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Revisiting the Saul Narrative in Chronicles: Interacting with the Persian Imperial Context?
Jonker: Saul Narrative in Chronicles OTE 23/2 (2010), 283-305 283 Revisiting the Saul Narrative in Chronicles: Interacting with the Persian Imperial Context? LOUIS C. JONKER (U NIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH ) ABSTRACT It is well-known among biblical scholars and other Bible readers that the Chronicler’s presentation of King Saul of Israel differs sig- nificantly from the version in 1 Samuel. Many studies have been conducted on this and commentators normally dedicate extensive space to the peculiarity. In line with Knoppers’s suggestions of how to approach this peculiarity, this article will investigate whether it could benefit our discussion of the Chronicler’s portrayal of King Saul if the perspective of identity formation forms our interpretative key. A INTRODUCTION It is well-known that the Chronicler’s presentation of King Saul of Israel differs significantly from the version in 1 Samuel. Many studies have been conducted on this issue and commentators normally dedicate extensive space to this pecu- liarity. 1 Although a critical synoptic comparison of the texts—not only of those 1 The following studies, particularly focused on the peculiarities of the Chronicler’s representation of Saul compared to that in 1 Samuel, have appeared since 2000: Yairah Amit, “The Saul Polemic in the Persian Period,” in Judah and the Judeans in the Persian Period (eds. Oded Lipschits and Manfred Oeming, Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2006), 647–661; “The Delicate Balance in the Image of Saul and Its Place in the Deuteronomistic History,” in Saul in Story and Tradition (eds. Carl S. Ehrlich and Marsha C. White; FAT 47; Tübingen: Mohr-Siebeck, 2006), 71–79; Sim- cha S. -
1 Chronicles 1:1 1 1 Chronicles 1:17
1 Chronicles 1:1 1 1 Chronicles 1:17 1 Chronicles Adam’s Descendants 1 Adam, Seth, Enosh, 2 Kenan, Mahalalel, Jered, 3 Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech, 4 Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. Japheth’s Descendants 5 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. 6 The sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah. 7 The sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, the Kittites, and the Rodanites. Ham’s Descendants 8 The sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Put, and Canaan. 9 The sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, Sabta, Raamah, and Sabteca. The sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan. 10 Cush was the father of Nimrod, who established himself as a mighty warrior on earth. 11 Mizraim was the father of the Ludites, Anamites, Lehabites, Naphtuhites, 12 Pathrusites, Casluhites (from whom the Philistines descended ), and the Caphtorites. 13 Canaan was the father of Sidon – his firstborn – and Heth, 14 as well as the Jebusites, Amorites, Girgashites, 15 Hivites, Arkites, Sinites, 16 Arvadites, Zemarites, and Hamathites. Shem’s Descendants 17 The sons of Shem: Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. The sons of Aram: 1 Chronicles 1:18 2 1 Chronicles 1:36 Uz, Hul, Gether, and Meshech. 18 Arphaxad was the father of Shelah, and Shelah was the father of Eber. 19 Two sons were born to Eber: the first was named Peleg, for during his lifetime the earth was divided; his brother’s name was Joktan. 20 Joktan was the father of Almodad, Sheleph, Haz- armaveth, Jerah, 21 Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, 22 Ebal, Abi- mael, Sheba, 23 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. -
1 CHRONICLES - a TEACHER’S GUIDE the CENTRAL QUESTION: What Does This Book/Story Say to Us About God? This Question May Be Broken Down Further As Follows: A
1 CHRONICLES - A TEACHER’S GUIDE THE CENTRAL QUESTION: What does this book/story say to us about God? This question may be broken down further as follows: a. Why did God do it/allow it? b. Why did He record it for our study? 1. Who do you think wrote 1 & 2 Chronicles? (1 Chronicles 29:29; Compare 2 Chronicles 32:32; 33:18-20) Do these books have a significantly different perspective than 1 & 2 Samuel and 1 & 2 Kings? Do 1 & 2 Chronicles look like a “biased” report? Why should there be so much repetition? How do you explain the differences? Is there any value in these small differences? What about the Gospels? How did Luke get the information for writing his book? (Luke 1:1-4) Does God “inspire” people to “compile” books to put in Scripture? “The Talmud (Baba Bathra 15a) attributes Chronicles to Ezra.” (New Bible Dictionary) “Originally entitled ‘the words [or events] of the days’ (divre hayyamim, Hebrews), meaning ‘journals’ (1 Chronicles 27:24), and compiled as a single book, 1 and 2 Chronicles were separated by the translators of the Septuagint c. 180 B.C. [Probably because they were too long to fit on one scroll] and named “things omitted” (paraleipomena, Gk.), to indicate that they contain things omitted from the Books of Samuel and Kings. Although the author and date are not stated, the Talmudic tradition that the Chronicles were penned by Ezra may be correct. Nevertheless, it is customary to speak of the author simply as “the chronicler.” Written from a priestly perspective, the main emphasis centers on the temple in Jerusalem, the Levitical priesthood, and the theocratic lineage of David. -
