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The Ecological Planning and Practice of Bijie Experimental Area

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The Ecological Planning and Practice of Bijie Experimental Area The Ecological Planning and Practice of Bijie Experimental Area Rupei Qin School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology e-mail: [email protected] Hang Zhang School of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The rural ecological environment is an important condition for the development of the rural area, agriculture and peasants. Especially in the poor karst mountainous areas in Western China, a good ecological planning is particularly important. The paper analyses the resources, environment, population problems that Bijie experimental area faced 20 years ago.Then we put forward the scheme of regional ecological planning and analyses the results of planning practice. KEYWORDS: Ecological planning; Bijie test area; complex ecosystem; three themes; INTRODUCTION Ecological construction planning is a regional development planning approach which use ecological principles to evaluate, plan and coordinate the relationship between human and the development, utilization and transformation of natural resources comprehensively and long-term, to improve the efficiency of ecological and economic and to promote sustainable development of social and economic. Its essence is to recognize systematically and to re-arrange the relationship between people and their environment which is a "Social - Economic - Nature" complex ecosystem planning[1, 2]. Despite the ecological planning started late in China, it draws the new achievements of modern ecology when it started, and it combined with our region, especially combined with the development of urban and rural, environmental issues and sustainable development theme and gradually formed its own characteristics, it has reached the international advanced level in some respects[1]. Ma Shijun and Wang Rusong proposed complex ecosystem theory in 1984, they considered that urban and rural where the main body is human activity actually are three sub- systems which combined with social, economic and natural, the three sub-systems put human activity as the link and form a mutual-role and constrained complex ecosystems[3, 4]; In 1988, Wang Rusong proposed to create the ecological principle of ecological city in "efficient and harmonious - urban ecological regulation principles and methods", emphasized that the urban ecological planning should be ecological balance which can achieve the ecosystem and an - 677 - Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. C 678 ecological planning approach which can regulate the relationship between people and the environment[3]. Huang Guangyu and Chen Yong made a number of ecological theories and practices about ecological planning and the establishment of ecological city through the case study of Guangzhou and other cities[5, 6]. In 1998, Shen Qingji of Tongji University proposed more systematic and comprehensive exposition about urban ecological planning and construction in the "Urban Ecology and Environment"[7]. In 2000, Wang Xiangrong considered ecological planning should put ecological principles and the principles of urban planning as a guide to explore the improvement of relationship between people and environment in book "Ecology and Environment"[8].Corresponding ecological city planning or urban ecological construction practice has Yichun, Zhangjiagang, Yangzhou, Rizhao, Chongming Island, Xiangfan, Maanshan, Siping, Wenzhou, Shiyan and other places[1]. This paper is based on ecological planning which the above-mentioned previous did, put "social - economic - Nature" complex ecosystem perspective as the theoretical background, this paper analyzed the problems of resources, environment and population which Bijie Experimental Area faced more than 20 years ago from three aspects: economy, nature and society. Putting "exploitation alleviate poverty, ecological construction, population control" as three main themes, which targeted propose the regional ecological construction planning, and analyzed the results of planning practice. GENERAL SITUATION AND THE BACKGROUND OF ECOLOGICAL PLANNING OF BIJIE EXPERIMENTAL AREA The general situation of Bijie experimental area Bijie area is located in the northwest of Guizhou province in our country.Sichuan Province is to the west of Bijie area and Yunnan Province is north to west of Bijie area.It is between 105.36 east longitude to 106.43 east longitude and 26.21 north latitude to 27.47 north latitude.There are Bijie, Qianxi, Zhijin, generous, Jinsha, Nayong, Weining, Hezhang other 8 counties (City), 250 townships (towns, offices), 4507 administrative villages, the land area of 26853 square kilometers under its jurisdiction The territory inhabited by the Han, Yi, Miao, Buyi, Hui and other 35 ethnic groups, ethnic minority population accounts for 26.63% of the total population. Bijie test area is located in the east of Guizhou Plateau to the transition of the original mountain ridge area.The territory has high mountains and steep slope, deep valleys.It has a 2443 meters relative elevation , carbonate rocks forming clouds and it is a typical karst mountain area. Before the establishment of Experimental Zone, This region is characterized by high mountains and steep, land fragmentation, sparse vegetation, bare rock, deep valleys, backward economic, poor people, worse ecology, overpopulation, and set "old", "little", "edge", "poor "" karst "as a whole, it is the most typical karst mountainous alpine area. Three contradictions that is economic poverty, ecological degradation, population expansion interweave, which made Bijie deep into vicious circle of"the more born the more cultivated, the more cultivated the more poorer, the more poorer the more born"and difficult to extricate themselves. The background of Bijie ecological planning The economic reasons of poor Bijie are unreasonable industrial structure. Bijie which is not on the boundary of our country, has no river and coast, is a typical inland areas with poor Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. C 679 infrastructure, poor transportation and lack of information. Although rich in resources, its industrial structure is irrational (In1987, Bijie industrial structure shown in Figure 1) and productivity is very backward, it has almost no industry and in a self-sufficient state. In 1987, Bijie, only more than 180 kg of grain per capita, per rural capita net income is only 184 yuan, eight counties in five are state-level poor counties, 55% of the population is living in poverty. The area natural reasons of poor Bijie are karst.Bijie located in upstream of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River, is a typical karst(Karst areas is characterized by funnel, rocks everywhere, barren soil, sparse vegetation on the ground; and cave, river stretches under the ground, its production and living conditions are extremely poor, United Nations’ relevant organizations have been identified karst as "unfit for human living areas"). As karst hilly plateau, it is characterized by mountains and less land, fragmental land , barren soil, grave rocky, and because of population growth, in order to fill the stomach, people land on reclamation, develope mountain for food, which causing heavy soil erosion, before 1987, the region's forest coverage rate is only 14.94%, grassy lawn decreased by 33.94%, agricultural reclamation rate increased from 30% to 46.4% and more than 62% of the land area is the area of soil erosion. This "reverse development" of ecological resources, not only caused serious soil erosion and ecological deterioration, but also exacerbate the level of poverty and hinder the development of test area seriously. The social reasons of poor Bijie are population explosion and low quality.Bijie is ghettos which is traditional agriculture-based, the traditional fertility concept of raising children for pension and procreation is deeply entrenched, family planning work become very difficult. The phenomenon of multiple births are universal, which forming a vicious circle of "the poorer the more children, the more children lead poorer". In 1987, the population of per square kilometer is 207, which is far higher than the national average. Total population of 5.76 million, compared with 2.11 million in 1949 increased by 1.65 times and the natural population growth rate is 19.5%. Illiteracy of young adults up to 950, 000, only 10 graduates in per million. And under the poor and backward economy condition , culturing human can not arise. The major problems of experiment zone is improving the cultural quality of the population, strengthening the development of human resource, consolidating the results of basic education, vigorously developing vocational education and adult education and improving the quality of compulsory education in rural. THE THEORETICAL BASIS OF ECOLOGICAL PLANNING The theory of sustainable development “Our Common Future” which was published by The World Commission Environment And Development in 1987 defined “sustainable development” as: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” The definitions reflects the following principles: 1) the principle of fairness, including intergenerational equity, intergenerational equity and fair allocation of limited resources; 2) sustainable principle, namely, the economic and social development of mankind can not go beyond the carrying capacity of resources and environment; 3) the common principle, means the whole earth and interdependence, the sustainable development of a country could not independently
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