consent of the author. Proper written acknowledgement should be made for any assistance obtained from this thesis. Copies of the thesis may be made by a library on behalf of another person provided the officer in charge of the library is satisfied that the copy is being made for the purposes of research or study. iii iv Acknowledgements I am pleased to acknowledge the support of many people who have made the completion of this work possible. It is useful to note that this project began with a very broad concept and a long period of exploration of the effectiveness of quantitative risk analysis systems in the natural environment, what weaknesses there were, what solutions might be possible, and how the solutions might be further improved. This involved countless conversations with people, groups and communities too numerous to individually acknowledge. Nevertheless, I thank them all. Primarily I would like to acknowledge the knowledge and guidance of my University of Canberra supervisory team led by Professor Rob Tanton and supported by Professor Ken McQueen, and the Institute for Governance and Policy Analysis. Our journey in guiding an innovative, multi-disciplinary thesis through a labyrinth of mixed research and disciplinary approaches was challenging, but with perseverance and Rob’s continuing support, I am well pleased with the result. I am also indebted to Professor Jason Ingham and Mr Kevin Walsh from the University of Auckland for providing guidance on spatial interpretation of the Canterbury Earthquake Sequence built environment data. I very much valued my discussions with Professor Steven Cox of the Australian National University, Mr Kevin McCue of Canberra, and Mr Ken Sharp of Cooma on Snowy Mountains’ and Newcastle seismicity. Many thanks are due to Geoscience Australia and the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Ltd (GNS Science) in New Zealand for their exceptional support of seismic studies generally and most especially though their extensive and highly accessible online databases of seismic event data that so strongly encourages and supports seismic research. I would also like to thank the many support and academic staff throughout the University of Canberra who understand the needs and challenges of the Higher Degree by Research (HDR) journey and consistently go out of their way to assist the many individual PhD candidates along the way. Finally, I acknowledge the long-standing support of my wife Glynis for everything else. v Prologue: Three new Axioms of Real Things and Models This thesis is about real things (e.g.: natural hazards and disasters), and how they are often initially modelled only with representation models of the collected data (e.g.: with images, data, graphs and narratives). The thesis shows how, when the original model is transformed into new forms (e.g. formulas, dimensionless ratios, and metaphors), new understandings are revealed about its behaviour (e.g. reservoir induced seismicity, seismic energy attenuation, and montane people behaviours). This thesis will present new approaches to real things, models, representation and transformation, beginning with three new axioms describing models. 1: Axiom of Real Things All real things are unique Comment: real things are unique manifestations of matter, energy and information. They may include, for example: people, mountains, electrical systems, books, discoveries, earthquakes, symphonies, planets and stars, measurements, fires, floods and footballs. 2: Axiom of Representation Models Models represent real things Comment 1: models represent the appearance, behaviour, or properties of real things Comment 2: we represent real things with models of what is seen and measured e.g. a picture or sculpture, a table of numbers and words, a narrative of words, a chemical or mathematical formula, a data stream, or a flow chart. 3: Axiom of Transformation Models Models may be transformed into other models Comment 1: Transformation means changing the form of a representation model to enhance the understanding of the unique real thing or the model of the real thing. Comment 2: Initial models of real things are typically built from raw collected data that only give a partial understanding of the thing. Comment 3: Most models, when transformed into another model form give an enhanced view of the real thing or the model that improves its usefulness for storing information about the real thing, or forecasting its future behaviours. vi A Structured Approach to Transformation Modelling of Natural Hazards Abstract This thesis will inform effective decision making in a natural disaster environment by combining positivist research data fully describing past disaster events, constructed into models that may assist in forecasting outcomes of future disaster events. Transformation Modelling Typically, a vast amount of situational data from a particular natural disaster is collected and stored during the time band of the event. It is collected by participants such as emergency responders, government agencies and researchers. The consequences of most natural disasters are the outputs arising from multiple inputs to a natural and anthropological system that are related through complex relationships. In this study these inputs, outputs and relationships are used to create transformation models. This study provides an original approach to physical data and information management, building initial representation models, and creating transformation models to assist decision making, The thesis introduces a new dimensionless parameter that models relative human behaviour during pre-event and event time bands when potentially; behavioural responses are shown to affect the forecast outcomes based on measured situational data. The internationally standardised tool for managing a risk or hazard is a two dimensional matrix of historical event likelihood, and the magnitude of consequences. Extending the traditional two-dimensional matrix to a three-dimensional matrix that includes a participant behavioural parameter is shown to inform more informative forecasting of disaster outcomes. The Study The study involves a research programme of one foundation study and three situational studies in montane environments that introduce new model approaches to risk management. The essential element of building this model is the use of a well posed, problem building principles to enable the creation of a structurally robust and solvable mathematical model. The foundation study researches the historical development of data modelling and finds a structured set of seven archetypal forms of models from a catalogue of 2968 general models. These archetypal forms of models are applied to three different situational studies. vii The first situational study investigates the Gutenberg-Richter Equation as a reliable model for forecasting the likelihood of long-range seismic trends in the Snowy Mountain Region and the overlayed effects of Reservoir Induced Seismicity (RIS) amongst the 52 water dams in the greater Snowy Mountains Region. The study uses transformation models, to show how traditional investigations have over-reported the frequency and magnitude of RIS in this region. This new modelling approach provides a much improved RIS evaluation criteria, as well a surprising finding that reservoirs significantly reduce the risk of serious damage and harm from seismic events when they do, occasionally, occur. The second situational study looks at the second major earthquake in the Canterbury, New Zealand sequence of 2010-11. This second of four strong and major earthquakes caused massive damage, 185 fatalities, and 2,000 moderate to serious injuries, mostly in the city of Christchurch.