Loss: Saul's Death
LOSS: SAUL’S DEATH 1 Samuel 31 • Hebrews 9:27 And as it is appointed unto men once to die, but after this the judgment: Saul lost his sons. • Saul saw three of his sons die. God told him through Samuel. • Neither Saul’s son Ishbosheth nor his general Abner were killed in this battle. • Picture. Jonathon: why wasn’t he WITH David? He was in the WRONG battle. • This is a picture of believers that are too tied up with the wrong people doing the wrong things versus being completely tied up with Christ. The result? Jonathan didn’t get to “reign” with David. Saul lost the battle. • Notice the parallel between the house of Eli and Saul. • Both “ruled” about 40 years. • 1 Samuel 4:18 And it came to pass, when he made mention of the ark of God, that he fell from off the seat backward by the side of the gate, and his neck brake, and he died: for he was an old man, and heavy. And he had judged Israel forty years. • Acts 13:20-21 And after that he gave unto them judges about the space of four hundred and fifty years, until Samuel the prophet. 21 And afterward they desired a king: and God gave unto them Saul the son of Cis, a man of the tribe of Benjamin, by the space of forty years. Saul lost the battle. • Notice the parallel between the house of Eli and Saul. • Both “ruled” about 40 years. • Both perverted justice. • 1 Samuel 3:13 For I have told him that I will judge his house for ever for the iniquity which he knoweth; because his sons made themselves vile, and he restrained them not. -
1 CHRONICLES - a STUDY GUIDE the CENTRAL QUESTION: What Does This Book/Story Say to Us About God? This Question May Be Broken Down Further As Follows: A
1 CHRONICLES - A STUDY GUIDE THE CENTRAL QUESTION: What does this book/story say to us about God? This question may be broken down further as follows: a. Why did God do it/allow it? b. Why did He record it for our study? 1. Who do you think wrote 1 & 2 Chronicles? (1 Chronicles 29:29; Compare 2 Chronicles 32:32; 33:18- 20) Do these books have a significantly different perspective than 1 & 2 Samuel and 1 & 2 Kings? Do 1 & 2 Chronicles look like a “biased” report? Why should there be so much repetition? How do you explain the differences? Is there any value in these small differences? What about the Gospels? How did Luke get the information for writing his book? (Luke 1:1-4) Does God “inspire” people to “compile” books to put in Scripture? 2. What is the purpose of all the genealogies in 1 Chronicles 1-9? Who kept track of all these names of the earlier generations when they became scattered all over the world? 3. What is the meaning of “in Peleg’s time the earth was divided” (1 Chronicles 1:19; Genesis 10:25)? 4. It is clear that Saul committed suicide. (1 Samuel 31:3,4; 1 Chronicles 10:3,4) How could the Bible write r say, “thus God slew Saul?” (1 Chronicles 10:13,14) Do you think this same writer if he were to describe the death of Judas Iscariot would say, “thus God slew Judas?” Could this statement throw any light on all the other statements about God killing people–for example, Er and Onan (Genesis 38:6-10; 1 Chronicles 2:3), Nadab and Abihu (Leviticus 10:1-11), or Korah, Dathan, and Abiram? (Numbers 16:23-35) 5. -
2 Samuel & 1 Chronicles with Associated Psalms
2 Samuel& 1 Chronicles w/Associated Psalms Chronicles Purpose : To direct the restoration of the kingdom during the post-exilic period. Outline : 1.1:1-1.9:44 – Genealogies of God’s People (From Adam to David to Zerubbabel) 1.10:1-2.9:31 – United Kingdom (Saul, David, Solomon) 2.10:1-2:28:26 – Divided Kingdom (Fall of Samaria and Jerusalem) 2.29:1-2.36:23 – Reunited Kingdom (Cyrus’ Edict) Author : Some suggest there was a single “chronicler” for Chronicles and for Ezra-Nehemiah (perhaps Ezra himself). There are definite similarities, but also distinctions. Date : United Monarchy – 1050…Divided Monarchy – 922…Fall of Samaria – 722…Fall of Jerusalem – 586…Cyrus Edict – 538…Date of Composition, maybe 500-400 BC Chronicles Highlights : The title of this book in the Hebrew Bible is “The Words (or Events) of the Days”. The title of this book in the Septuagint (Greek translation of the Old Testament, written in 70 AD) is “The Things Omitted” (things passed over by Samuel and Kings). The English title of “Chronicles” is a shortened form of Jerome’s suggestion in calling it “A Chronicle of the whole divine history.” Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles are the “Synoptic History” meaning that they share the same, or similar, accounts for some of this history. Just as Matthew, Mark, and Luke are the “Synoptic Gospels” in sharing the same, or similar, accounts of Jesus. Synoptic means “seeing (optic) together (syn)” and provides a summary, or synopsis. There are times when the wording is exactly the same as the Chronicler simply copied from Samuel, or Kings. -
