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Supercomputer Centers and High Performance Computing Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering 2019; 7(4): 87-94 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/jeee doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20190704.11 ISSN: 2329-1613 (Print); ISSN: 2329-1605 (Online) Age of Great Chinese Dragon: Supercomputer Centers and High Performance Computing Andrey Molyakov Institute of Information Technologies and Cybersecurity, Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russia Email address: To cite this article: Andrey Molyakov. Age of Great Chinese Dragon: Supercomputer Centers and High Performance Computing. Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Special Issue: Science Innovation . Vol. 7, No. 4, 2019, pp. 87-94. doi: 10.11648/j.jeee.20190704.11 Received : August 18, 2019; Accepted : September 21, 2019; Published : October 9, 2019 Abstract: Author describes Chinese supercomputer centers and networks. There are currently five National Supercomputing Centers in China, which are established in Tianjin, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Jinan, and Chang-Sha. These cities were selected as pilot ones for conducting an experiment on the development of the cloud computing services market. The directions of evolutionary and innovative development of exaflops supercomputers are highlighted in Pacific region. The evolutionary approach is the simplest and allows you to quickly get the result, but the created supercomputer of this type will be effective only when solving a narrow class of problems and have low energy efficiency. An innovative approach involves basic research and the development of innovative technologies, which is much more complicated and requires more time. Innovative technologies for the development of exaflops supercomputers, due to the stringent requirements of energy efficiency and productivity efficiency, have much in common with technologies for creating highly efficient on-board and embedded systems. These technologies are called exascale, they should provide the ability to create single-board on-board supercomputers of the teraflops level and single-rack supercomputers of the petaflops level of performance. The main problems of creating exaflops (exascale) systems: increasing the overall performance of the system by three orders of magnitude while weakening the influence of Moore's law on the performance of an individual processor core; minimization of energy losses and performance losses associated with data access, information transfer at all levels of the supercomputer hierarchy and data storage. Keywords: Chinese Dragon, Information Security, Supercomputer Center, Security Descriptor achieve full technological independence in the field of 1. Introduction strategic IT [2]. General information: population-1300 million; GDP- One of the first results of the 863/IT project was the 4758000 million dollars; YASS (average annual cost for the creation of the Milky Way-1 (Tianhe-1) supercluster of purchase of supercomputers)-67 million dollars [1]. petaflops performance level and two supercomputers of the Within the framework of the national program 863 same type with a capacity of about 100 TFLOPS. The implemented by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Tianhe-1 supercomputer, created at the National University which began in March 1986 (hence the name), the PRC of Defense Technology, contains 6144 Intel Xeon leadership in 2006 adopted the five-year China National E5450/5540 microprocessors, 5120 AMD ATI Radeon HD Initiative of High Productivity Computer and Grid Service 4870 GPUs and has a memory of 98 TB. Along with the Environment project with a budget of about $400 million. Of sensational appearance of the Chinese supercomputers this project 863/IT-the development of special, or custom- Tianhe-1, Nebulae and the fastest supercomputer Tianhe-1A made, strategic IT and the creation on their basis of at the end of 2010, information appeared on China's promising stationary and on-board supercomputers designed initiatives in developing its own microelectronic element to ensure national security and solve the most important base. Some of its samples have already been used in Tianhe- scientific and technical problems. 