Recommended publications
  • Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting
    Program Lunar and Planetary Institute 3600 Bay Area Boulevard Houston TX 77058-1113 Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting June 12–14, 2018 • Knoxville, Tennessee Institutional Support Lunar and Planetary Institute Universities Space Research Association Convener Devon Burr Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Science Organizing Committee David Williams, Chair Arizona State University Devon Burr Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Robert Jacobsen Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Bradley Thomson Earth and Planetary Sciences Department, University of Tennessee Knoxville Abstracts for this meeting are available via the meeting website at https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/pgm2018/ Abstracts can be cited as Author A. B. and Author C. D. (2018) Title of abstract. In Planetary Geologic Mappers Annual Meeting, Abstract #XXXX. LPI Contribution No. 2066, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. Guide to Sessions Tuesday, June 12, 2018 9:00 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Introduction and Mercury and Venus Maps 1:00 p.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Mars Maps 5:30 p.m. Strong Hall Poster Area Poster Session: 2018 Planetary Geologic Mappers Meeting Wednesday, June 13, 2018 8:30 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room GIS and Planetary Mapping Techniques and Lunar Maps 1:15 p.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Asteroid, Dwarf Planet, and Outer Planet Satellite Maps Thursday, June 14, 2018 8:30 a.m. Strong Hall Optional Field Trip to Appalachian Mountains Program Tuesday, June 12, 2018 INTRODUCTION AND MERCURY AND VENUS MAPS 9:00 a.m. Strong Hall Meeting Room Chairs: David Williams Devon Burr 9:00 a.m.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016-2017 Native Fish Stocking Plan for Dams and Lakes
    2016/2017 NATIVE FISH STOCKING PLAN FOR DAMS AND LAKES There are many impoundments and reservoirs suitable for native fish stocking throughout NSW and over the last two decades a large number of excellent recreational fisheries have been established. To ensure that the best use continues to be made of publicly funded fish stocking programs, Department of Primary Industries (DPI) is seeking input from people who have an interest in the State’s stocked native freshwater fisheries. The attached draft native fish stocking plan has been prepared for consideration by the recreational fishing community. Fish are stocked from Government hatcheries as a service to the anglers of NSW. Locations are selected based on recent stocking history and experience with those waters. The plan is also developed in accordance with the policies and guidelines set out in the Environmental Impact Statement and Fishery Management Strategy (FMS) on freshwater fish stocking in NSW. The water quality and storage status of impoundments will also be assessed prior to stocking and where necessary changes will be made. Please note: Planned fish release figures listed in the attached tables are targets only, and may be exceeded, or not attained, depending on hatchery production. Other seasonal factors such as water quality issues or unforeseen circumstances could preclude planned fish releases. As a result, allocations may be amended prior to release. Impoundments are listed as Priority 1 or 2. Priority 1 impoundments support large recreational fisheries or have not received stockings in recent years. Priority 2 impoundments are either smaller fisheries, suffer intermittent water quality issues or have recently received large stockings of that species.
