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A Reticulação Da Banda Larga Móvel: Definindo Padrões, Informando a Rede

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A Reticulação Da Banda Larga Móvel: Definindo Padrões, Informando a Rede 23 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS Diego Jair Vicentin A RETICULAÇÃO DA BANDA LARGA MÓVEL: DEFININDO PADRÕES, INFORMANDO A REDE. CAMPINAS 2016 Agência(s) de fomento e no(s) de processo(s): FAPESP, 2010/18434-9 e 2013/05940-1 Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas Cecília Maria Jorge Nicolau - CRB 8/3387 Vicentin, Diego Jair, 1981- V662r ViA reticulação da banda larga móvel: definindo padrões, informando a rede / Diego Jair Vicentin. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2016. ViOrientador: Laymert Garcia dos Santos. ViTese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Vi1. Capital (Economia). 2. Sistemas de comunicação móvel. 3. Patentes. 4. Inovações tecnológicas. 5. Internet. I. Santos, Laymert Garcia dos,1948-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: The mobile broadband reticulation: developing standards, shaping the network Palavras-chave em inglês: Capital (Economy) Mobile communication systems Patents Technological innovations Internet Área de concentração: Sociologia Titulação: Doutor em Sociologia Banca examinadora: Laymert Garcia dos Santos [Orientador] Henrique Zoqui Martins Parra Marta Mourão Kanashiro Rafael de Almeida Evangelista Olga Cavalli Data de defesa: 06-05-2016 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Sociologia UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS A comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa de Tese de Doutorado, composta pelos Professores Doutores a seguir descritos, em sessão pública realizada em 06 de maio de 2016, considerou o candidato Diego Jair Vicentin aprovado. Prof. Dr. Laymert Garcia dos Santos (orientador) Profa. Dra. Olga Cavalli (UBA, Buenos Aires) Prof. Dr. Henrique Z. M. Parra (UNIFESP, Guarulhos) Profa. Dra. Marta M. Kanashiro (UNICAMP, Campinas) Prof. Dr. Rafael de A. Evangelista (UNICAMP, Campinas) Suplentes: Profa. Dra. Isleide A. Fontenelle (FGV, São Paulo) Prof. Dr. Emerson Freire (FATEC, Jundiaí) Prof. Dr. Márcio Barreto (UNICAMP, Campinas) A Ata de Defesa, assinada pelos membros da Comissão Examinadora, consta no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. Para Lili AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço à Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) pela bolsa de doutoramento que tornou esse trabalho de pesquisa exequível. Agradeço ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas (IFCH) da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) na figura de seus funcionários, estudantes e professores. Agradeço ainda ao Center for Information and Technology Policy (CITP) da Universidade de Princeton (EUA), e ao Center for Media Data and Society (CMDS) da Central European University (CEU) em Budapeste (Hungria), por terem apoiado essa pesquisa ao me receber como pesquisador visitante. Gostaria de agradecer especialmente o orientador dessa tese, Prof. Dr. Laymert Garcia dos Santos, cujo pensamento teve influência positiva e determinante no desenvolvimento da pesquisa desde seus primeiros dias, ainda no mestrado. Foi um verdadeiro privilégio contar com sua orientação e convivência nesses anos. Nessa toada, ainda agradeço de modo especial aos amigos e colegas que fizeram parte do grupo de pesquisas CTeMe da Unicamp, cujo caldo intelectual também foi decisivo para essa tese. As parcerias originadas no grupo se estendem muito além de sua existência formal. Nominalmente agradeço: Pedro Ferreira, Marta Kanashiro, Márcio Barreto, Rafael Alves da Silva, Emerson Freire, Leonardo Cruz, Francisco Caminati, Elton Corbanezi, Rainer Brito, Stefano Schiavetto e Rafael Malhão. Agradeço muitíssimo aos membros da banca de avaliação, Olga Cavalli, Marta Kanashiro, Rafael Evangelista e Henrique Parra, pela disposição e interesse em avaliar esse trabalho. Estou certo que suas contribuições serão valorosas não só para o estágio da vida acadêmica que se encerra com o doutorado, mas também e sobretudo para o que vem a seguir. Agradeço imensamente o IEEE-SA (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association), a todos os seus funcionários e associados, representados nominalmente aqui por seu diretor executivo, Konstantinos Karachalios, e por seu atual presidente, Bruce Kraemer. A liberdade de pesquisa que me foi concedida pelo IEEE-SA é digna de nota e certamente referenda sua atual disposição em constituir-se enquanto fórum aberto e democrático. Espero que a pesquisa contribua para o avanço nessa direção. Agradeço também ao grupo IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, e todos os participantes que colaboraram direta e indiretamente com meu trabalho. Para