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Freshwater Fish Species of the Oorlogskloof River, Northern Cape Province, South Africa

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Freshwater Fish Species of the Oorlogskloof River, Northern Cape Province, South Africa P.P. Ramollo, M. SchumannOur aNaturend W.A.J. (201Pretorius2) 10: 8-1/ 6Our Nature (2012) 10: 8-16 Freshwater Fish Species of the Oorlogskloof River, Northern Cape Province, South Africa P.P. Ramollo1*, M. Schumann2 and W.A.J. Pretorius3 1Northern Cape Department of Environment & Nature Conservation (DENC) Private BagX6102, Kimberley, 8100, South Africa 2Northern Cape Department of Environment & NatureConservation (DENC), Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve P.Box142, Nieuwoudtville 8180, South Africa 3Northern Cape, Department of Environment & Nature Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve P. Box 142 Nieuwoudtville 8180,South Africa *Email: [email protected] Abstract The freshwater fish of Oorlogskloof River were sampled in March 2010. The study aimed to determine the distribution and relative abundance of freshwater fish in the Oorlogskloof River. A total of 4643individuals represented by five fish species belonging to two families were sampled. The Barbus anoplus was only sampled in the upper reaches of the Oorlogskloof River gorge while endangered Labeobarbus capensis appeared downstream in the Oorlogskloof River. Barbus serra dominated the fish species in the system. The invasion of Tilapia sparmanni in this system was confirmed during the survey andthe species appeared to be widespread throughout the system. At this stage it does not appear to be posing a serious threat to the endangered fish species. The Oorlogskloof River can be considered as a potential refuge site for the conservation of some endemic and threatened freshwater fishes of South Africa. Key words: Abundance, conservation, distribution, endemic, Oorlogskloof River Introduction The Oorlogskloof River plays a pertinent Reserve, is of unparallel importance in the role as a spawning and nursery site for Olifants-Doring system as a fish sanctuary endemic and endangered fish species. The (Impson, 1995).On the southern side of the sound conservation management of the Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve, the Oorlogskloof River within the 5 000 hectare Oorlogskloof River becomes known as the Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve commenced in Kobee River where the Klein Kobee River 1987. The relative inaccessibility of the joins it. The Kobee is a tributary of the Oorlogskloof River, where it flows through Doring River which runs into the Olifants the Oorlogskloof gorge south of River at Melkboom in the Western Cape Nieuwoudtville, has prevented habitat Province. The Kobee River probably forms destruction and other impacts prevalent an important link for the clanwilliam along its upper catchment and other yellowfish ( Labeobarbus capensis), sawfin tributaries of the Olifants-Doring system. (Barbus serra) and clanwilliam sandfish This has ensured that the Oorlogskloof (Labeo seeberi) on their migration from the River, within the Oorlogskloof Nature Doring River to the spawning and nursery 8 P.P. Ramollo, M. Schumann and W.A.J. Pretorius / Our Nature (2012) 10: 8-16 grounds in the Oorlogskloof River gorge catchment of the Oorlogskloof River north (Abrahams and Pretorius, 2000). of the Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve. These The Oorlogskloof River has a relatively were subsequently netted using a seine net low diversity of indigenous fish species and and proved to be banded tilapia (Tilapia is dominated by cyprinids. Abrahams and sparmanni). In March 2010 a survey was Pretorius (2000) recorded a total of six fish conducted in the Oorlogskloof River by a species in the Oorlogskloof-Kobee River, team of officials from the Northern Cape with two alien species namely the Department of Environment and Nature smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) Conservation and CapeNature. The aim was and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to investigate the distribution and recorded in the lower reaches of the abundance of the indigenous species known Oorlogskloof River. A natural barrier of to occur in this river, as well as investigate huge boulders is located in the lower whether the T. sparmannihad invaded the reaches of the Oorlogskloof River (south of Oorlogskloof River from the the Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve) and Nieuwoudtville municipal dam. The appears to be preventing these two species Nieuwoudtville area was flooded in July from migrating further upstream and 2007 making this a distinct possibility. reaching the Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve. Both the endangered sawfin (B. serra) and Materials and methods clanwilliam sandfish (L. seeberi) are endemic and spawn successfully within the Site description Oorlogskloof River. The value of the The Oorlogskloof River originates in the reserve for indigenous fish conservation is Roggeveld Mountains near Calvinia in the further enhanced, as Barbus anoplus also Northern Cape Province, South Africa. It occurs in the Oorlogskloof River system. can be regarded as naturally seasonal, with According to Impson (1995) B. anoplus in flows in summer ceasing until the first the Oorlogskloof Rivermay be a subspecies, major rains in