    [Show full text]
  • South Pacific Ocean
    42 Condamine oon M Lake Kajarabie Y W H River River 15 HWY River BALONNE Moonie MOONIE 49 Y HW W Y H 13 ENG NEW LAND T 85 D R A H H Advancetown C I Lake E Weir L 55 42 Tweed He C ads A Lake R N Leslie Fingal Head A Bilambil R V Banora Point River O N Terranora Kingscliff 39 15 River Tumbulg Chillingham Rous um Condong BA RW Y Y 16 ON W H W Oxley River Bogangar H Murwillumbah Tyalgum Eungella Y W Hastings Point Legume H Woodenbong TWEED 1 Pottsville Beach RD HW Old Y Coolmunda 91 River Uki Y Grevillia A Mount Burringbar Dam Gr Clarrie C evillia I ES SUMM Lion F D Hall I 42 N Urbenville Mo oba C M ERLAND Dam ll 16 A LI A H P River HWY G River T Gr Kunghur QUEENSLANDY N een NI N Tweed W U W Pigeon Culgoa UN O iangaree Billinudgel South Golden Beach H C Richmond M Ocean ShoresRICHMOND H River Macintyre WY Maryland Brunswick Heads Toonumbar Aft erlee Eden Mullumbimby Creek Nimbin W Tooloom Y Cawongla River River Liston Rivertree KYOGLE Kyogle BYRON Dumaresq Clarence C The Rosebank Old Bonalbo A Birrie Ettrick W Federal D Channon Woolne O 44 Toomelah N rs Byron Bay H Macintyre A N G Arm Aboriginal L Cedar Point G Dunoon A G L E River Boomi LISMORE Bangalow Wearne Station N Paddys Flat A Suffolk Park R E E Bonalbo Corndale L Dryaaba Rock T River Creek Modanville S D Val Clunes Newrybar A R ley BRU C XNER Boomi River R River W River D A Y E Ri Bexh N ill Knockrow O W N Eltham Weir ver LO H River Bentley 1 CA Bottle Creek Lennox Head HWY Teven I Lismore OM Piora BO Alstonville Y Wollongbar 44 W Mummulgum Cataract ER H BRUXN Tabulam 44 Caloona
    [Show full text]
  • Back Matter (PDF)
    Index Page numbers in italics refer to Tables or Figures Acasta gneiss 137, 138 Chladni, Ernst 94, 97 Adam, Robert 8, 11 chlorite 70, 71 agriculture, Hutton on 177 chloritoid stability 70 Albritton, Claude C. 100 Clerk Jnr, John 3 alumina (A1203), reaction in metamorphism 67-71 Clerk of Odin, John 5, 6, 7, 10, 11 andalusite stability 67 Clerk-Maxwell, George 10 anthropic principle 79-80 climate change 142 Apex basalt 140 Lyell on 97-8 Archean cratons (archons) 28, 31-2 coal as Earth heat source 176 Arizona Crater 98-9 coesite stability 65 Arran, Isle of 170 Columbia River basalts 32 asthenosphere 22 comets 89-90, 147-8 astrobleme 101 short v. long period 92 atmospheric composition 83-6 as source of life 148-9 Austral Volcanic Chain 24 continental flood basalt (CFB) 20, 23, 32 cordierite stability 67 craters, impact Bacon, Francis 21 Chixulub 109, 110, 143 Baldwin, Ralph 102 early ideas on 90, 98 Banks, Sir Joseph 96 modern occurrences 91, 98-101 Barringer, Daniel Moreau 99 Morokweng 142 Barringer Crater 99, 102, 103 modern research 102-3 basalt periodicity of 111-12 described by Hall 40-1 creation, Hutton's views on 76 mid-ocean ridge (MORB) 16-17, 20-1, 22, 23, 30-1 Creech, William 5 modern experiments on 44-7 Cretaceous-Tertiary impacts 141 ocean island (OIB) 20, 23 crust formation 17 see also flood basalt cryptoexplosion structures 101 Benares (India) meteorite shower 96 cryptovolcanic structures 100-1 Biot, Jean-Baptiste 97 Black, Joseph 4, 9, 10, 11, 42, 171 Boon, John D.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Prospectus.Indd
