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Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India

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Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research in India Edited by A.S. Faroda Manjit Singh Central Arid Zone Research Institute (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) JODHPUR - 342 003 India Published by Central Arid Zone Research Institute Jodhpur-342 003, India August, 1998 D.T.P. by A. Angel Printed by Evergreen Printers, C-6, Shastri Nagar, Jodhpur-342 003 Preface During the years of green revolution the emphasis on increasing food production had been on irrigated lands. Now the focus has shifted towards arid zones all over the world. Planners in our country, however, realised the importance of arid zone very early. Soon after independence, in 1952, a modest beginning was made by establishment of Desert Afforestation Research Station at Jodhpur that was upgraded to Central Arid Zone Research Institute in 1959. The importance given to these lands is evident from the number of institutions that have come up in this region. This book on Fifty Years of Arid Zone Research is part of Golden Jubilee Publications and is a tribute to the visionaries and number of scientists, technicians and other staff members who toiled in the barren lands with a zeal to understand every aspect of this area and came out with number of innovative technologies that have played an important role in development of the region. Last five decades in arid region of India have witnessed unprecedented increase in human and livestock population, the consequence of which has been stress on the limited natural resources in this fragile ecosystem. The scientific approach towards understanding the problems of this unique region and development of various technologies have helped in the arrest of desertification and in achieving the goal of increasing productivity without adversely affecting the natural resources. One dimension of the approach towards understanding the arid zone had been integrated natural resource survey and monitoring. The soils, plants, natural vegetation, water, landforms, landuse, etc. were studied along with studies on socio-economic aspects. In the initial years techniques like sand dune stabilisation, shelterbelt plantations, increasing productivity of rangelands by improved management practices like fencing, contour bunding, reseeding, played important role in development of the region. Subsequently we have not only improved upon the technologies of fifties and indigenous knowledge, but also have come a long way by diversifying research and development activities covering solar and wind energy, animal management, dry land farming, watershed development, arid horticulture, improvement of crop varieties, integrated pest management strategies, post harvest technologies, etc. This book contains papers written by scientists of Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur. As editors, we express our sincere thanks to the authors who submitted their manuscripts in time and helped in resolving any problems faced during editing. We also thank Mr. A. Angel for his secretarial assistance. A. S.FARODA MANJIT SINGH Contents Preface 1 Arid Zone Research - An Overview 1-16 - AS. Faroda 2 Climatic Features and Crop Production 17-38 - AS. Rao and R. S. Singh 3 Geomorphology of the Hot Arid Regions in India 39-49 - Surendra Singh, Amal Kar and P. C. Vats 4 Geology of Western Rajasthan 51-54 - M.L. Sharma 5 Soils: Distribution, Characteristics and Nutrient Dynamics 55-79 - D.C. Joshi, Nepal Singh, B.K Sharma and Pramila Raina 6 Resource Appraisal - Surface Water 81-87 - M.A Khan, KD. Sharma and N.S. Vangani 7 Vegetation Resources in the Indian Arid Zone 89-119 - Suresh Kumar 8 Products of Economic Importance from Arid Zone Plants 121-126 - Hamid A Khan 9 Land Use 127-139 - Balak Ram and Gheesa Lal 10 Desertification: Causes and Possible Solutions 141-152 . - J.P. Gupta, D.C. Joshi, Amal Kar and KC. Singh 11 Management of Wastelands for Sustainable Production 153-166 - J.P. Gupta, R.K Aggarwal, D.C. Joshi, KD. Sharma and KC. Singh 12 Rain Water Management 167-174 - M.A. Khan 13 Surface Water Management 175-187 - KD. Sharma and P.R. Ojasvi 14 Management of Limited Water Resources for Crop Production 189-213 _ Y. V. Singh and Anurag Saxena 15 Arable Crop Production 215-252 _s. Kathju, N.L. Joshi, A V. Rao and Praveen-Kumar 16 Improvement of Arable Crops 253-272 _o. Kumar. A Henry and V.K. Manga 17 pest Management in Arable Crops 273-306 _ S.K. Verma, Satya Vir, S. Lodha, A Saxena, R.S. Tripathi and R.K. Kaul I 18 Forestry Research in Arid Tract of India 307-322 _ J.C, Tewari and L.N. Harsh 19 Arid Horticulture 323-336 _R.N. Prasad and B.B. Vashishtha 20 Grasses and Grassland Management 337-349 _M.S. Yadav and S.K. Sharma 21 Genetic Improvement of Trees and Shrubs 351-374 _ Ma(ljit Singh, S.K. Jindal, N.L. Kackar and Anjly Pancholy 22 Integrated Pest Management in Perennial Plants 375-392 _M.P. Singh, R. Raj Bhansa!i, R.K. Kaul and R.S. Tripathi 23 Livestock Production and Management 393-426 _ S.J<' Kaushish, H.C. Bohra, B.K. Mathur and AK. Patel 24 Energy Management by Non-Conventional Energy Sources 427-446 _ P.C. Pande, Harpal Singh and N.M. Nahar 25 StatUS of Farm Mechanisation in Rajasthan 447-453 _ Harpal Singh, D. Mishra and M.A Khan 26 Post Harvest Engineering in Arid Zone 455-462 _ Harpal Singh and P.K. Ma/aviya 27 Socio-Economic Aspects . 