1A: microprocessor FT-1000; VLSI communication At the initial stages of the project, the use of the latest networks Arch-NIC and NRC. In more powerful samples of foreign technologies was allowed, but the main idea was to supercomputers with a performance of 10–100 PFLOPS, it is 88 Andrey Molyakov: Age of Great Chinese Dragon: Supercomputer Centers and High Performance Computing planned to use new VLSIs of their own design, for example: 2.1.2. Center in Shenzhen multi-core superscalar microprocessors with powerful In the southern city of Shen-Zhen, there is another processing units for short vectors of the Godson 3 and National Supercomputing Center in Shenzhen, located ten Godson 4 families; new generation multi-thread kilometers from Hong Kong and representing a technology microprocessors FT-1500 and FT-2000 with the number of center in the free economic zone, there are no secret works. hardware-supported threads, 128 and more [3]. Foreign companies finance and supply equipment, the Microprocessors FT-1000/1500 are microprocessors with largest common technology platform, created by the an average number of threads. The microprocessors currently University of Hong Kong with the support of MOST, it is the under development are little known: FT-2000 and special- lead in connecting the Chinese Grid with the transatlantic purpose microprocessors – massive multi-thread telecommunications network in the USA and Japan. microprocessors with hardware support for globally addressable memory; hybrid streaming and multi-thread 2.1.3. Center in Jinan microprocessors for special purposes. In the city of Jinan, the administrative center of the coastal Work is actively ongoing in the field of ultra-high- province of Shandong (East China), the third National performance onboard microprocessors, the following Supercomputing Center in Jinan was officially opened in developments are known: FT-64-a microprocessor of the China in autumn 2011, in which computing systems were stream type of stream-based class, effective in processing first installed with peak performance of more than one signals and images; MASA is a multi-core multi-thread petaflops (SunWay supercomputer), equipped exclusively streaming microprocessor. It is known about plans to use in- with domestic processors and software. flight systems of massive multi-thread microprocessors. The This means that China has become the third country, after task of developing an onboard radiation-resistant the USA and Japan, in the world, capable of creating a supercomputer of the MAESTRO type from Boeing (it was supercomputer with peak performance of more than one developed in the USA for space systems) is being solved. petaflops using its own central processors. As it became known, the Jinan Supercomputer Center began to build the Shandong Provincial Academy of Sciences in March 2011. 2. Methods and Principles of Developing Recently, a new center has been built and commissioned [5]. Chinese Distributed Centers 2.1.4. Center in Shanghai 2.1. Roadmap and Geographic Topology The Shanghai Supercomputer Center has a supercomputer called the Dawning-5000A Magic Cube, which can perform There are currently five National Supercomputing Centers up to 180 trillion floating point operations (teraflops) in just in China, which are established in Tianjin, Shenzhen, one second on the Linpack task. The maximum load on the Shanghai, Jinan, and Chang-Sha. These cities were selected “Magic Cube” can reach 230 teraflops. Its scope is weather as pilot ones for conducting an experiment on the forecasting, architectural and engineering calculations, development of the cloud computing services market. modeling for aviation needs, and earthquake prediction. In the "Medium-and Long-Term State Program for the The supercomputer covers an area of 75 square meters and Development of Science and Technology" in China, the consumes about 700 kilowatts per hour. development of high-performance computers is included in Funding for the creation of the Dawning 5000A came from the list of priority areas for the development of domestic the budget of the Ministry of Science and Technology of the science and technology [4]. The Ministry of Science and PRC, as well as from the city budget of Shanghai. The cost of Technology of China clearly set the task to master the key the computer was 200 million yuan or $29 million. technologies for the development and manufacture of supercomputers capable of performing over 1 quadrillion 2.1.5. Center in Chang-Sha operations per second. The first and second state In the city of Chang-Sha, the construction of the fifth Hunan supercomputer centers in China were established in the Supercomputer Center (National Supercomputer Center in northern coastal city of Tianjin and the southern city of Hunan) has been completed. The complex is designed to host Shenzhen. Tianhe-1A computers, which are the most powerful systems in the world. The complex is located on the territory of a local 2.1.1. Center in Tianjin university. The Tianhe-1A computer is the world's most Tianjin Supercomputing Center (National Supercomputing productive supercomputer, which in November 2010 topped the Center in Tianjin)-an open (commercial) site of the Top500 rating. The computing power of this system is 2.566 University of Defense Technology of China (NUDT). petaflops. Tianhe-1A uses 7168 Nvidia Tesla M2050 GPUs and The presence of the first Tianhe-1A supercomputer in 14336
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