    2011 SPRING PROSPECTUS Portland State VIKINGS 2011 PORTLAND STATE VIKINGS SCHEDULE Date Opponent Location Kickoff Sept. 3 SOUTHERN OREGON JELD-WEN FIELD TBA Sept. 10 open Sept. 17 NORTHERN ARIZONA* JELD-WEN FIELD TBA Sept. 24 @ TCU Fort Worth, TX TBA Oct. 1 @ Idaho State* Pocatello, ID TBA Oct. 8 MONTANA STATE* JELD-WEN FIELD TBA Oct. 15 @ Montana* Missoula, MT TBA Oct. 22 WILLAMETTE JELD-WEN FIELD TBA Oct. 29 @ Eastern Washington* Cheney, WA TBA Nov. 5 SACRAMENTO STATE* JELD-WEN FIELD TBA Nov. 12 @ Northern Colorado* Greeley, CO TBA Nov. 19 WEBER STATE* JELD-WEN FIELD TBA NCAA Playoffs: First Round, Nov. 20; Second Round, Dec. 3; Quarterfinals, Dec. 10 Semifinals, Dec. 16/17; National Championship, Jan. 6, Frisco, TX * Big Sky Conference game Game times will be released in June Radio: KXFD Freedom 970 AM TV: TBA Live Streaming Video: www.b2tv.com Live Stats: www.GoViks.com SR QB Connor Kavanaugh SR RB Cory McCaffrey Honorable Mention 1st team All-Big Sky All-Big Sky Conference Conference 2011 Spring Practice Portland State will practice every Monday, Wednesday and Friday from April 4 through May 4. Practice takes place at Stott Com- munity Field on the PSU campus from 1:30-4 p.m. 2011 Spring Game SR SS DeShawn Shead Portland State’s Annual Spring Game takes place on Saturday, 2nd team All-Big Sky Conference May 7, at 1 p.m. at Lincoln High School 2011 SPRING PROSPECTUS Portland State VIKINGS Physical Address ____________ 527 SW Hall, Suite 415, Portland, OR 97201 VIKING FOOTBALL COACHING STAFF Mailing Address _______________________
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring Comets and Modeling for Mission Success
    Exploring Comets and Modeling for Mission Success National Science Education Standards Alignment Created for Deep Impact, A NASA Discovery mission Maura Rountree-Brown and Art Hammon Educator-Enrichment Grades 5 – 8 Science as Inquiry Abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry − Identify questions that can be answered through scientific investigations. • Exploring Comets: Reflections on comets, missions and modeling − Develop descriptions, explanations, predictions, and models using evidence. • Make a Comet and Eat It!, Chemistry and Thermodynamics of Ice Cream, Comet on a Stick, Paper Comet with a Deep Impact, and Comet Models Based on the Deep Impact Mission − Think critically and logically to make the relationships between evidence and explanations. • Make a Comet and Eat It!, Comet on a Stick, Paper Comet with a Deep Impact, and Comet Models Based on the Deep Impact Mission − Communicate scientific procedures and explanations. • Make a Comet and Eat It! Understandings about scientific inquiry − Different kinds of questions suggest different kinds of scientific investigations. Some investigations involve observing and describing objects, or events; some involve experiments; some involve seeking more information; some involve discovery of new objects and phenomena; and some involve making models. • Make a Comet and Eat It!, Chemistry and Thermodynamics of Ice Cream, Comet on a Stick, Paper Comet with a Deep Impact, Comet Models Based on the Deep Impact Mission, and Deep Impact Comet Modeling − Current scientific knowledge and understanding guide scientific investigations. Different scientific domains employ different methods, core theories, and standards to advance scientific knowledge and understanding. • A Comet’s Place in the Solar System, Exploring Comets: Reflections on comets, missions and modeling, Deep Impact Comet Modeling, Deep Impact: Interesting Comet Facts, and Small Bodies Missions − Scientific explanations emphasize evidence, have logically consistent arguments, and use scientific principles, models, and theories.