463-478 _M[... Purohit, D.K. Saha and B.L. Gajja . c~ntributor index 479 C,ontributors A. Henry Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding), Division of Arable Cropping System. CAZRI, Jodhpur A.K. Patel Scientist Sr. Scale (LPM), Division of Animal Science & Rodent Control. CAZRI, Jodhpur A.S. Faroda Director. Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur A.S. Rao Sr. Scientist (Agril. Meteorology), Division of Resource Management, CAZRI, Jodhpur A.Y. Rao Principal Scientist (Microbiology), Division of Arable Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur Amal Kar Sr. Scientist (Geography), DiviSIOn of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur Anjly Pancholy Scientist Sr. Scale (Genetics), Division of Perennial Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur Anurag Saxena SClentist Sr. Scale (Agronomy), Division of Arable Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur B.B. Yashishtha Principal Scientist (Horticulture), NRC on Arid Horticulture, Bikaner B.K. Mathur Scientist Sr. Scale (Animal Nutrition), Div. of Animal Science & Rodent Control, CAZRI, Jodhpur B.K. Sharma Sr. Scientist (Soil Chemistry), DIviSIOn of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur B.L. Gajja Sr. Scientist (Agril. Economics), Division of Social & Information Sciences, CAZRI, Jodhpur Balak Ram Sr. Scientist (Geography), DiviSIOn of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur D. Kumar Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding), Division of Arable Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur D. Mishra Sr. Scientist (Farm Machinery & Power), Division of Energy Management, Engineering & Product Processing, CAZRI, Jodhpur D.C. Joshi Sr. Scientist (Pedology), Division of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur DX Saha Sr. Scientist (Sociology), Division of Social & Information Sciences, CAZRI, Jodhpur Gheesa Lal Sr. Scientist (Geography), Division of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur H.e. Bohra Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition), Div. of Animal Science & Rodent Control, CAZRI, Jodhpur Hamid A. Khan Sr. Scientist (Organic Chemistry), Division of Energy Management, Engineering & Product Processing, CAZRI, Jodhpur Harpal Singh Head, Division of Energy Management, Engineering & Product Processing, CAZRI, Jodhpur J.e. Tewari Sr. Scientist (Forestry), Regional Research Station, CAZRI, Bikaner J.P. Gupta Head, Division of Resource Management, CAZRI, Jodhpur K.C. Singh Sr. Scientist (Agronomy), Division of Resource Management. CAZRI, Jodhpur K.D. Sharma Sr. Scientist (Soil & Water Cons. Engg.), Div. of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur L.N. Harsh Principal Scientist (Forestry), Division of Perennial Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur M.A. Khan Head, Division of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRl, Jodhpur M.L. Purohit 'Head, Division of Social & Information Sciences, CAZRI, Jodhpur. M.L. Sharma Technical Officer, Division of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur M.P. Singh Sf. Scientist (Agril. Entomology), Division of Perennial Cropping Syste~. CAZRI, Jodhpur M.S. Yadav Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding), Division of Perennial Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur Manjit Singh Head. Division of Perennial Cropping System, CAZRI, Jodhpur N. L. Josh i Principal Production System Scientist (NA TP)-Arid Ecosystem, CAZRI, Jodhpur N.L. Kackar Principal ScientIst (Genetics), Division of Perennial Cropping System. CAZRI. Jodhpur N.M. Nahar Sr. Scientist (Physics), Division of Energy Management, Engmeering & Product Processing, CAZRI, Jodhpur N.S. Vangani Sr. Scientist (Soil & Water Cons. Engg.), Div. of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI. Jodhpur Nepal Singh Sr. Scientist (Soil Chemistry), Division of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur P.C. Pande Sr. Scientist (Physics). Division of Energy Management, Engineering & Product Processing, CAZRI, Jodhpur P.c. Vats Sr. Scientist (Geography), Division of Resource Survey & Monitoring, CAZRI, Jodhpur P.K. Malaviya Sr. Scientist (Agril. Structure & Process Engineering), Division of Energy Management, Engineering & Product Processing, CAZRl, Jodhpur P.R.Ojasvi Scientist Sr. Scale (Soil & Water Cons. Engg.), Div. of Resource Management, CAZRI, Jodhpur Pramila Raina Sr. Scientist (Soil Science), Division of Resource Survey & Monito~ing, CAZRI, Jodhpur Praveen-Kumar Scientist Sr. Scale (Soil Chemistry), Division of Arable Cropping System, CAZRI. Jodhpur R. Raj Bhansali
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