1 Chronicles 1
Read 1 Chronicles 1 Pathrus, Casluh, from which the Philistines came, and Caphtor. 1 Chron 1:12 Spies are a terrible blow to the morale of any enemy. When the culprit is someone that was planted by another government, it is certainly disturbing to those who have been infiltrated. But, when the spy is someone from your own country who turned, the feeling is outrage. I remember spies that were caught during the Cold War selling secrets to the Soviet Union. These were Americans who for varied reasons, mostly money, chose to sell out their own country to the enemy. These spies became enemies from within. Here as 1 Chronicles begins, we see an early genealogy starting with Adam. We see Noah’s three sons Ham, Shem, and Japheth. Two sons of Ham, grandsons of Noah, were Casluh and Canaan. These two bring about some of the toughest enemies that Israel would face in its future. Casluh was father to the arch enemy Philistines, while Canaan’s descendants populated the land of Israel, and were destroyed by Israel as God’s judgment against their evil practices. These young men knew their grandfather, but they were not influenced enough that their descendants were close followers of the God that brought Noah and their father through the flood. Are you leading your children to help make a solid chain of faith years down the road in your family? Do you see tendencies now that may turn into tragedies later? Ask God to lead you as you lead your family, and if you have not entered this season of life, take the time to get prepared now. -
The Chronicler's Portrayal of Solomon As the King of Peace Within The
Jonker: The Chronicler’s portrayal of Solomon OTE 21/3 (2008), 653-669 653 The Chronicler’s Portrayal of Solomon as the King of Peace within the Context of the International Peace Discourses of the Persian Era LOUIS JONKER UNIVERSITY OF STELLENBOSCH ABSTRACT It has become customary to emphasise the influence of Greek historiogra- phy on the Books of Chronicles. Knoppers (2003a), for example, has ar- gued that one should not underestimate the influence of classical Greek writers on the Chronicler. Although he argues his point from the genealogi- cal analogies between the first part of Chronicles and classical writers, he convincingly shows that one could imagine Greek influence in biblical writings far earlier than the enigmatic date of 332 B.C.E., which is nor- mally seen as a threshold for Greek influence on Judah. Traditional scho- larship tended to interpret Chronicles exclusively within the cultic-religious conditions of the late-Persian/early Hellenistic province of Yehud – the Je- rusalem community, in particular. With the acknowledgement of a wider sphere of influence during this time, it would make sense, however, to in- terpret the Books of Chronicles against the background of the international arena of the time. This article will therefore attempt to show that our under- standing of King Solomon, the King of Peace, can be enriched when we view his portrayal in Chronicles within the international arena of the late post-exilic era. The theme of peace, so closely related to Solomon, will be examined against the background of the -
1 Chronicles
1 Chronicles Summary The books of 1 and 2 Chronicles are a survey of the time period of the united and divided kingdoms in the history of Israel. The book of 1 Chronicles begins with a series of genealogies (chapters 1-9) that lead up to the time in which David was king of a united Jewish people. After this, the narrative focuses on David’s life, major military events, and the priestly aspects of David’s reign. Most of the book of 1 Chronicles focuses on the southern tribes of Judah, Benjamin, and Levi, specifically on the priestly duties and customs. When reading the book of 1 Chronicles, the reader must keep in mind that it was written after the exile, in which the Northern Kingdom and tribes were no more. However, because the Southern Kingdom had returned to Jerusalem and the surrounding area, there was a need to compile records for keeping. Throughout the books of 1 and 2 Chronicles, there are themes of following and trusting God or forsaking God. The chronicler shows that the up-and-down history of Israel directly links these two concepts. Author Though the author is unnamed in 1 and 2 Chronicles, it has traditionally been attributed to Ezra, the scribe. Date The most common date given for the writing of 1 and 2 Chronicles is after the return from exile in Babylon. More specifically, scholars date the book in the latter half of the fifth century around 450-400 B.C. Primary Characters Saul (1 Chronicles 8-10) David (1 Chronicles 11-29) Solomon (1 Chronicles 22-29) Historical Moments Genealogies Recounted (1 Chronicles 1-9) Saul’s Death (1 Chronicles 10) The Ark Brought to Jerusalem (1 Chronicles 15-16) The Covenant with David (1 Chronicles 17) Death of David (1 Chronicles 29) Major Theological Themes The Temple Is the House of the Lord - Throughout the Old Testament, the Spirit of the Lord dwelt in the Ark of the Covenant inside the temple. -