    [Show full text]
  • Tumut Shire Flood Emergency Sub Plan
    Tumut Shire TUMUT SHIRE FLOOD EMERGENCY SUB PLAN A Sub-Plan of the Tumut Shire Council Local Emergency Management Plan (EMPLAN) Volume 1 of the Tumut Shire Local Flood Plan Tumut Shire Local Flood Plan AUTHORISATION The Tumut Shire Flood Emergency Sub Plan is a sub plan of the Tumut Shire Council Local Emergency Management Plan (EMPLAN). It has been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the State Emergency Service Act 1989 (NSW) and is authorised by the Local Emergency Management Committee in accordance with the provisions of the State Emergency and Rescue Management Act 1989 (NSW). November 2013 Vol 1: Tumut Shire Flood Emergency Sub Plan Page i Tumut Shire Local Flood Plan CONTENTS AUTHORISATION .............................................................................................................................................. i CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................... iii DISTRIBUTION LIST ......................................................................................................................................... iv VERSION HISTORY ............................................................................................................................................ v AMENDMENT LIST ..........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Martian Crater Morphology
    ANALYSIS OF THE DEPTH-DIAMETER RELATIONSHIP OF MARTIAN CRATERS A Capstone Experience Thesis Presented by Jared Howenstine Completion Date: May 2006 Approved By: Professor M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Professor Christopher Condit, Geology Professor Judith Young, Astronomy Abstract Title: Analysis of the Depth-Diameter Relationship of Martian Craters Author: Jared Howenstine, Astronomy Approved By: Judith Young, Astronomy Approved By: M. Darby Dyar, Astronomy Approved By: Christopher Condit, Geology CE Type: Departmental Honors Project Using a gridded version of maritan topography with the computer program Gridview, this project studied the depth-diameter relationship of martian impact craters. The work encompasses 361 profiles of impacts with diameters larger than 15 kilometers and is a continuation of work that was started at the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Houston, Texas under the guidance of Dr. Walter S. Keifer. Using the most ‘pristine,’ or deepest craters in the data a depth-diameter relationship was determined: d = 0.610D 0.327 , where d is the depth of the crater and D is the diameter of the crater, both in kilometers. This relationship can then be used to estimate the theoretical depth of any impact radius, and therefore can be used to estimate the pristine shape of the crater. With a depth-diameter ratio for a particular crater, the measured depth can then be compared to this theoretical value and an estimate of the amount of material within the crater, or fill, can then be calculated. The data includes 140 named impact craters, 3 basins, and 218 other impacts. The named data encompasses all named impact structures of greater than 100 kilometers in diameter.
    [Show full text]
  • HAND-ROLLED Omelets GERMAN PANCAKES TRADITIONAL
    Add “the ADD FRUIT HAND-ROLLED omelets works” to GERMAN PANCAKES Topping! crepes & waffles sandwiches your hash Northwest Triple-Berry, Fluffy three-egg omelets served with choice of Famous Buttermilk browns Almost as big as Crater Lake! A delightful combination of farm-fresh “AA” Strawberry, Freshly-made crepes and waffles accompanied by two farm-fresh “AA” eggs*, and your choice of Served with your choice of Northwest Fries, cottage cheese or creamy coleslaw. Substitute sweet Pancakes, Northwest Hash Browns or fresh seasonal fruit. Hash brown Daily’s® smokehouse bacon, eggs, milk and flour is blended and baked to golden brown. Cinnamon Apple breakfast meat. onion rings, a cup of soup or a Yellow Bowl Dinner Salad for an additional charge. Tillamook® Cheddar cheese, or Lingonberry Butter and seasonal fruit choice also accompanied by a freshly-baked buttermilk green onions and a dollop biscuit. Omelets may be prepared with egg whites upon request. of sour cream for an CLASSIC GERMAN PANCAKE BELGIAN WAFFLE FRUIT FESTIVAL CREPES CASCADE CLUB GARDEN FRESH additional charge. Lemon wedges, whipped butter and powdered sugar. Thick and crispy Belgian waffle served with whipped Two freshly-made crepes with your choice of Daily’s® smokehouse bacon, honey-cured ham, Fresh avocado, baby spinach, sweet onion, DENVER & TILLAMOOK® FARMER’s Add fruit topping for an additional charge. butter and your choice of warm Elmer’s pancake Northwest triple-berry, strawberry, or cinnamon roasted turkey breast, Tillamook® Cheddar cheese provolone cheese, sliced hard-boiled egg, tomato CHEDDAR Hickory smoked ham, Daily’s® smokehouse syrup or Oregon Marionberry syrup. apple drizzled with cream cheese icing.
