Using 2D and 3D Computer Games to Detect Colorblindness – a Comparative Study
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TETRACHROMATIC COLOR VISION Kimberly A. Jameson Prepared For
TETRACHROMATIC COLOR VISION Kimberly A. Jameson prepared for The Oxford Companion to Consciousness. Wilken, P., Bayne, T. & Cleeremans, A. (Ed.s). Oxford University Press: Oxford. To appear in 2007. The term“tetrachromacy” describes the physiological possession of four different classes of simultaneously functioning retinal photopigments (also called “weak tetrachromacy”). From an empirical standpoint, tetrachromatic color vision (or “strong tetrachromacy”) additionally requires demonstrating that mixtures of four independent appropriately chosen primary lights will simulate all distinc- tions in appearance possible in visible color space. Independence of the primary lights implies that no mixtures of any subset of these lights (or their intensity variants) will produce an identical match to any combination of mixtures of the remaining lights. By comparison, trichromacy empirically requires only three primaries to simulate all visible colors. Established theory states that normal color vision humans are trichromats (as, primarily, are Old World monkeys and apes). The first element of trichro- macy is the output from three simultaneously functioning retinal cone classes: Short-, Medium-, and Long- Wavelenth Sensitive (SWS, MWS, & LWS) cones. Three cone classes alone do not establish a trichromat color code, however. A postreceptoral code for three categories of signal is also needed. A standard vision science assumption is that the postreceptoral recoding of cone outputs initiates the neural trivariant (or trichromatic) property of human color percep- tion, and the need for only three primary lights to match any test light. ANIMAL TETRACHROMACY: Tetrachromacy is an early vertebrate characteristic, existing in fish and reptiles, and is evolutionarily more ancient than primate trichromacy. Essentially all diu- ral birds have four retinal cone types (two SWS classes, plus a MWS and a LWS class) which neurally produce four dimensional color experience, or tetrachro- matic color vision. -
Theoretical Part Eye Examinations 1
Name and Surrname number Study group Theoretical part Eye examinations 1. Astigmatism Astigmatism is an optical defect in which vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina. Astigmatism can sometimes be asymptomatic, while higher degrees of astigmatism may cause symptoms such as blurry vision, squinting, eye strain, fatigue, or headaches. Types Regular astigmatism: Principal meridians are perpendicular. Simple astigmatism – the first focal line is on the retina, while the second is located behind the retina, or, the first focal line is in front of the retina, while the second is on the retina. Compound astigmatism – both focal lines are located behind or before the retina. Mixed astigmatism – focal lines are on both sides of the retina (straddling the retina). Irregular astigmatism: Principal meridians are not perpendicular. This type cannot be corrected by a lens. Tests Objective Refractometer, autorefractometer Placido keratoscope – A placido keratoscope consists of a handle and a circular part with a hole in the middle. The hole with a magnifying glass is viewed from a distance of 10–15 cm to the patients cornea. In the 200 mm wide circular portion there are concentric alternating black and white circles. They reflect the patient’s cornea. In the event of astigmatism, a deformation appears at the corresponding location. Sciascope Ophthalmometry Subjective Fuchs figure – This is a tool for evaluating astigmatism where examinee stands up against a pattern of circular shape (circular or striped rectangles) and fixes his/her gaze on the center of the pattern with one open eye. -
Comprehensive Pediatric Eye and Vision Examination
American Optometric Association – Peer/Public Review Document 1 2 3 EVIDENCE-BASED CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Comprehensive 18 Pediatric Eye 19 and Vision 20 Examination 21 22 For Peer/Public Review May 16, 2016 23 American Optometric Association – Peer/Public Review Document 24 OPTOMETRY: THE PRIMARY EYE CARE PROFESSION 25 26 The American Optometric Association represents the thousands of doctors of optometry 27 throughout the United States who in a majority of communities are the only eye doctors. 28 Doctors of optometry provide primary eye care to tens of millions of Americans annually. 29 30 Doctors of optometry (O.D.s/optometrists) are the independent primary health care professionals for 31 the eye. Optometrists examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases, injuries, and disorders of the 32 visual system, the eye, and associated structures, as well as identify related systemic conditions 33 affecting the eye. Doctors of optometry prescribe medications, low vision rehabilitation, vision 34 therapy, spectacle lenses, contact lenses, and perform certain surgical procedures. 35 36 The mission of the profession of optometry is to fulfill the vision and eye care needs of the 37 public through clinical care, research, and education, all of which enhance quality of life. 38 39 40 Disclosure Statement 41 42 This Clinical Practice Guideline was funded by the American Optometric Association (AOA), 43 without financial support from any commercial sources. The Evidence-Based Optometry 44 Guideline Development Group and other guideline participants provided full written disclosure 45 of conflicts of interest prior to each meeting and prior to voting on the strength of evidence or 46 clinical recommendations contained within this guideline. -