the catchment in winter. as it is genetically distinct from other However, the flow regime is highly variable populations of the Olifants River and and unpredictable (Abrahams and Pretorius, Orange-Vaal River system. The clanwilliam 2000). In its upper catchment, it flows yellowfish (L.capensis), classified as through livestock farms and arable fields. vulnerable, has also been recorded in the Fields are often overgrazed and much of the Oorlogskloof and Kobee rivers. The last riparian vegetation is disturbed with alien time it was recorded in the Oorlogskloof terrestrial plants such as mesquite (Prosopis Nature Reserve was in 1982 and the cause glandulosa). An area approximately six for its decline in the reserve is unknown and kilometres upstream of the northern need further investigation (Abrahams and boundary of Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve Pretorius, 2000). has been invaded by mesquite and blue gum In 2009 reports were received that (Eucalyptus camaldulensis). The there were numerous small fish in the Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve, where most Nieuwoudtville municipal dam (pers. of the survey took place, is situated on the comm. Pretorius), which lies within the Bokkeveld Plateau in the Nieuwoudtville 9 P.P. Ramollo, M. Schumann and W.A.J. Pretorius / Our Nature (2012) 10: 8-16 area and falls within an area marked by N = total number of individuals in sharp climatic, geomorphological and all species, biological transition (Abrahams and ln = natural log, = sum of the values Pretorius, 2000). South of Nieuwoudtville for each species. Therefore the Oorlogskloof River drops into a deep percentage (%Pi) = the number of ravine which forms the eastern boundary of individuals within a species (ni) Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve. The terrain divided by the total number of bordering the river is rocky and almost individuals (N) present in the entire inaccessible and has prevented habitat sample x 100.The relative destruction and other adverse anthropogenic abundance gave comparisons of impacts prevalent along its upper catchment. diversity at all the sampled sites. Study area Results The same 32 sites sampled in 2000 by M. dolomieu and L. macrochirus have Abrahams and Pretorius were sampled again previously been recorded in the lower in March 2010. These sites were all located reaches of the Oorlogskloof River, below a in the Oorlogskloof River gorge above the natural barrier. This study showed that Klein Kobee River and Oorlogskloof River these alien fish were still not present above junction. In addition the Nieuwoudtville the natural barrier. The fish species recorded municipal dam was also sampled. Fish were in the Oorlogskloof river gorge above the collected using a seine net (6m x 1m) at natural barriers were namely: B. serra, B. each sampling site. Gill nets were not used anoplus, L. seeberi, L. capensis and due to the high numbers of endemic and translocated T. sparmanni. Of the endangered fish species in the study area. A indigenous fish caught in the Oorlogskloof subsample of 50 specimens was measured River B. serra comprised the largest for the standard length and total length and proportion of 80.4% (n = 3735), followed the remaining were counted for total by L. seeberi 8.01%(n=372), B. anoplus numbers. 8.00% (n = 371), L. capensis0.60% (n=28) and T. sparmanni 3.00% (n = 137) occurred Data Analysis throughout the range sampled with the small Fish data collected was analyzed using species B. anoplus largely restricted to the Shannon-Wiener Index (H) to evaluate Oorlogskloof River (Tab. 1). species diversity. The index is determined by both the number of species and the even a) B. anoplus distribution of individuals among those During this study the indigenous B. anoplus species (relative dominance). It was was distributed in low numbers and calculated using the following equation: contributed a relative abundance of 8.0% (Tab. 1). The population appeared to be H = - Pi (lnPi), more abundant in upstream than in where Pi (relative abundance) = ni/N, downstream. All the sites where it was ni = the number of individuals recorded comprised predominantly of within a species, juveniles of 2-4 years of age and ranged in 10 P.P. Ramollo, M. Schumann and W.A.J. Pretorius / Our Nature (2012) 10: 8-16 length from 29 mm to 95 mm. Most 145mm were also present. Very small individuals were recorded at site 2 (n=183) juveniles ranging from 30mm were found and site 3 (n=110) (Tab. 1). Most more frequently at other sites. individuals appeared to be embedded with digenean cysts. Discussion Generally in aquatic ecosystem there are b) L. seeberi factors that affect fish species composition, During this study L. seeberi(endangered) distribution and abundance. The variation in was found to be substantially distributed in individual growth in fish populations occur the Oorlogskloof River system. It because growth is strongly dependent on contributed a relative abundance of 8.01% food availability, flow dynamics and water (Tab. 1). Total length ranged from 22mm to temperature (Persson and De Roos, 2001; 270mm with a good distribution of DeAngelis Roseet al., 1993; Cincotta and juveniles, sub-adults and adults. Staffeur, 1984). However in natural populations there is a trend of species size c) B. serra dissimilarity amongst individuals born at the The endangered B.
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