    [Show full text]
  • Government Gazette of the STATE of NEW SOUTH WALES Number 112 Monday, 3 September 2007 Published Under Authority by Government Advertising
    6835 Government Gazette OF THE STATE OF NEW SOUTH WALES Number 112 Monday, 3 September 2007 Published under authority by Government Advertising SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT EXOTIC DISEASES OF ANIMALS ACT 1991 ORDER - Section 15 Declaration of Restricted Areas – Hunter Valley and Tamworth I, IAN JAMES ROTH, Deputy Chief Veterinary Offi cer, with the powers the Minister has delegated to me under section 67 of the Exotic Diseases of Animals Act 1991 (“the Act”) and pursuant to section 15 of the Act: 1. revoke each of the orders declared under section 15 of the Act that are listed in Schedule 1 below (“the Orders”); 2. declare the area specifi ed in Schedule 2 to be a restricted area; and 3. declare that the classes of animals, animal products, fodder, fi ttings or vehicles to which this order applies are those described in Schedule 3. SCHEDULE 1 Title of Order Date of Order Declaration of Restricted Area – Moonbi 27 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Woonooka Road Moonbi 29 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Anambah 29 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Muswellbrook 29 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Aberdeen 29 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – East Maitland 29 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Timbumburi 29 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – McCullys Gap 30 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Bunnan 31 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area - Gloucester 31 August 2007 Declaration of Restricted Area – Eagleton 29 August 2007 SCHEDULE 2 The area shown in the map below and within the local government areas administered by the following councils: Cessnock City Council Dungog Shire Council Gloucester Shire Council Great Lakes Council Liverpool Plains Shire Council 6836 SPECIAL SUPPLEMENT 3 September 2007 Maitland City Council Muswellbrook Shire Council Newcastle City Council Port Stephens Council Singleton Shire Council Tamworth City Council Upper Hunter Shire Council NEW SOUTH WALES GOVERNMENT GAZETTE No.
    [Show full text]
  • 16. Ice in the Martian Regolith
    16. ICE IN THE MARTIAN REGOLITH S. W. SQUYRES Cornell University S. M. CLIFFORD Lunar and Planetary Institute R. O. KUZMIN V.I. Vernadsky Institute J. R. ZIMBELMAN Smithsonian Institution and F. M. COSTARD Laboratoire de Geographie Physique Geologic evidence indicates that the Martian surface has been substantially modified by the action of liquid water, and that much of that water still resides beneath the surface as ground ice. The pore volume of the Martian regolith is substantial, and a large amount of this volume can be expected to be at tem- peratures cold enough for ice to be present. Calculations of the thermodynamic stability of ground ice on Mars suggest that it can exist very close to the surface at high latitudes, but can persist only at substantial depths near the equator. Impact craters with distinctive lobale ejecta deposits are common on Mars. These rampart craters apparently owe their morphology to fluidhation of sub- surface materials, perhaps by the melting of ground ice, during impact events. If this interpretation is correct, then the size frequency distribution of rampart 523 524 S. W. SQUYRES ET AL. craters is broadly consistent with the depth distribution of ice inferred from stability calculations. A variety of observed Martian landforms can be attrib- uted to creep of the Martian regolith abetted by deformation of ground ice. Global mapping of creep features also supports the idea that ice is present in near-surface materials at latitudes higher than ± 30°, and suggests that ice is largely absent from such materials at lower latitudes. Other morphologic fea- tures on Mars that may result from the present or former existence of ground ice include chaotic terrain, thermokarst and patterned ground.
    [Show full text]
  • Shaft Drive Lines ACT BMW Motor Cycle Club Inc
    Shaft Drive Lines ACT BMW Motor Cycle Club Inc. December 2005 Member of the International Council of BMW Clubs ‘ShaftShaft Drive Lines’ — December 2005 — Volume 25 No.11 Meetings: When: 7.45 pm, fourth Monday of each month A.C.T. BMW MOTORCYCLE CLUB Where: Italo –Australian Club, 78 Franklin Street, Forrest. Next Meeting: Monday 28 November 2005 Membership: Membership fee is $40 per year. A small joining fee applies to new members and includes your membership badge. A membership form appears in the back pages of this magazine, COMMITTEE MEMBERS or you can obtain one by writing to : for 2005-2006 The Membership Secretary Please advise the Membership Secretary of ACTBMWMCC changes to your contact details. President: John McKinnon - R1150 RT (02) 6291 9438 Activities: [email protected] Club runs and social events are detailed in the What’s On page in this magazine. The Club endeavours to have at least one organized run per month. Suggestions for runs and Vice President : activities are welcome to the Ride Coordinator or the Social Secretary. Colin Ward - R1200 GS (02) 6255 8998 Every effort is made to make the information on the What’s On page accurate but [email protected] changes to meeting times and places etc can occur between publication dates. Members will be reminded of rides, activities and general information by email. If your email Secretary: address has been changed or your box is full, we can’t contact you, so advise the Ride Steve Hay - F650GS Coordinator of changes to your contact details. The most up-to-date information will be (02) 6288 9151 posted on our website http://www.actbmwmcc.org.au [email protected] Participants in Club activities are advised and reminded that they do so at their own Treasurer: risk and are fully responsible for their own riding.
    [Show full text]