Visual Symptoms and Convergence Insufficiency in University Teachers
242ARTIGO ORIGINAL DOI 10.5935/0034-7280.20170050 Sintomas visuais e insuficiência de convergência em docentes universitários Visual symptoms and convergence insufficiency in university teachers Nágila Cristiana Menigite1, Marcelo Taglietti1 RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de desconforto visual e insuficiência de convergência (IC) em docentes universitários. Métodos: Tratar-se de um estudo transversal, com 60 docentes de ambos os sexos, tendo sido utilizado o questionário Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey, validado para a população brasileira. Resultados: Dos docentes entrevistados 55,0% eram do sexo feminino. 48,3% responderam dedicar menos que duas horas por dia à leitura, sendo que 40,0% dos entrevistados disseram que fazem pausas de 30 minutos à uma hora durante a leitura e 63,3% afirmaram passar entre 2 a 5 horas por dia em frente ao computador. Em relação à investigação sobre as doenças do sistema visual, 25,0% relataram apresentar miopia, sendo que 55,0% dos indivíduos usam óculos e destes 41,7% o usam com frequência. Quanto à investigação da prevalência de insuficiência de convergência, obteve-se frequência de (1,8) %. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados se apresentou com desconforto visual e uma pequena porcentagem foram acometidos pela IC. Descritores: Acuidade visual; Transtornos da motilidade ocular; Transtornos da visão; Visão binocular ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the prevalence of visual discomfort and convergence failure in professors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was done, consisting of 60 teachers of both sexes, of the Centro Universitário FAG, which used the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey, validated for the Brazilian population. Results: Of those surveyed 55.0% are female. -
Color Vision Test for Dichromatic and Trichromatic Macaque Monkeys
Journal of Vision (2013) 13(13):1, 1–15 http://www.journalofvision.org/content/13/13/1 1 Color vision test for dichromatic and trichromatic macaque monkeys National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan Electronics-Inspired Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi, Aichi, # Kowa Koida* Japan $ National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, # Isao Yokoi* Aichi, Japan $ National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, # Gouki Okazawa Aichi, Japan $ Faculty of Rehabilitation, Chubu Gakuin University, Seki, # Akichika Mikami Gifu, Japan $ Department of Biology, Bogor Agricultural University, # Kanthi Arum Widayati Bogor, Indonesia $ Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, # Shigehiro Miyachi Aichi, Japan $ National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, # Hidehiko Komatsu Aichi, Japan $ Dichromacy is a color vision defect in which one of the identified dichromatic macaques (Macaca fascicularis) three cone photoreceptors is absent. Individuals with with that of normal trichromatic macaques. In the color dichromacy are called dichromats (or sometimes ‘‘color- discrimination test, dichromats could not discriminate blind’’), and their color discrimination performance has colors along the protanopic confusion line, though contributed significantly -
Acquired Colour Vision Defects in Glaucoma—Their Detection and Clinical Significance
1396 Br J Ophthalmol 1999;83:1396–1402 Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.83.12.1396 on 1 December 1999. Downloaded from PERSPECTIVE Acquired colour vision defects in glaucoma—their detection and clinical significance Mireia Pacheco-Cutillas, Arash Sahraie, David F Edgar Colour vision defects associated with ocular disease have The aims of this paper are: been reported since the 17th century. Köllner1 in 1912 + to provide a review of the modern literature on acquired wrote an acute description of the progressive nature of col- colour vision in POAG our vision loss secondary to ocular disease, dividing defects + to diVerentiate the characteristics of congenital and into “blue-yellow” and “progressive red-green blindness”.2 acquired defects, in order to understand the type of This classification has become known as Köllner’s rule, colour