1 Chronicles1 Chronicles: the Coming of the Kingdom of God 1
1 Chronicles1 Chronicles: The Coming Of The Kingdom Of God 1 The Coming Of The Kingdom Of God Integrated Bible Study Guide 2 1 Chronicles: The Coming Of The Kingdom Of God Contents: Introduction Page 3 Study 1: Discovering Your Family Tree Page 4 1 Chronicles 1-9 Study 2: The Kingdom Prefigured Page 8 1 Chronicles 10-12 Study 3: Responding To The Coming Of God’s Kingdom Page 13 1 Chronicles 13-16 Study 4: The House That God Built Page 20 1 Chronicles 17-20 Study 5: The Importance Of The Temple Page 24 1 Chronicles 21-29.9 Study 6: True Glory Page 28 1 Chronicles 29.10-30 StudyStudies 1: 1 Chronicles 1-9 DiscoveringTopic Your Family Tree SundayMay 25 StudyStudy 1: 1 Chronicles2: 1 Chronicles 1-9 10-12 TheDiscovering Kingdom Your Prefigured Family June May1 25 Study 3: 1 Chronicles 13-16 RespondingTree To The Coming Of God’s Kingdom June 8 Study 2: 1 Chronicles 10-12 The Kingdom Prefigured June 1 Study 3: 1 Chronicles 13-16 Responding to the Coming June 8 Of God’s Kingdom Study 4: 1 Chronicles 17-20 The House that God Built June 15 Study 5: 1 Chronicles 21-29.9 The Importance of June 22 the Temple Study 6: 1 Chronicles 29.10-30 True Glory June 29 1 Chronicles: The Coming Of The Kingdom Of God 3 Introduction i Chances are that neither you nor anyone in your study group has ever sat through a set of sermons (or Bible studies) on 1 Chronicles. -
DAILY BIBLE STUDY SHEET Daily Meditation on the Word of God Is Imperative to Our Growth
DAILY BIBLE STUDY SHEET Daily meditation on the Word of God is imperative to our growth. As the people of God, we should commit to reading Scripture every day. There are questions to help prompt your meditation. If you do not have a Bible, please contact the church office and one will be given to you. To locate the passages, use the Table of Contents to find the page number. The number before the colon will tell you the chapter to find. The numbers after the colon are the superscript numbers in your Bible indicating the verses to read. Monday, July 27th – 1 Samuel 29 A couple of weeks ago, we read that King Achish was going to go to war against Israel. He was going to take David and his men with him, and David would be his personal guard. The answer as to whether or not David would fight against Israel starts us off this week. We see in verses 1-2 that the Philistine army is marching out to war and look who is with them behind the king (vs. 2). How do the Philistine commanders respond (vss. 3-5)? What does the king do (vss. 6-7)? What is David’s response (vs. 8)? How does this finally end (vss. 9- 11)? Do you agree with the Philistine commanders? Were they right in their assessment? Consider how God protects David from having to make this choice between fighting with the Philistines or being killed by them. What does this reveal about God? What about us humans? Consider how this points to Jesus and his work in our lives. -
Introduction to 1 Chronicles
Introduction to 1 Chronicles Where is it in the Bible? 1 Chronicles is the thirteenth book of the Old Testament and the eighth of the historical books in Christian Bibles. It follows 2 Kings and comes before 2 Chronicles. In the Hebrew Bible, the books of Chronicles are not in the same section as the books in the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings). They are in the last section, called the Writings or Kethuvim, and they are the last books in the Hebrew Bible. Like the books of Samuel and Kings, the books of Chronicles were originally one book that was divided in the Septuagint. In Hebrew, it is called The Book of the Events of Days. The Greek name is Paralipoménōn, meaning "things left out”, and reflects the idea that the books supplemented Samuel and Kings. The name “Chronicles” was suggested by St. Jerome and has been used ever since it was adopted by Martin Luther in his translation. Who wrote it? According to Jewish tradition, Ezra was the author of 1 and 2 Chronicles, as well as Ezra and Nehemiah. However, scholars have come to recognize that there are differences in outlook and theology, as well as linguistic and stylistic variations, between Chronicles and the other two books. The unknown author (or authors) of Chronicles is referred to as “the Chronicler” and is thought to have been part of a priestly circle who gathered together older traditions and edited them. When was it written? In 1 Chronicles 3:19, Zerubbabel, the first governor of the Persian province of Judah after the exile, is included as a descendant of David, and the genealogy continues for six more generations.