representá-los, menciono especialmente o “líder” (chairman) do “grupo 802”, Paul Nikolich, e dos grupos de trabalho 802.11 e 802.16, respectivamente, Adrian Stephens e Roger Marks. Sem a contribuição valorosa dos membros e participantes do grupo 802 essa pesquisa definitivamente teria tomado outros rumos. Tive o prazer de contar com o interesse e a interlocução de muitas pessoas ao longo de todo o período de doutorado, suas contribuições variam desde conversas pontuais e esclarecedoras até parcerias duradouras. Certamente contribuíram para a concretização dessa tese: Janet Vertesi, Axel Arnbak e Merlyna Lin em Princeton; Phil Howard, Anya Orlova, Klara Benda e Bence Kollanyi, em Budapeste; Harold Feld e Primavera de Filippi; Rafael Diniz, Adriano Belisário e Paulo Lara; Isleide Fontenelli, Vinicius Wagner e Bruna Bumachar. Agradeço ainda a contribuição dos amigos Fernanda Rosa, Maurício Acunã, Marilia Giesbrecht, Gustavo Rossi, Roberto Vicente, Rafael Felice, Mateus Tozelli, Giana Guelfi, Ariadne Natal, Dalila Vasconcellos, Raquel Tivelli, Sarah Nery, Otávio Albuquerque, João Marcelo e Pedro Meira. Agradeço às famílias Bertanholi e Lopes Gama, por serem também minha família, pelo carinho e cuidado de sempre. Agradeço meus pais, Jair e Edna, e minhas irmãs, Michele e Nayla, pelo amor que não se agradece. Meu afilhado, Bagué, pelas tardes leves e risonhas. Por fim, o mais importante (para quem não conhece a regra), agradeço o amor, o companheirismo (quase sempre) e a paciência (quase nunca) de minha esposa, Lili. Sidi-Madani [Argélia], sábado, 31 de janeiro de 1948. Plano. — Poemas, não explicar (Sócrates). Superioridade dos poetas em relação aos filósofos: a) (não sei muito bem se estou certo quando emprego a palavra poeta), b) (superioridade desde que não se achem superiores senão em sua própria poesia). Da evidência poética. Evidentemente inspira desconfiança. Aí está o risco. Conhecimento poético (poesia e verdade). Do particular ao comum. (Inclusão do humor, grandes jogos de palavras.) Duas coisas carregam a verdade: A ação (a ciência, o método), a poesia (dane-se essa palavra); a qualificação? - a constatação de relações de expressão. Se eu defino uma borboleta como pétala redundante, que haveria de mais verdadeiro? Poemas, não explicar. 1- Poemas-poemas: porque não-lógicos. Objetos. 2- Poemas-fórmulas: mais claros, tocantes, decisivos que qualquer explicação. Superioridade dos poetas em relação aos filósofos: eles sabem aquilo que exprimem em seus próprios termos. Do particular ao comum: do particular no mundo exterior; de uma retórica por objeto; toda linguagem tende ao provérbio. Francis Ponge, Méthodes (1988) [tradução minha] RESUMO Essa tese constitui seu principal objeto de pesquisa, a reticulação da banda larga móvel, percorrendo a evolução da rede de telefonia celular na encruzilhada entre computação e telecomunicações. Sua problemática de fundo está assentada sobre um tema que é caro à sociologia contemporânea: a relação entre tecnologia e política. Com isso, a principal pretensão desse trabalho é a de afirmar a existência de uma dimensão tecnopolítica da realidade e simultaneamente influenciar sua tomada de forma. De início, mobilizando a bibliografia especializada, o texto descreve os princípios básicos de funcionamento da telefonia celular digital no percurso que ela segue até converter-se em rede de banda larga móvel (2G-4G). A descrição pretende definir nosso objeto de pesquisa e apontar para seu devir, que será retomado no capítulo final da tese, especificamente a partir da convergência entre duas arquiteturas distintas de rede (WLAN e celular). O caso tem implicações tecnopolíticas importantes e, na verdade, é quando o termo deve ganhar densidade na tese. Antes disso, ainda no capítulo segundo, fizemos uma leitura do pensamento de Gilbert Simondon que foi estritamente orientada pelos interesses da pesquisa. O texto deixa claro qual é o pensamento filosófico que informa o aparato perceptivo do autor da tese. Já o capítulo terceiro, por sua vez, apresenta a pesquisa de campo que realizamos no IEEE - organização que define padrões técnicos amplamente adotados na infraestrutura das redes de banda larga fixa e móvel. Tornou-se objetivo e método de pesquisa seguir a reticulação da banda larga móvel a partir do processo de definição de padrões técnicos. Isso já pode ser visto no capítulo primeiro, quando identificamos que o processo de conformação de famílias tecnológicas passa pela definição de padrões. No entanto, é apenas no terceiro capítulo que a estandardização assume posição central na narrativa, inclusive sob a condição de experiência etnográfica. O capitulo quarto encerra a tese apontando para o devir da banda larga móvel. Faz valer o trabalho de campo e descreve as tensões que informam a padronização técnica, identificando ao menos duas questões
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