vision defect associated with glaucomatous although it is often imprecisely stated as “patients with damage retinal disease develop blue-yellow discrimination loss, + to compare classic clinical and modern methodologies whereas optic nerve disease causes red-green discrimina- (including modern computerised techniques) for tion loss”. Exceptions to Köllner’s rule34 include some assessing visual function mediated through chromatic optic nerve diseases, notably glaucoma, which are prima- mechanisms rily associated with blue-yellow defects, and also some reti- + to assess the eVects of acquired colour vision defects on nal disorders such as central cone degeneration which may quality of life in patients with POAG. result in red-green defects. Indeed, in some cases, there might be a non-specific chromatic loss. Comparing congenital and acquired colour vision Colour vision defects in glaucoma have been described defects since 18835 and although many early investigations Congenital colour vision deficiencies result from inherited indicated that red-green defects accompanied glaucoma- cone photopigment abnormalities. -
Human Trichromacy Revisited PNAS PLUS
Human trichromacy revisited PNAS PLUS Hiroshi Horiguchia,b,1, Jonathan Winawera, Robert F. Doughertyc, and Brian A. Wandella,c aPsychology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; bDepartment of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan; and cStanford Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford, CA 94305 AUTHOR SUMMARY The history of trichromatic color As predicted by the classic tri- theory spans nearly 300 y, be- msARC Fovea Periphery chromatic model, subjects fail to ’ Opticks (%) ginning with Newton s 10 see cone-silent stimuli presented (1). Thomas Young’s Royal So- Visible in the fovea. In contrast, subjects Not ciety Lecture (2) explained how 0 Not do see cone-silent stimuli pre- Visible Visible Visible Visible color perception is initiated by S1 sented to the peripheral visual S2 fi the absorption of light in three Cone-silent −10 eld. In extensive computational S3 fi types of human light receptors, −10 0 10 −10 0 10 (%) modeling, we could nd no plau- the cones. The theory of tri- S-cone S-cone sible pigment density adjustment chromacy is the foundation of (including the lens or photopig- modern color technologies (3). Fig. P1. Built and found. (A) An apparatus using six primary lights was ment densities) that explains the built for the experiment. Mean luminance through the eyepiece was measurements in the periphery For more than a century, the 2 absorption of light in the retina 2,060 cd/m .(B) Graphs represent detection thresholds for stimuli that based on a model that includes was thought to occur only in the have some S-cone contrast and cone-silent contrast, but no L- or M- only three cone photopigments. -
Colour Vision Deficiency
Eye (2010) 24, 747–755 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0950-222X/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/eye Colour vision MP Simunovic REVIEW deficiency Abstract effective "treatment" of colour vision deficiency: whilst it has been suggested that tinted lenses Colour vision deficiency is one of the could offer a means of enabling those with commonest disorders of vision and can be colour vision deficiency to make spectral divided into congenital and acquired forms. discriminations that would normally elude Congenital colour vision deficiency affects as them, clinical trials of such lenses have been many as 8% of males and 0.5% of femalesFthe largely disappointing. Recent developments in difference in prevalence reflects the fact that molecular genetics have enabled us to not only the commonest forms of congenital colour understand more completely the genetic basis of vision deficiency are inherited in an X-linked colour vision deficiency, they have opened the recessive manner. Until relatively recently, our possibility of gene therapy. The application of understanding of the pathophysiological basis gene therapy to animal models of colour vision of colour vision deficiency largely rested on deficiency has shown dramatic results; behavioural data; however, modern molecular furthermore, it has provided interesting insights genetic techniques have helped to elucidate its into the plasticity of the visual system with mechanisms. respect to extracting information about the The current management of congenital spectral composition of the visual scene. colour vision deficiency lies chiefly in appropriate counselling (including career counselling). Although visual aids may Materials and methods be of benefit to those with colour vision deficiency when performing certain tasks, the This article was prepared by performing a evidence suggests that they do not enable primary search of Pubmed for articles on wearers to obtain normal colour ‘colo(u)r vision deficiency’ and ‘colo(u)r discrimination. -
Congenital Or Acquired Color Vision Defect – If Acquired What Caused It?
Congenital or Acquired Color Vision Defect – If Acquired What Caused it? Terrace L. Waggoner O.D. 3730 Tiger Point Blvd. Gulf Breeze, FL 32563 [email protected] Course Handout AOA 2017 Conference: I. Different types of congenital colorblindness. A. Approximately 8% of the population has a congenital color vision deficiency. B. Dichromate 1. Protanopia is a severe type of color vision deficiency caused by the complete absence of red retinal photoreceptors (L cone absent). 2. Deuteranopia is a type of color vision deficiency where the green photoreceptors are absent (M cone absent). 3. Tritanopia is a very rare color vision disturbance in which there are only two cone pigments present and a total absence of blue retinal receptors (S cone absent). It is related to chromosome 7. C. Anomalous Trichromate 1. Protanomaly is a mild color vision defect in which an altered spectral sensitivity of red retinal receptors (closer to green receptor response) results in poor red–green hue discrimination. 2. Deuteranomaly, caused by a similar shift in the green retinal receptors, is by far the most common type of color vision deficiency, mildly affecting red–green hue discrimination in 5% males. 3. Tritanomaly is a rare, hereditary color vision deficiency affecting blue–green and yellow–red/pink hue discrimination. D. Rates of color blindness 1. Dichromacy Males 2.4% Females .03% a. Protanopia (red deficient: L cone absent) Males 1.3% Females 0.02% b. Deuteranopia (green deficient: M cone absent) Males 1.2% Females 0.01 c. Tritanopia (blue deficient: S cone absent) Males 0.001% Females 0.03% 2. -
PEDIATRIC EYE and VISION EXAMINATION Reference Guide for Clinicians
OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE OPTOMETRY: THE PRIMARY EYE CARE PROFESSION Doctors of optometry are independent primary health care providers who examine, diagnose, treat, and manage diseases and disorders of the visual system, the eye, and associated structures as well as diagnose related systemic conditions. Optometrists provide more than two-thirds of the primary eye care services in the United States. They are more widely distributed geographically than other eye care providers and are readily accessible for the delivery of eye and vision care services. There are approximately 32,000 full-time equivalent doctors of optometry currently in practice in Pediatric Eye the United States. Optometrists practice in more than 7,000 communities across the United States, serving as the sole primary eye care provider in more than 4,300 communities. And Vision The mission of the profession of optometry is to fulfill the vision and eye care needs of the public through clinical care, research, and education, all Examination of which enhance the quality of life. OPTOMETRIC CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE PEDIATRIC EYE AND VISION EXAMINATION Reference Guide for Clinicians First Edition Originally Prepared by (and Second Edition Reviewed by) the American Optometric Association Consensus Panel on Pediatric Eye and Vision Examination: Mitchell M. Scheiman, O.D., M.S., Principal Author Catherine S. Amos, O.D. Elise B. Ciner, O.D. Wendy Marsh-Tootle, O.D. Bruce D. Moore, O.D. Michael W. Rouse, O.D., M.S. Reviewed by the AOA Clinical Guidelines Coordinating Committee: John C. Townsend, O.D., Chair (2nd Edition) John F. Amos, O.D., M.S. -
Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Review Intermixing the OPN1LW and OPN1MW Genes Disrupts the Exonic Splicing Code Causing an Array of Vision Disorders Maureen Neitz * and Jay Neitz Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-206-543-7998 Abstract: Light absorption by photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors in the retina is the first step in seeing. Two types of photoreceptors in the human retina are responsible for image formation: rods, and cones. Except at very low light levels when rods are active, all vision is based on cones. Cones mediate high acuity vision and color vision. Furthermore, they are critically important in the visual feedback mechanism that regulates refractive development of the eye during childhood. The human retina contains a mosaic of three cone types, short-wavelength (S), long-wavelength (L), and middle-wavelength (M) sensitive; however, the vast majority (~94%) are L and M cones. The OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes, located on the X-chromosome at Xq28, encode the protein component of the light-sensitive photopigments expressed in the L and M cones. Diverse haplotypes of exon 3 of the OPN1LW and OPN1MW genes arose thru unequal recombination mechanisms that have intermixed the genes. A subset of the haplotypes causes exon 3- skipping during pre-messenger RNA splicing and are associated with vision disorders. Here, we review the mechanism by which splicing defects in these genes cause vision disorders. Citation: Neitz, M.; Neitz, J. -
Lecture 4 Colour Perception
Lecture 4 What does color do for us? Colour Perception • The world of color is a world of yellow daffodils, painted window shutters, orange-red sunsets. We pick favourite colours and react emotionally to color (purple with rage, green with envy). • Few mammals except primates have colour vision, so other than creating aesthetic appearance and mood what does it do for us? • The images on the right suggest that evolution of color vision was probably related to the advantages it provides in finding food. What is colour? Why does the sky look blue? • One way to interpret Newton’s result is that the perception of • In his room at Cambridge color occurs when some University, Isaac Newton wavelengths are subtracted from placed a prism so that white light. sunlight shining through a hole in the shutter of his • This occurs naturally when light window entered the prism. from the sun is scattered by particles of air in the atmosphereto • He discovered that the prism create the perception of blue sky split the sunlight into a and yellow sun. spectrum of colours. • Short wavelenght light (blue) is • The visible spectrum ranges scattered more than long from 400 nm (violet) to 700 wavelength light (red). This effect nm (red). becomes most pronounced when the light has to travel further (sunset) Why are objects the color they are? Mixing paint versus mixing colour • The colour of an object depends on • The artist can never perfectly wavelengths contained in the duplicate the effects of light incident light and which of these because pigments and light do wavelengths it reflects.